New Nationalism
• Heightened nationalism (emergence of
American literature, art, history)
• Expansion of army and navy
• Revive Bank of the United States
• Rebuild a newer, better capital/White House
• Building a national turnpike
• Defeating the Barbary Pirates 1815
“The American System”
•
Tariff of 1816
– first protective tariff in US history,
20-25% of dutiable imports
• Henry Clay’s “American System”
1. Strong Bank  available credit
2. Protective Tariff  encourage manufacturing
AND pay for canals and roads
3. Canals and Roads  connect and integrate the
growing country’s economy
NOTE: Republicans defeated federal support for state
improvements, ergo Erie Canal, etc. paid for by States
Era of Good Feelings
– Really?
• Election of 1816: Republicans crush Federalists,
183 to 34 (see election.org)
• James Monroe is 8th President of the United States
• Monroe is the ambassador of Nationalism
• Monroe’s administration was called the “Era of
Good Feelings”
WHY?
ANSWER: With no Federalists, the US seemed united
Growing Pains out West
Nine Western States added from 1791 – 1819
States admitted slave or free alternatively. WHY?
FACTORS DRIVING WESTWARD MIGRATION?
•
Immigration from the older states and from Old World
•
Land exhaustion in tobacco states
•
Ending Indian threat on frontier
•
Improved roads and highways
•
Invention of steamboat
•
Land speculation
•
Economic hardship  new opportunities
http://media.maps101.com/SUB/STATE_THEMATIC/kyhist3.gif
SLAVERY, SECTIONALISM,
BALANCE?
•
•
•
•
Debate over Missouri’s admission as a state
threatens the balance of power.
Missouri is the first state from the LA Territory
Tallmadge amendment prohibits growth of
slavery in the territory, South fears federalist
intervention in South itself
Seen by South as a “tipping point” – falling
behind more and more
Missouri Compromise is forged by Henry Clay
Missouri Compromise of 1820
• A little horse-trading:
Maine will be admitted as a free state
Missouri will be admitted as a slave state
(defeating the Tallmadge Amendment)
• This keeps the balance of slave:free at 12:12.
• Southern Boundary of Missouri set as the
northernmost boundary of slavery
• True compromise: nobody very happy with result!
• Lasted for 15 years, until “Bleeding Kansas.”
• Despite conflict over slavery, nationalism prevails
WEBSTER AND MARSHALL
Federalists may be dead,
but FEDERALISM is alive and well!!!
Q: What is the legacy of Webster and Marshall?
A: A strong federal government
and a uniform and stable environment for business
McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819
ISSUE: Can the state of MD tax the national bank?
(States v. Federal Government)
DECISION: (Marshall) Federal government CAN create the
national bank (due to implied powers) AND the state of MD
CANNOT tax the bank b/c
“the power to tax implies the power to destroy” &
“a power to create implies a power to preserve”
HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Marshall creates the legal theory of
“loose constructionism” with this decision.
Cohens v. Virginia, 1821
ISSUE: The Cohens appeal decision of State Court of
Virginia convicting them to Supreme Court.
DECISION: Virginia Court’s decision is upheld.
HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Marshall establishes the Supreme Court’s right
to review the decisions of State Courts.
(Big blow to states’ rights!)
Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824
ISSUE: Can one state (NY) control interstate
commerce (by granting a monopoly to a ferry
company).
DECISION: No, only Congress may control
interstate commerce.
HISTORICAL DECISION:
Affirms the Constitution,
power of federal government,
and limits the states’ rights re: commerce.
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
ISSUE: Can legislatures violate private
contracts?
DECISION: No. Affirmed private property
rights over and against popular legislatures.
HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
Strengthened property rights
against attacks by democratic institutions
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Pres. Monroe, inspired by John Quincy Adams declares:
1. Europe may no longer colonize in the Western Hemisphere
2. Europe may no longer intervene in the Western Hemisphere
Directed at monarchies in Europe, esp. Russia who were
threatening American and Latin American republics.
ENFORCER?
Britain!
Why?