Black
Sea
MACEDONIA
• Troy
Aegean Sea
ASIA MINOR
(Anatolia)
MAINLAND
IONIA
Greek colonies
Ionian
Sea
• Athens
Mycenae .
PELOPONNESUS
CYCLADES
• Sparta
Mediterranean Sea
CRETE
The people of Greece do not call their country Greece !
nor do they call themselves Greeks !
In their language their land is called
In their language they are the
‘
‘
S
(Hellas)
OS (Hellenes)
Model of the sanctuary of Olympia.
The Olympics began in 776 B.C.
Originally part of a religious festival dedicated to the
ancient Greek god Zeus. Wars between the city-states were suspended so that athletes could compete.
The ancient Olympics were a total entertainment package for all who attended
where five days of sometimes brutal sports competition mixed with wild partying.
The ancient games ended in 394 A.D.
The new Christian Roman emperor Theodosius banned all pagan festivals. Christians
were oppossed to the Olympic Games – a celebration of the human body, men covered
in olive oil running around naked, drinking, fornicating, the whole bit. The end came
as an incredible shock to the psyche of the ancient Greeks. They had assumed quite
logically that the games would go on forever – a time every four years when men put
their differences aside and came together in the fraternity of athletic competition.
Linking the past….
Little is ever mentioned about the many, many attempts of the Greeks to revive the
Olympic Games, long before the birth of the Baron de Coubertin. Yet, it is Coubertin who
is given credit. Coubertin was a French aristocrat who was only seven years old when
France was overrun by the Germans during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870.
Coubertin attributed the defeat of France not to its military skills but rather to the French
soldiers lack of “vigor.” Coubertin decided it was exercise, more specifically sports, that
made a well-rounded and vigorous person. And so he began his crusade to revive the
games. Many people truly contributed to the realization of the new Olympic Games.
Baron Pierre de Coubertin
The 19th century structure of the worlds new national states was ideal now for the
the man who inspired the
gradual acceptance of the Olympic Idea - a new “national” framework would replace
revival of the Olympic Games.
the old Greek “city-state” competition.
The Olympics are revived in 1896.
Finally, in 1896, the 1st International Olympic Games took place in Athens.
A wealthy Greek architect, Georgios Averoff, donated one million drachmas
(over $100,000) to restore the Panathenaic Stadium, originally built in 330 BCE
with white marble for the new 1896 Olympic Games.
There were 14 nations, with the largest delegations
coming from Greece, Germany, France and Great Britain.
On 6 April 1896, the American James Connolly
won the triple jump to become
the first Olympic champion
in more than 1,500 years!
Commemorative medal
of the
1896 Olympic Games
ARCHITECTURE
SCIENCES
SCULPTURE
p
PHILOSOPHY
U.S. Supreme Court Building
The Legacy of
THE GREEKS
to Western Civilization
THEATER
DEMOCRACY
U.S. Constitution
Let’s begin our first Objective
by examining the effect
geography had on the
development of ancient Greece.
Black
Sea
MACEDONIA
• Troy
Aegean Sea
ASIA MINOR
(Anatolia)
MAINLAND
Ionian
Sea
Marathon
.
IONIA
Greek colonies
• Athens
Mycenae .
PELOPONNESUS
CYCLADES
• Sparta
Mediterranean Sea
CRETE
CAUSE
1.
A. How did each of the following effect the Greek civilization’s
History and Culture
Location “around a sea”
EFFECT
Provided transportation links for the various regions of Greece.
Connected Greece to other societies / civilizations through trade.
Cruising around the coastlines of Greece today.
Greek fishermen.
CAUSE
1.
2.
A. How did each of the following effect the Greek civilization’s
History and Culture
EFFECT
Location “around a sea”
Provided transportation links for the various regions of Greece.
Connected Greece to other societies / civilizations through trade.
Rugged mountains
Made unification of Greek city-states difficult.
Therefore, Greek city-states would be proudly independent,
competitive, isolated societies. Made land transportation difficult.
The ruins of the Temple of Apollo at Delphi Greece.
CAUSE
A. How did each of the following effect the Greek civilization’s
History and Culture
EFFECT
Location “around a sea”
Provided transportation links for the various regions of Greece.
Connected Greece to other societies / civilizations through trade.
2.
Rugged mountains
Made unification of Greek city-states difficult.
Therefore, Greek city-states would be proudly independent,
competitive, isolated societies. Made land transportation difficult.
3.
Little fertile farmland
1.
Only 20% was arable (suitable for farming). Resulted in small
population whose diet was mainly grains, grapes, olives.
Also, led to the need for colonies.
Picking and Pressing Olives
3. Little fertile farmland…
…led the Greeks to send their
people out to colonize elsewhere.
Black
Sea
MACEDONIA
• Troy
Aegean Sea
ASIA MINOR
(Anatolia)
MAINLAND
IONIA
Greek colonies
Ionian
Sea
• Athens
Mycenae .
PELOPONNESUS
CYCLADES
• Sparta
Mediterranean Sea
CRETE
CAUSE
1.
A. How did each of the following effect the Greek civilization’s
History and Culture
Location “around a sea”
2.
Rugged mountains
3.
Little fertile farmland
4.
Moderate climate
Greece has a beautiful,
moderate climate. A
constant 80 degrees
Farenheit throughout the
summer makes it a
holiday destination for
Europeans and
international travelers
even today!
EFFECT
Provided transportation links for the various regions of Greece.
Connected Greece to other societies / civilizations through trade.
Made unification of Greek city-states difficult.
Therefore, Greek city-states would be proudly independent,
competitive, isolated societies. Made land transportation difficult.
Only 20% was arable (suitable for farming). Resulted in small
population whose diet based on grains, grapes, olives. Also, led to
the need for colonies.
Greek life was centered around the outdoors – taking part in an
active civic life in city marketplaces, open-air Temples and
gymnasiums.
-The Mycenaeans were part of the Indo-European
migrations
- settled on Greek mainland ca. 2,000 B.C.
- Their leading city, Mycenae.
- Invaded Crete and finished off the Minoans.
- From the Minoans they learned the importance
of becoming sea-borne traders.
- May have been the terrifying “sea peoples”?
mentioned in Egyptian records.
- Preserved and assimilated elements of Minoan culture
into their own.
Mycenaean port
CAUSE
5.
A. How did each of the following effect the Greek civilization’s
History and Culture
Mycenaean invasions
EFFECT
Mycenaeans adopted and spread Minoan culture through Greece,
including legends that would form the core of Greek religion,
politics, and literature / myths.
The Minoans on Crete designed mosaics of
seashells and painted beautiful frescoes on
Theseus slaying the Minotaur
the walls of their homes depicting their
is an example of a Greek myth that
daily life as well as myths about their gods.
originated with the Minoans on Crete.
The Mycenaeans invaded the Minoans and
adopted their same religious myths !
Was there really a Trojan War ?
- For many years it was thought the legends found in
Homer’s epic, the Illiad, were fictional.
- In 1870, archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann
believes he discovered the site.
- Troy appears to have been destroyed
around 1200 B.C. by a war the city lost.
<< Because Paris stole Helen?
- It is believed today the war’s cause was:
Troy and the Mycenaeans were
competing for a crucial waterway
connecting the Mediterranean
to the Black Sea.
The Trojan Horse story is still loved today
and coined the familiar saying,
“Beware of Greeks bearing gifts.”
The hilltop excavation of Troy
in today’s northwestern Turkey.
Troy and the Mycenaeans were
competing for a crucial waterway
connecting the Mediterranean to
the Black Sea.
Black
Sea
MACEDONIA
Dardanelles
Strait
• Troy
Aegean Sea
ASIA MINOR
(Anatolia)
MAINLAND
IONIA
Greek colonies
Ionian
Sea
• Athens
Myceneane .
PELOPONNESUS
CYCLADES
• Sparta
Mediterranean Sea
CRETE
For all practical purposes,
Western literature begins with the Iliad.
We still use expressions like “Achilles’ heel,”
“Trojan horse,” or
“the face that launched a thousand ships,”
all with roots in the Iliad or the mythic cycle on
which it is based,
nearly 3,000 years after the poem was written.
And, at least in terms of the number of copies to
survive from antiquity,
the poems of Homer are second only to the Bible
in popularity.
“Iliad” means “the story of Ilion,”
the Greek name for Troy.
The epic poem has much more to say about
Achilles and Hector than it does about Troy.
As the first word of the Greek text suggests
(“Rage! Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus’s son
Achilles”), this poem has a lot to do with anger
that can consume and cripple an individual.
Honor, glory, and fate are also themes of this great
work of Western literature.
Appreciating Classic Literature
“Rage!
Goddess, sing the rage
of Peleus’s son…
Achilles”
CAUSE
A. How did each of the following effect the Greek civilization’s
History and Culture
5.
Mycenaean invasions
6.
The Trojan War
EFFECT
Mycenaeans adopted and spread Minoan culture through Greece,
including legends that would form the core of Greek religion,
politics, and literature / myths.
The war’s story provided the basis for Greek legends and
Homer’s epics (Illiad and the Odyssey). The war may have
contributed to the collapse of Mycenaean civilization.
CAUSE
A. How did each of the following effect the Greek civilization’s
History and Culture
5.
Mycenaean invasions
6.
The Trojan War
7. Collapse of Mycenaean
civilization
EFFECT
Mycenaeans adopted and spread Minoan culture through Greece,
including legends that would form the core of Greek religion,
politics, and literature / myths.
The war’s story provided the basis for Greek legends and
Homer’s epics (Illiad and the Odyssey). The war may have
contributed to the collapse of Mycenaean civilization.
Led to Greece’s Dark Ages – a decline in economy, trade, and
even writing. A period we know little about since no written
records were kept.
The Dorians
- Distant relatives of the Bronze-Age Greeks
- Were they taking revenge on the Indo-European Mycenaeans
for invading their land centuries earlier?
-Spoke a dialect of Greek, but were far less advanced
than the Mycenaeans.
-Greeks appear to forget the art of writing – This is the Greek
Dark Ages – no written records for 400 years (1150-750 B.C.)
B. Explain the significance of the epics of Homer and myths in
ancient Greek culture.
•
•
•
•
•
•
During the Greek’s Dark Ages, the story of the Trojan War was passed on through the
spoken word (oral tradition).
According to Greek tradition, their greatest storyteller was a blind man named Homer.
Homer’s two greatest epic poems are the Iliad and the Odyssey, both dealing with the
Trojan War and are believed to have been written around 750-700 B.C.
Epics are long, narrative poems that celebrate heroic deeds.
The heroes of the Iliad are warriors: the fierce Greek, Achilles, and the courageous and
noble Hector of Troy.
The Iliad gives us a good example of the Greek idea of arête, meaning virtue and
excellence. A Greek could display this ideal on the battlefield, in combat, in political
life, or in athletic contest.
The Odyssey concerns the adventures of Odysseus on his return home from defeating
the Trojans.
•
•
After the fall of the Mycenaean and Minoan civilizations,
Greek culture regressed for 300 years into a period of Dark Ages.
The invading Dorians were illiterate.
Cities were destroyed and plundered.
•
•
•
Eventually cities began to grow again.
These cities were walled for protection.
Each city-state was independent of each other.
I.
VOCABULARY
A. polis – the Greek city-state
It was a “political unit,”
and included the central city
and
surrounding countryside
(which could include
numerous villages as well).
The city state, or polis, was the dominant governmental structure of Ancient Greece.
Describe:
1. The polis was small in size.
Athens was the largest, yet at its height had only 40,000 people.
2. Each polis had an acropolis – a high point, where the governmental and religious
buildings were constructed.
3. The market-place, or agora, was the meeting-place for most of the people and
was the economic center of the polis.
4. The surrounding farmland supported the large population inside the walled cities.
I.
Study the photo:
What natural feature
can you detect
that made the old
city-state of Athens
easy to defend?
An aerial view today
of the acropolis in
Athens, Greece.
VOCABULARY
A. polis – the Greek city-state
B. acropolis – high point of
It wasthe
a “political
unit,”a
polis, usually
and included
central
city
fortifiedthe
hilltop,
where
and civic buildings were
surrounding
located.countryside
(which
could
include
C. agora
– the
marketplace
numerous
villages as
well).
and economic
center
of
the polis.
EARLY LACK OF UNITY AMONG THE GREEK CITY-STATES
Explain why:
•
Separated by barriers of sea and mountains,
•
by local pride and jealousy,
The independent city states never considered uniting their independent Greek-speaking
city-states into one single political unit. They formed alliances only when some other
powerful city-state embarked on conquest and attempted to dominate over the rest.
LATER GREEKS WILL BECOME UNITED
Explain what influences led to eventual unity:
•
a common language,
•
common religion,
•
common literature,
•
similar customs,
•
the religious festivals,
•
the Olympic Games
But even in times of foreign invasion
it was difficult to induce the cities to act together.
I.
VOCABULARY
A. polis – the Greek city-state
B. acropolis – high point of
It wasthe
a “political
unit,”a
polis, usually
and included
central
city
fortifiedthe
hilltop,
where
and civic buildings were
surrounding
located.countryside
(which
could
include
C. agora
– the
marketplace
numerous
villages
well).
and economic as
center
of
the polis.
TYPES of GOVERNMENT
MONARCHY
• A state / nation ruled by a king or queen.
• Rule is usually passed on in hereditary fashion.
• Some rulers in early times claimed “Divine right”
• Mycenae had a monarchy (ca. 1450 B.C.)
ARISTOCRACY
• State ruled by nobility (the land-owning families)
• Rule is hereditary / based on land-ownership
• Social status / wealth support ruler’s authority
• Athens had an aristocracy in its early history (594 B.C.)
OLIGARCHY
• State ruled by a small group of elite citizens
• Rule is based on wealth
• The ruling elite group controls the military
• Sparta had an oligarchy (800-600 B.C.)
THE IRON AGE BRINGS CHANGE
Iron, harder than bronze, but more importantly, cheaper!
This meant ordinary citizens could now arm themselves.
Citizen-soldiers – composed of merchants, artisans, small landowners
were now expected to defend the polis.
Hoplites – foot soldiers
stood side-by-side, holding a spear in one hand, shield in the other
formed the
Phalanx – a fearsome battlefield formation of hoplite soldiers,
The most powerful fighting force in the Ancient World.
The phalanx formation called for each man to trust his neighboring
infantryman, often times a relative, friend, or lover. With a shield in his
left hand and a spear in his right, each man depended on his fellow
hoplite's shield for full body coverage. Battles were won and lost
depending on the phalanx's ability to hold its formation. Lined shoulder
to shoulder with approximately sixty-five pounds of armor, limited
vision and hearing, a hoplite's crucial duties required little tactical skill,
only to push forward and keep the line together. Outstanding valor rose
from a man's ability to keep his nerve amidst such confusion and
brutality. In such a scene, the outcome of the battle rested on fellow
soldiers’ love and trust for one another.
When no wars among city-states were being fought,
the armed and powerful citizen-soldiers
could become troublesome for city-state rulers.
Unemployed farmers and debt-ridden artisans
often joined in revolts against the nobility.
In such times arose leaders called tyrants – powerful individuals
who gained control by appealing to the poor and discontented for
support.
As we have seen,
the Greek city-states had various types of government –
monarchy, aristocracy, oligarchy, and even tyranny (rule by tyrants).
But the two most powerful city-states
would find completely new ways to govern themselves.
Sparta would build a strict Military State
and
Athens would create the world’s first Limited Democracy!
Ionian
Sea
IONIA
Greek colonies
MAINLAND
• Athens
PELOPONNESUS
• Sparta
Mediterranean Sea
A. Recognizing Facts and Details
725 B.C. Sparta conquers Messenia
The Peloponnesus region
1. How did the Spartans treat the Messenians?
Made them helots – peasants forced to work the Spartan
land – had to turn over ½ of all crops to the Spartans.
When the Spartans realized they needed more
arable land they looked to the southwest to the
more fertile soil of Messenia.
Helots were Messenians who the Spartans
had conquered and brought back to Sparta
to do their work, treated like slaves, forced to
be tied for generations to a Spartan nobleman’s
lands.
Messenia .
• Sparta
They worked the land around Sparta in order
for the Spartan males to focus on their superior
military training.
A. Recognizing Facts and Details
725 B.C. Sparta conquers Messenia
1. How did the Spartans treat the Messenians?
Made them helots – peasants forced to work the Spartan
land – had to turn over ½ of all crops to the Spartans.
2.
600 B.C. Spartans put down a revolt
by Messenians
3. What type of society did Sparta create in response
to the revolt? Sparta creates a tough, militaristic state.
Rigorous military training
was the life of the Spartan male
from the age of 7 to 60.
The Messenian helots outnumbered the Spartans
At age 20 males8were
allowed to marry
to 1.
in order to procreate,
Notmen
surprisingly,
they
revolt,
but the
continued to
livestaged
in their aown
barracks
one which the
Spartans
were just barely
with
one another.
able to put down.
At left: Illustration depicting the famous legend of the Spartan boy
who, being so disciplined, stood at attention before a superior while a
fox he had hid beneath his tunic chewed away at his stomach.
A. Recognizing Facts and Details
621 B.C. Draco writes the first legal code.
In contrast to Sparta,
Athens
IninAthens,
and other
girls
didn’tGreek
attendcity-states
school
boys
attended
school
from
but a few fortunate ones
about
7 – 14.
did have
private
tutors.
Boys learned arithmetic,
reading,
writing, and
In general,
memorized
heroic
epic
women
focusedthe
their
attention
poems
of Homer.
on
child-rearing,
Music,
especially
weaving
cloththe lyre,
wasshown
also stressed.
(as
here),
Youngpreparing
men mastered
meals,the art of
Debating
and,the
tohousehold.
prepare for
and
managing
battle, took up wrestling or
other sports.
Wealthy parents frequently
made arrangements
to place their son
with an older male tutor
and these relationships
were often long-lasting.
2. What was the primary cause of conflict between
rich and poor in Athens?
The poor wanted more political rights / power.
Debt slavery intensified the conflict.
A. Recognizing Facts and Details
621 B.C. Draco writes first legal code 2. What was the primary cause of conflict between
rich and poor in Athens?
The poor wanted more political rights / power.
Debt slavery intensified the conflict.
594 B.C. Solon chosen by aristocrats 4. What economic and political reforms did Solon initiate?
He outlawed debt slavery, gave more power to
to lead Athens.
the people’s assembly, allowed all citizens to
bring legal suits, encouraged profitable trade.
for Athens.
546 B.C. Pisistratus the Tyrant,
seizes power in Athens.
5. How did Pisistratus gain the support of the poor?
He provided money to the poor to buy farm stuff,
creating jobs by starting public building
programs to put the poor back to work.
508 B.C. Cleisthenes introduces
6. What steps did Cleisthenes take to create a first
political reforms in Athens.
limited Democracy in Athens?
Broke up the power of the nobility by reorganizing
the law assembly, allowing all citizens to submit
laws. He created the Council of 500.
These reforms allowed all Athenian “citizens” to participate in a limited democracy, though
only one-fifth of Athenian residents were classified as “citizens” (free, adult, males over 20.)
TYPES of GOVERNMENT
MONARCHY
• A state / nation ruled by a king or queen.
• Rule is usually passed on in hereditary fashion.
• Some rulers in early times claimed “Divine right”
• Mycenae had a monarchy (ca. 1450 B.C.)
ARISTOCRACY
• State ruled by nobility (the land-owning families)
• Rule is hereditary / based on land-ownership
• Social status / wealth support ruler’s authority
• Athens had an aristocracy in its early history (594 B.C.)
OLIGARCHY
• State ruled by a small group of elite citizens
• Rule is based on wealth
• The ruling elite group controls the military
• Sparta had an oligarchy (800-600 B.C.)
Linking the Past to the Present
The United States of America
in the 18th c. A.D.
became the world’s
first Democracy
since the time of the
5th c. B.C. Athenians.
However, the United States has
what is known as
a Representative Democracy
since a direct democracy
was not feasible.
DIRECT DEMOCRACY
• State ruled by its citizens
• Rule is based on citizenship
• “Majority rule” is method of decision-making
• Athens had the first such Democracy (461 B.C.)
I. CAUSES
A. Greek colonies in Ionia (the coast of Asia Minor) are conquered by the Persians
B. Athens responds by sending aid to the colonists – ships, soldiers, etc. – to help
them rebel against Persia’s presence in the area.
C. King Darius of Persia defeats the rebels and vows to destroy Athens in revenge.
THE PERSIAN THREAT
The Western World Feels
The Heat!!
MACEDONIA
.
Black
Sea
Byzantium
Persian Empire >>
Aegean Sea
Ionian
Sea
IONIA
Greek colonies
• Athens
• Sparta
Mediterranean Sea
Darius the Great
of Persia
II. THE BATTLES
A. The Persian army larger and superior on land,
but the Greeks were masters of the Sea and
had the fearsome hoplite phalanx.
B. The Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.)
• 25,000 Persians vs. 10,000 Athenians
• The light-armored Persians not familiar with
the hoplite style of warfare.
• Persians lost 6,500; Athenians lost 192
• Athenian army fighting at Marathon realizes
Persian ships are now heading toward Athens,
which is defenseless in their absence.
• Send Pheidippides, the “Marathon runner”
(about 26 miles) to warn the people of Athens
that although
the Athenian army was victorious at Marathon,
the Persian ships now heading to Athens.
• Athenian Greeks arrive home to Athens
before Persian ships pull into harbor.
The Persians retreat!
Greek Victory at Marathon
Persian
Navy
The Olympic footrace is shown.
Pheidippides had been the winner of this difficult Olympic event four times!
He was the perfect choice to make
the Marathon run to Athens,
telling the Athenian people, “Rejoice, we conquer!
But prepare yourselves Athens…for Persian ships now head your way.”
10 years after the amazing victory of the Athenians at Marathon, the Persians return !
II.
THE BATTLES
C. The Battle of Thermopylae (480 B.C.)
•
King Darius of Persia now dead, his son, Xerxes, attempts to crush the Greeks.
10 years of planning an invasion of Greece that will avenge his father’s loss,
Xerxes is certain his plan will work.
It will involve the largest army AND the largest naval fleet ever assembled up to that day.
The navy will sail along the coastline of the Aegean Sea
supplying the land army on its long march.
A huge bridge had to be constructed across the Hellespont ….
PERSIAN WARS in 480 B.C.
Major Battle Locations
MACEDONIA
.
.
Black
Sea
Byzantium
Hellespont
crossing
Persian Army
Aegean Sea
Thermopylae
Ionian
Sea
.
Marathon
.
ASIA MINOR
(Anatolia)
IONIA
Greek colonies
• Athens
CYCLADES
• Sparta
Persian Navy
Mediterranean Sea
CRETE
10 years after the amazing victory of the Athenians at Marathon, the Persians return !
II.
THE BATTLES
C. The Battle of Thermopylae (480 B.C.)
- Persian army comes to narrow mountain pass of Thermopylae and
are met by 7,000 Greeks; including 300 Spartans blocking the pass.
- 3-Day fight ends after a Greek traitor tells the Persians about
a secret path around the cliffs. A “nightmare” for the Greeks!
- The Spartan force alone held the pass, allowing their fellow Greek forces safe retreat.
The Spartans’ sacrifice – all were killed – made a great impression on the Greeks.
PERSIAN WARS in 480 B.C.
Major Battle Locations
MACEDONIA
.
.
Black
Sea
Byzantium
Hellespont
crossing
Persian Army
Aegean Sea
Thermopylae
.
ASIA MINOR
(Anatolia)
IONIA
Greek colonies
Ionian
Sea
Salamis . • Athens
CYCLADES
• Sparta
Mediterranean Sea
Persian Victory
Persian Navy
CRETE
10 years after the amazing victory of the Athenians at Marathon, the Persians return !
II.
THE BATTLES
C. The Battle of Thermopylae (480 B.C.)
D. The Battle of Salamis
- Knowing the Persians are now on their way to Athens, the Athenians take action.
- Themistocles convinces the Athenians to evacuate their city and fight at sea.
- Greeks position themselves in a narrow channel near island of Salamis.
- Angry at finding the city empty, Xerxes burns Athens !
- Xerxes orders his ships to block
the channel but the
large, bulky Persian ships get
trapped
and the Athenian navy
moves in for the kill !
______________________________
10 years after the amazing victory of the Athenians at Marathon, the Persians return !
II.
THE BATTLES
C. The Battle of Thermopylae (480 B.C.)
D. The Battle of Salamis
- The Greeks steer their fast-moving triremes around the large Greek vessels
driving their battering rams into the Persian ship’s hulls.
Xerxes loses 1/3 of his fleet and orders retreat.
10 years after the amazing victory of the Athenians at Marathon, the Persians return !
II.
THE BATTLES
C. The Battle of Thermopylae (480 B.C.)
D. The Battle of Salamis
- The Greeks steer their fast-moving triremes around the large Greek vessels driving
their battering rams into the Persian ship’s hulls. Xerxes loses 1/3 of his fleet and
orders retreat.
- The Spartans continue the land battle in the north and
defeat the rest of the Persian army
at the Battle of Plataea.
PERSIAN WARS in 480 B.C.
Major Battle Locations
MACEDONIA
.
.
Black
Sea
Byzantium
Hellespont
crossing
Persian Army
Aegean Sea
Thermopylae
Ionian
Sea
.
ASIA MINOR
(Anatolia)
IONIA
Greek colonies
Plataea .
Salamis . • Athens
CYCLADES
• Sparta
Mediterranean Sea
Greek Victories
Persian Victory
Persian Navy
CRETE
III. THE CONSEQUENCES of the Persian Wars
UNIFIED THE GREEKS
for a short time!
A. Greeks now feel a sense of confidence and pride
B. Athens rises from the ashes to bask in glory of victory
and rebuild its city in a glorious fashion.
C. Athens will lead the formation of an Alliance of the
Greek city-states called the Delian League
1. Athens collected dues from city-state members
2. Drove the Persians from remaining Greek areas
and promised to end any future threats
3. Athens will build a powerful naval empire and now
a 40-foot tall
uses it to dominate over the other Greek city-states. gold & ivoryWas
statue of Athena
Athens uses the proceeds from the dues to create the
really necessary, Athens?
costly building projects on the Acropolis (the Parthenon, etc.)
This led to resentment towards Athens among the other Greeks
140 Greek city-states paid dues into the Delian League
for promises from Athens to rebuild its navy,
to drive remaining Persian troops from Greek Ionia
and protect Greece from further Persian threat.
Athens does indeed rebuild its navy…
but now uses that mighty to dominate over the other Greek city-states.
This led to resentment.
Worse,
Athens also uses the proceeds from the dues to rebuild their own burned city….
creating the costly building projects on the Acropolis (the Parthenon, etc.)
As Athens constructs a Golden Age
of building construction
the other Greeks were stupefied and bitter!
IV. ATHENS GOLDEN AGE
A. Achievements of Pericles
1. Strengthened the Athenian Democracy
2. Strengthened the Athenian Empire / Navy
3. Brought glory to Athens Textbook, p.
120: “In
what Phidias,
Designed, along with the great
sculptor
way did Pericles
the Parthenon; temple to Athena
in Athens
strengthen
Democracy?”
The great Athenian leader Pericles
who rebuilt Athens from ashes, a
skilled politician, would hold on to
popular support for 32 years.
Read textbook,
“History Makers”
p. 121
IV. ATHENS GOLDEN AGE
B. GREEK ART
1. Classical Art – a style that values
orderly arrangement of design, balance,
exact proportions, as well as an emphasis on realism
and the grace and beauty of the human body.
http://www.crystalinks.com/greekart.html
Sculptures of gods/goddesses or Greek athletes
idealized the human form.
Life-size marble statue
of Apollo with his lyre.
The Greeks employed what is known in Geometry as
The Golden Mean
in the construction of the Parthenon.
Read more about it on p. 122 in your textbook –
“History Through Art”
The classical style
is still popular today.
PEDIMENT
CORNICE
TRIGLYPHS
FREIZE
METOPES
ENTABLATURE
CAPITAL
SHAFT
COLUMN
BASE
DORIC
CORINTHIAN
The oldest style.
Sturdy with plain top.
Used in mainland Greece
and the colonies in
southern Italy and Sicily.
This later style was
seldom used in
the Greek world,
but often seen on
Roman temples.
Its capital is very elaborate
and decorated with
acanthus leaves.
IONIC
This style is thinner and more elegant.
Its capital is decorated with a scroll-like design.
This style was found in eastern Greece and the islands.
A very plain capital
indicates this is
an early Doric design.
Corinthian
The Erechtheum also sits on the
Athenian Acropolis. These
elaborate maidens used as column
supports are called Caryatids.
This style was quite rare.
C. GREEK DRAMA
1. Greeks invented, built the first theaters
Today we still enjoy the 2 TYPES of DRAMA first written by the Greeks:
2. TRAGEDY – a serious drama about themes like war, love,
jealousy, betrayal, and untimely death.
Notable Greek Tragedy Playwrights:
Sophocles ~ Oedipus the King (Oedipus Rex); Antigone
Euripides ~ Medea
Aeschylus
CHORUS
SKENE
Often in Tragedies, a hero is brought down to a tragic end / fall
because of his excessive pride (such as thinking himself like a god / immortal, etc.)
This type ofTHEATRON
“pride / arrogance that led to a man’s downfall” is known as hubris.
ORCHESTRA /
STAGE
C. GREEK DRAMA
1. Greeks invented, built the first theaters
Today we still enjoy the 2 TYPES of DRAMA first written by the Greeks:
2. TRAGEDY – a serious drama about themes like war, love,
jealousy, betrayal, and untimely death.
3. COMEDY – a type of dramatic production that contains humor.
Notable Greek Comedy Playwright:
Aristophanes ~ The Clouds; Lysistrata
Some comedies are satire – humor that pokes fun
at present-day subjects,
political scandals,
people’s customs, etc.
IV. THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
A. CAUSES
• The power and glory of Athens (paid for by the Delian League dues the city-states were being
forced to continue to pay to Athens,
even though the Persian threat was now over)
Athens’ arrogance led to much bitter resentment among the other Greeks.
Men talk politics in new
Athens, the glorious new
buildings are seen on the
Acropolis above them.
IV. THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
A. CAUSES
• The power and glory of Athens led to much bitter resentment.
• Sparta began assembling its own Peloponnesian League of City-States
to counter-attack the Delian League.
• Sparta declared war on Athens in 431 B.C.
Spartans sweep into the Athenian countryside and burn the Athenian fields (food supply).
Pericles orders the Athenians inside the city walls.
Sparta even managed
to gain the
Macedonians as one of
its allies in the
Peloponnesian
Leagues coalition
against the Athenian
League
IV. THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
A. THE BATTLE
Sparta’s advantage on land; Athens on sea
• Sparta begins terrorizing / burning Athenian countryside
• Pericles orders all residents within the city walls
• A horrible plague strikes Athens in the 2nd year of the war.
• Almost 1/2 of Athenian population dies, including Pericles
• Athenian fleet carrying 27,000 soldiers is shipwrecked in a storm
while battling Syracuse (one of Sparta’s allies)
NEWS FLASH !!
READ ALL ABOUT IT
Plague Strikes Athens
p. 12b in your packet
After 27 years of war fighting the other Greeks
In the Peloponnesian War Athens loses its empire, power, and wealth.
The HUBRIS (arrogant pride) of the Athenians
would bring about their downfall…
it was a real-life Tragedy!
Worse, confidence in their Democratic
government began to falter…
After Pericles,
leaders who followed were weak or corrupt.
In this time of questioning, uncertainty, and searching
several great thinkers appeared hoping to provide understanding or Truth
that would help the Athenians make sense of their Tragedy…
…these were the Philosophers.
Tomorrow we finish Section 3 and you take your MAJOR QUIZ
“The Death of Socrates” by Jacques-Louis David
1787
Oil on canvas 51 x 77 1/4 in. (129.5 x 196.2 cm)
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
I. Locate MACEDONIA
A. Relationship to the Greeks :
Macedonians were a rugged, rural people, not as advanced,
envious of the Greeks, and threatened by the Athenian Empire. Even allied themselves with Sparta in
the Greek’s Peloponnesian War – helping to defeat Athens.
Aegean Sea
Ionian
Sea
MAINLAND
GREECE
ASIA MINOR
(Anatolia)
IONIA
• Athens
PELOPONNESUS
• Sparta
Mediterranean Sea
Black
Sea
MACEDONIA
Label your map,
Packet p. 16b
I. Locate MACEDONIA
A. Relationship to Greeks
B. King Philip II
1. His goal: Take Greece and then … even Persia !!!
2. Transforms army:
phalanx 16 x 16
with 18 foot pikes
(spears called sarissa)
Philip II ruled Macedonia from 359 to 336 BC. He was born in Pella,
the capital of the Macedonian kingdom, as the youngest son of king
Amyntas III.
Philip II was a hostage of the Greeks at Thebes following the Greeks’
Peloponnesian War, between 368 and 365 BC. But while in captivity
there, he observed the military techniques of the superior Greek
hoplite phalanx. When he returned to Macedonia he immediately set
forth in helping his brother Perdiccas III, who was then king of
Macedonia, to strengthen and reorganize their Macedonian army.
But in 359, when his brother set out to battle the Illyrians to free
northwestern Macedonia, the Macedonian army suffered a disastrous
defeat. 4,000 Macedonian soldiers, including their king lay dead on
the battlefield.
Philip ascended on the Macedonian throne in the most difficult times;
the country was virtually at the brink of collapse, its neighbors ready
to put an end to its existence.
Philip was not about to let that happen!
II. INVASION OF GREECE
A. The Athenian leader Demosthenes tries to warn the Greeks
1. But Greeks cities still not unified following the awful
Peloponnesian War fought between themselves.
2. Athens and Thebes finally join forces
to try to prevent Philip’s invasion of Greece, but
… too late!
“Of all the people we should sit idly by and allow to invade our lands…
not only are they no Greek, nor related to the Greeks,
they are not even barbarians from a place that can be named with honors,
but rather from pestilent Macedonia,
a place from where it is not even possible to buy a decent slave!"
(Demosthenes in his “Third Philippic, 31”; 341 B.C.E.)
II. MACEDONIAN INVASION OF GREECE
B. 338
Battle
of Chaeronea; 338 B.C.
B. Battle of Chaeronea;
B.C.
1. Philip’s 18 y.o. son, Alexander, leads the charge –
makes an impression!
2. Greeks are defeated !
DID YOU KNOW?
The Battle of Chaeronea, Aug. 2nd, 338 BC
is considered by historians as an end to
Greek liberty and history.
Pic: The flat plain of Chaeronea today.
Greece will not regain its freedom from
foreign occupation again until the early
19th century AD when it finally gained its
independence.
IV. Alexander the Great
“Who was Bucephalus?”
“Who was Haphaestian?”
Boyhood friends who played mythic heroes and who grew up to become them.
A. King now at 20 y.o. - he takes over his father’s plans to invade Persia.
B. Having been taught by Aristotle, he envisions spreading the
achievements of the “superior” Greek culture.
C. Is disappointed by revolting Greeks;
and decides to teachAlexander
a brutal lesson
at Thebes.
leads the
combined
With the Greeks properly subdued,
he rallies them with the words:
Greek and Macedonian forces
across the Hellespont
to go conquer Persia.
“Come with me to take your revenge on Persia!”
The Greeks join the Macedonian army.
Action(s)
Goal(s)
1. Led soldiers across
Hellespont into Anatolia.
To fulfill his father’s goal –
conquer Persia!
Label your map,
Packet p. 16b
MACEDONIA
Result(s)
King of Persia, Darius III, is alerted mobilizes army to meet Greek forces.
Black
Sea
Hellespont
Ionian
Sea
MAINLAND
GREECE
PELOPONNESUS
Aegean Sea
• Athens
• Sparta
Mediterranean Sea
PERSIAN EMPIRE
ASIA MINOR
(Anatolia)
IONIA
Action(s)
1. Led soldiers across
Hellespont into Anatolia.
Goal(s)
To fulfill his father’s goal –
conquer Persia!
2. Launched a surprise attack Heavily outnumbered, he
against Persians near Issus. uses “surprise attack”
strategy and scores big!
Result(s)
King of Persia, Darius III, is alerted mobilizes army to meet Greek forces.
Darius III flees –
humiliating retreat!
In a wealthy Roman villa in Pompeii was found this
beautiful mosaic tile floor depicting
Alexander conquering Darius III at the Battle of Issus.
CH 5: GREECE – Sec. 4, “Alexander
THE
Builds
SEIGE
an Empire”
OF TYRE
Textbook p. 129; Packet p. 14
After his resounding defeat of the Persians at Issus, Alexander moved south toward Egypt. He
Action(s)
hoped he could convince the EgyptiansGoal(s)
to see him as their liberator from Result(s)
Persia- they had been
1.
Led soldiersoccupied
across by Persia
sporadically
ever since
the devastating
Cambyses
525
King of by
Persia,
DariusinIII,
is B.C.
alerted To fulfill
his father’s
goal – conquest
Hellespont into Anatolia.
mobilizes army to meet Greek forces.
conquer Persia!
On the way to Egypt, in 332 B.C., he reaches Tyre – an island fortress off the coast of modern
Heavily outnumbered, he
2.
LaunchedAlexander
a surprise attack
Darius
IIIprovide
flees – a
Lebanon.
needed the city to control the Eastern Mediterranean
and to
against Persians near Issus. uses “surprise attack”
humiliating
secure port through which to funnel reinforcements and supplies. The Tyrians
knewretreat!
Alexander
strategy and scores big!
was coming and had stocked up on supplies; it also had its own source of fresh water.
Tyre refuses to surrender so Alexander started to build a two hundred yard wide mole (land
bridge) from the mainland to the island, a distance of approximately one half mile. While the
mole was being built, he took part of his cavalry and went to Sidon where he commandeered one
hundred twenty triremes, which were sailed to and surrounded Tyre.
Click link.
Action(s)
Goal(s)
Result(s)
1. Led soldiers across
Hellespont into Anatolia.
To fulfill his father’s goal –
conquer Persia!
Heavily outnumbered, he
uses “surprise attack”
strategy and scores big!
King of Persia, Darius III, is alerted mobilizes army to meet Greek forces.
2. Launched a surprise attack
against Persians near Issus.
3. He rejects Darius’ peace
offer of a third of his empire.
He wants it all!
Darius III flees –
humiliating retreat!
Moves on to take Egypt
(gains another ally against Persia),
is proclaimed a Pharoah.
Now ready to take Persia!
Alexander founded
over 30 cities
named for himself –
including the famous
Alexandria, Egypt.
In 332-331 B.C. Alexander conquered Egypt and was proclaimed a
pharoah by Egyptian priests.
By now his stories of being a descendant of Zeus had begun to spread.
Action(s)
2. Launched a surprise attack
against Persians near Issus.
3. He rejects Darius’ peace
offer of a third of his empire.
4. Launched a phalanx attack
followed by cavalry charge
at Gaugamela.
Goal(s)
Result(s)
Heavily outnumbered, he
uses “surprise attack”
strategy and scores big!
Darius III flees –
humiliating retreat!
He wants it all!
Defeat of Darius!
Moves on to take Egypt, is
proclaimed a Pharoah.
Now ready to take Persia!
Takes Babylon, Susa, & Persepolis
– shares the wealth with his men!
Persian Empire ends!
Persepolis
burns!
Action(s)
3. He rejects Darius’ peace
offer of a third of his empire.
4. Launched a phalanx attack
followed by cavalry charge
at Gaugamela.
5. Led army into Indus valley.
Goal(s)
Result(s)
He wants it all!
Moves on to take Egypt, is
proclaimed a Pharoah.
Now ready to take Persia!
Defeat of Darius!
Takes Babylon, Susa, & Persepolis
– shares the wealth with his men!
Persian Empire ends!
Wants to extend empire
further eastward to the
edge of world – “Ocean”
He defeats an Indian army but
Discovers
his
men’s Darius
morale is low
III dead to go home!
and demand
Action(s)
4. Launched a phalanx attack
followed by cavalry charge
at Gaugamela.
5. Led army into Indus valley.
6. Poured out drinking water
offered to him in the desert.
Goal(s)
Result(s)
Wants to extend empire
further eastward to the
edge of world – “Ocean”
Takes Babylon, Susa, & Persepolis
– shares the wealth with his men!
Persian Empire ends!
He defeats an Indian army but
his men’s morale is low
and demand to go home!
To encourage / inspire his
discouraged troops during
long march home.
As always before,
It wins their admiration again… and
they continue to follow him.
Defeat of Darius!
ARABIA
324 B.C. – Alexander returns to Babylon which he makes his new capital.
He begins to make plans for his new empire – construction projects, new
cities, and plans to conquer Arabia. June 6, 323 B.C. - Residing in the old
palace of Nebuchadnezzar II, he is struck by a high fever for several days
and suddenly, at 33, is found dead.
IV. Alexander the Great
“Who
was Bucephalus?”
D. Conquered
Persia and extended his empire east to the Indus River.
“Who
was at
Haphaestian?”
E. Dead
33.
Boyhood
friends who played mythic heroes and who grew up to become them.
F. His LEGACY:
1. His generals fought over control of empire after his death
A. King
now atthe
20 democratic
y.o. - he takes
over his
father’s
plans to invade Persia.
- ending
tradition
started
in Greece
B. Having been taught by Aristotle, he envisions spreading the
achievements of the “superior” Greek culture.
C. Is disappointed by revolting Greeks;
and decides to teach a brutal lesson at Thebes.
With the Greeks properly subdued,
he rallies them with the words:
A Boy
who
Dream
of his Father
!
“Come
with
mefulfilled
to taketheyour
revenge
on Persia!”
A Man who believed himself descended of the gods !
A Military Genius whoThe
united
twojoin
worlds
got men from
Greeks
the and
Macedonian
army.both to follow him!
A Giant in History, like many, whose empire crumbled after his death.
IV. ALEXANDER THE GREAT
D. Conquered Persia and extended his empire east to the Indus River.
E. Dead at 33.
F. His LEGACY:
1. His generals fought over control of empire after his death
- ending the democratic tradition started in Greece
2. The HELLENISTIC CULTURE – a new culture that
blended (western) Greek, Egyptian, and (eastern) Persian customs.
2. Mathematics
Euclid – taught geometry and wrote the first geometry textbook.
It was used by Europeans and the Muslim world until the 1900s
Archimedes – calculated pi….
…and the beginnings of calculus.
Considered one of the greatest mathematicians / scientists
3. Physics
Archimedes - Explained the law of the lever, Invented the pulley,
a missile-throwing catapult, and a steam engine…
1. ASTRONOMY
Aristarchus – sun larger than the earth and the planets revolve around the sun.
Eratosthenes – used geometry to compute the earth’s circumference.
He served as the head of the Alexandrian library in Egypt
Ptolemy – incorrectly concluded the earth was the center of the universe.
His was the “geocentric” theory.
X
Hipparchus – designed latitude and longitude
for plotting locations on a map.
4.
Philosophy in the Hellenistic Age
Zeno – founded Stoicism, a school of thought that provided an ethical way to live and
instructed its followers to refrain from pointless emotions when facing life’s
inevitable events (like death, etc.)
and to focus instead on things that we can control.
“Why do you weep for the dead, they are gone from you.
Weep for the living who suffer and do something about it.”
Epicurus – founded Epircureanism, a school of thought which taught that the greatest
good and highest pleasure in life comes from behaving good and avoiding pain.
“Eat, drink, be merry….for tomorrow we die!”
5. MEDICINE
Hippocrates – the “father of medicine”
- listed first pharmaceutical guide to herbs and plants used as
remedies / cures.
- had a school students he trained
- attempted to replace limbs and organs
- wrote for himself, and had his students take, oath
still used taken today by medical students,
“The Hippocratic Oath”