An individual’s unique and relatively
consistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and
behaving
Personality
Sigmund Freud’s theory of personality, which
emphasizes unconscious determinants of
behavior, sexual and aggressive instinctual
drives, and the enduring effects of early
childhood experiences on later personality
development
Psychoanalysis
A psychoanalytic technique in which the
patient spontaneously repots all
thoughts,feelings, and mental images as
they come to mind
Free association
In Freud’s theory, a term used to describe
thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that
are operating below the level of conscious
awareness
Unconscious
In Freud’s theory, the completely
unconscious, irrational component of
personality that seeks immediate
satisfaction or instinctual urges and drives;
ruled by the pleasure principle
Id
In Freud’s theory, the motive to obtain
pleasure and avoid tension or discomfort;
the most fundamental human motive and
the guiding principle of the id
Pleasure Principle
In Freud’s theory, the part of personality
that mediates the demands of the id
without going against the restraints of
the superego
• Follows the reality principle
Ego
In Freud’s theory, one’s conscience; focuses on
what the person “should” do.
Superego
Unconscious mental processes
employed by the ego to reduce anxiety
by unconsciously distorting reality.
defense mechanisms
• Puts anxiety-producing thoughts,
feelings, and memories into the
unconscious mind
Repression
Shifts an unacceptable impulse toward a
more acceptable or less threatening
object or person
Displacement
Defense mechanism that involves redirecting
sexual urges toward productive, socially
acceptable, nonsexual activities
Sublimation
Allows an anxious person to retreat to a
more comfortable, infantile stage of
life
• Regression
• Replacing an unacceptable wish
with its opposite
• Reaction Formation
• Reducing anxiety by attributing
unacceptable impulses or problems
about yourself to someone else
• Projection
• Displaces real, anxiety-provoking
explanations with more comforting
justifications for one’s actions
• Rationalization
In Freud’s theory, age related developmental
periods in which the child’s sexual urges are
expressed through different areas of the
body and those activities associated with
those areas
Psychosexual stages
In Freud’s theory, a child’s unconscious desire
for the opposite-sex parent, usually by
hostile feelings toward the same-sex parent
Oedipus complex
• Stage where pleasure comes from
chewing, biting, and sucking.
• Oral
• Gratification comes from bowel
and bladders functions.
• Anal
Psychosexual Stage that…
• Focus of pleasure shifts to the genitals
• Sexual attraction for opposite sex parent
• Child identifies with and tries to mimic
the same sex parent to learn gender
identity.
• Phallic Stage
Psychosexual Stage where…
• Sexuality is repressed due to intense
anxiety caused by Oedipus complex
• Children participate in hobbies, school,
and same-sex friendships that strengthen
their sexual identity
• Latency Stage
In this Psychosexual Stage…
• Incestuous sexual feelings re-emerge
but being prohibited by the superego
are redirected toward others who
resemble the person’s opposite sex
parent.
• Maturation of sexual interests
• Genital Stage
In Jung’s theory, the hypothesized part of the
unconscious mind that is inherited from
previous generations and that contains
universally shared ancestral experiences and
ideas.
collective unconscious
• In Jung’s theory, the inherited mental
images of universal human instincts,
themes, and preoccupations that are the
main components of the collective
unconscious
• Examples: powerful father, nurturing mother,
witch, wise old man, innocent child, death &
rebirth, etc…
Archetype
The theoretical viewpoint on personality that
generally emphasizes the inherent goodness
of people, human potential, selfactualization, the self-concept, and healthy
personality development
Humanistic Psychology
In Roger’s theory these are the set of
perceptions and beliefs that you hold about
yourself
Self-concept
in Roger’s theory, the sense that you will be
valued and loved only if you will behave in
a way that is acceptable to others
Conditional positive regard
In Roger’s theory, the sense that you will be
valued and loved even if you don’t conform
to the standards and expectations of others
Unconditional Positive Regard
Bandura’s theory of personality, which
emphasizes the importance of observational
learning, conscious cognitive processes,
social experiences, self- efficacy beliefs,
and reciprocal determinations
Social Learning theory
A relatively stable, enduring predisposition to
consistently behave in a certain way
trait
A theory of personality that focuses on
identifying, describing, and measuring
individual differences
Trait Theory
Personality characteristics or attributes that
can easily be inferred from observation
behavior
surface traits
The most fundamental dimension of
personality; the broad, basic traits that are
hypothesized to be universal and relatively
few in number
Source traits
A trait theory of personality that identifies five
basic source traits as fundamental building
blocks of personality
• Extra-version,
• Neuroticism
• Agreeableness
• Conscientiousness
• Openness to experience
Five-Factor Model of Personality
• A type of personality test that involves a
person’s interpreting an ambiguous image;
used to assess unconscious motives,
conflicts, psychological defenses, and
personality trait
• Inkblot tests are examples of these.
Projective test
Austrian physician who broke up with
Sigmund Freud and developed his own
psychoanalytical theory of personality,
which emphasized social factors and the
motivation toward self-improvement and
self-realization; key ideas include inferiority
complex and superiority complex
Alfred Adler
Contemporary American psychologist who is
best known for his research on
observational learning and his social
learning theory of personality
Albert Bandura
British-born American psychologist who
developed a trait theory that identifies 16
essential source traits or personality factors;
also developed the widely used self-report
personality test, the sixteen Personality
Factor Questionnaire
Raymond Cattell
• German-born British psychologist who
developed a trait theory of personality as
neuroticism, extraversion, and psychoticism
• Said there were 3 different source traits
Hans Eysenek
Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalysis,
which is both a comprehensive theory of
personality and a form of psychotherapy;
emphasized the role of unconscious determinants
of behavior and early childhood experiences in the
developmental of personality and psychological
problems; key ideas include id, ego, and superego;
the psychosexual stages of development; and the
ego defense mechanism
Sigmund Freud
German-born American psychoanalysist who
emphasized the rule of social relationships
and culture in personality; sharply disagreed
with Freud’s theory characterization of
female psychological development,
especially his notion that women suffer
penis envy; key ideas include basic anxiety
Karen Horney
Swiss psychiatrist who broke with Sigmund
Freud to develop his own psychoanalytical
theory of personality, which stressed
striving toward psychological harmony; key
ideas include the collective unconscious and
archetype
Carl G. Jung
American psychologist who was on of the
founders of humanistic psychology and
emphasized the study of healthy personality
development; developed a theory of
motivation based on the idea that people
will strive for self-actualization, the highest
motive, only after more basic needs have
been met
Abraham Maslow
Developed theory of personality and form of
psychotherapy that emphasized the inherent
worth of people, the innate tendency to strive
for one’s potential, and the importance of
the self-concept on personality development
Carl Rogers
• Studied the English dictionary and found
more than 4,000 words describing specific
personality traits.
• Assumed traits are inherited and fixed in the
nervous system.
• Gordon Allport
• Theorist who said your body type
determines your personality
• William Sheldon
• Two Learning Theorists who said:
• External factors shape our behaviors and
personality.
• Our personality is molded by
reinforcements given to us.
• John B. Watson
• B.F. Skinner
• Cultures where people define themselves
according to their personal identity & give
priority to personal goals.
• Individualism
• Cultures where people define themselves
according to the group they belong to.
Their goals are the goals of the group.
• Collectivism
• Process of adapting to a new or different
culture.
• Acculturation