CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of the study
Paint has been around this world for more than 20,000 years. It has
undergone many changes in the industry, from being water proof to being fireretardant to being lead-free and so much more.
In art, it is the most commonly used medium in ‘painting’. Painting is not
only a mean of visual entertainment of expressing one’s self. It also promotes the
practitioners’ creativity and imagination. It has also been scientifically proven that
children who have been exposed to painting, or any artistic activities for that
matter, has promoted brain activity. However, students and children do not have
easy access to these materials due to the fact that they are either too expensive
and, or too hard to find.
Gelatin, a protein obtained from the skin, tendons and bones of animals, is
one of those materials which could be easily found. Its commercial form melts in
hot water, but when it congeals, it turns to the gel-like substance known as a
dessert. Being a dessert however, is only one of the gelatin’s many uses. It has
been used as the capsules of the various pharmaceutical products, in tainting
lights, in plastic making and many others.
2
There were already a few researches conducted on its feasibility as paint
since it has already been used for other coloring purposes. However, unlike the
latter, the researcher was enraptured to conduct a research of his own with
gelatin as the main component of paint and has acceptable characteristics.
B.
Statement of the Problem
This study focused on the feasibility of gelatin as a component of paint.
Sub-problems
1. What are the properties of the different paint samples with gelatin in
terms of:
a) Color
b) Odor
c) Viscosity
d) Drying time?
e) Shelf-life?
2. Is there a significant difference among the properties of the different
paint samples?
3. Is the paint acceptable based on its properties?
C.
Hypotheses
There is no significant difference among the properties of the different
paint samples at 0.05 level of significance.
3
D.
Objectives of the Study
This study aims to:

To verify if gelatin is feasible as a component in making art paint.

To manufacture an affordable art paint that is user friendly with
satisfactory characteristics of color, odor, viscosity, drying time and
shelf-life.
E.
Significance of the Study
This research may provide a means of manufacturing an affordable and
easily accessible art paints. It is made from gelatin, a collagen, which will not
cause allergic reactions. Furthermore, this study may help promote the painting
industry due to its lowered costs. Students, especially toddlers and children from
nurseries to elementary, may highly benefit of this study since it stimulates their
creativity and their artistic skills.
It comes from organic compounds and is biodegradable. It is eco-friendly
and does not contain harmful toxins that may harm the user nor their
environment. The product of this study is a promising product that may help the
skill and talent development of our budding artists.
F.
Scope and Limitations
This study focused on the efficiency of gelatin as a main component of art
paints. The components of the paint used were Knox gelatin and a few cups of
all purpose flour as vehicle or binder, water as solvent and ordinary powder
4
coloring as pigment.
The properties of the paint studied were color, odor,
viscosity, drying rates, and shelf life. The study did not cover the different forms
of paint that can be formed. Also, it did not tackle on the effects of different
environments to the paint after application. The development of the paint was
done at the chemistry laboratory, Integrated Developmental School while the
evaluation of paint was conducted at the researcher’s house during the school
year 2011 – 2012.
G.
Definition of Terms
Color
It is the color of the pigment of the paint and its
appeal to its viewers.
Drying time
It is the amount of time it takes for the paint to dry.
Gelatin
It is a colorless or slightly yellow, transparent, brittle
protein formed by boiling the specially prepared skin,
bones, and connective tissue of animals and used in
foods, drugs, and photographic film.
Odor
It is the rate of pleasantness of the paint’s smell. Or
the smell it emits.
Paint
Paint is a solid-coloring matter, suspended in a liquid
vehicle used to impart its color to the surfaced. It is
composed of the pigment, the vehicle/binder and the
solvent.
5
Shelf-life
It is the length of time that perishable materials before
they can be considered unsuitable for sale. But in this
case, it is the length of time before the paint changes
in composition.
Viscosity
It is the thickness or the measure of internal friction of
the paint.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Paint is a decorative and protective coating commonly applied to rigid
surfaces as a liquid consisting of a pigment suspended in a vehicle or binder. It
has been used for pictorial and decorative purposes in the caves of France and
Spain as early of 15,000 B.C. The earliest pigments were natural ores such as
iron oxide; these formulae were supplemented by China in 6,000 B.C. using
mixtures of inorganic compounds and organic pigments. In 1,500 B.C. the
Egyptians were using dyes such as indigo and madder to make blue and red
pigments. Exploitation of linseed oil (a drying oil used as a vehicle) and zinc
oxide (a white pigment) in the 18th Century brought rapid expansion of the paint
industry (Britannica Encyclopedia Volume 9, 2007).
In that matter, it has also gone through a lot of changes in usage; in
industry and in art. It has become one of the most important materials in painting.
The composition of paint is mainly composed of these three: the vehicle or
the binder, the solvent and the pigments. The binder or vehicle is one of the
most important components of paint. It is the basic solid film former that remains
after the solvent has evaporated and it is which binds the pigment particles
together into a cohesive paint film. The binder determines many of the necessary
7
film properties such as adhesion, gloss level, hardness, abrasion resistance,
flexibility, speed of drying and durability. The solvent is the liquid that carries the
solid components of paint. It must be present to allow the paint to be of correct
consistency for application of brush, roller, spray or dipping. The pigment is the
component that gives paint its other most important properties of color and
opacity. The pigments used in paint are normally present as fine solid particles
that are dispersed, but not soluble, in the binder and solvent. The most common
pigment used in paint is titanium dioxide and the majority of white paints use this
pigment. Other inorganic colored pigments are used such as red and yellow iron
oxides, aluminum flakes and mica flakes. Zinc is used in many anti corrosion
primers (‘Paint Explained’ 2011).
Simple paints can be formed just by combining solvents and pigments
and/or binders. For example: clay and water or gelatin and water. It could also be
enhanced by adding additional binders such as flour paste and additives such as
fillers and scents (Ann Logsdon, 2010).
There have been other promising subjects to be used as components of
paint, but because of its availability and affordability, the main component chosen
was one readily available in the researcher’s kitchen: gelatin
Gelatin is an animal protein substance having gel-forming properties that
is primarily used in food products and home-cookery but also has its own
industrial uses. Derived from collagen, a protein extracted by boiling animal
hides, skins, bones and tissue after an alkali or acid pretreatment. Commercially,
8
gelatin’s forms vary as sheets, granules or powder. As it is, gelatin is odourless
and almost tasteless, its color ranges from faint yellow to amber.
If immersed in liquid, gelatin takes up moisture and swells. When the liquid
is warmed, the swollen particles melt, forming a sol (fluid colloidal system) with
the liquid that increases its viscosity and solidifies to form a gel as it cools.
The food industry makes use of most of the gelatin produced. However,
gelatin is also used by the pharmaceutical industry for the manufacturing if
capsules, cosmetics, ointments, lozenges and plasma products and by other
industries. (Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 2007)
Based on a research study by Carmen (2007), it was proven that paint
could be made from Styrofoam using gasoline as its solvent and ordinary
pigments. The setback was that it still issues an unpleasant odor of gasoline; it
formed bubbles when it dried on the applied surface and it has slower drying rate
than the commercial product.
It is also possible to create paint from clay; which uses the combination of
clay and starch-paste as a binder. However, it was not water-resistant and
therefore recommended only for inside use (Athena & Bill Steen, 2005).
There were other successful innovations on making Scented Gelatin
Paint. Just like this one made by Ann Logsdon (2010).
It involved using un-sweetened colored gelatin dissolved in warm water to
be used as a multisensory teaching tool for children with learning disabilities.
Although, the paint in question was built to be disposable and thus does not last
long.
9
Scented Paint from Gelatin intends to manufacture a paint from gelatin
that is safe for students, appealing to our sight and smell, pleasing to the touch
and one with a longer shelf-life.
Based upon the related literature, the product shows a lot of promise and
has a high probability of succeeding. It would be an effective stimulant in
learning, especially for children. Since all of its components are non-toxic and
basically edible, it poses no harm unto its users.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A.
Research Design
The experimental research design was employed in obtaining an
acceptable product. Three set-ups for each artist paint color was prepared. Each
sample was evaluated by the researcher for its acceptability and characteristics
in terms of color and odor, using Score Card & Hedonic Scale. Its drying time,
viscosity and shelf-life were measured through improvised methods.
B.
Materials and Equipment
Materials

1/2 cup Flour

6 cups water

2 tablespoons of vanilla

Food Coloring (blue, yellow

3 plastic containers with lids

50g
Colorless,
Unflavored
Powdered Gelatin
Equipment

Cooking apparatuses (stove)
and red)

Spoon/Sticks for stirring
11
C.
Experimental Set-up
Table 1. Components of the Different Samples of Artist Paint
COMPONENTS
SET-UP A SET-UP B SET-UP C
Pigment (g)
Gelatin (g)
Flour (cups)
Water (cups)
Scent/vanilla (tsp.)
D.
CONTROL
10
Red
33
10
Blue
33
10
Yellow
33
1⁄
8
3⁄
2
1⁄
8
3⁄
2
1⁄
8
3⁄
2
1⁄
8
3⁄
2
2
2
2
2
None
33
General Procedure
Preparation of Materials
The materials were prepared and cleaned while the all the tools used were
also sterilized. The quantities of the components to be used were carefully
measured and then placed in individual containers until they were used.
Preparation of Flour Paste
Half cup flour was dissolved in two cups water and placed on medium
heat. It was constantly stirred until it thickened or became pasty. If desired,
thickness could be reduced if water was added.
Preparation of Gelatin Mixture
The fifty grams of unflavored gelatin was dissolved in one cup water and
was set aside until it was used.
Formulation of Paint
Three cups of water was boiled. The gelatin mixture was added to the
boiling water. The gelatin was stirred occasionally to avoid burning. The heat was
turned off after 7 to 8 minutes or until time that the mixture became runny.
12
The paste prepared earlier and the vanilla scent was blended. Once the
gelatin was done, the two mixtures were quickly combined.
The resulting mixture was poured into three separate plastic containers
where the food coloring would be added. The color’s intensity naturally depend
on the amount of pigment color used so it may be adjusted.
Testing Viscosity
Three 50-ml graduated cylinders were cleaned and filled with a single
color of the product. A steel ball (ball bearing) was then dropped into the cylinder.
The time it took to reach the bottom was then measured. More steel balls were
also dropped unto the two remaining graduated cylinders with the researcher
recording each of their results. The graduated cylinders were then cleaned and
used for the next color. And so it was done until all colors were tested. The paint
is said to be viscous when the time the steel ball reaches the bottom is longer.
Testing the Paint’s Drying Time
A brush was dipped into one of the product’s colors and a line painted on
the bond paper. The time it took to dry was then measured. The procedure was
repeated two more times. The entire process was repeated for the remaining two
colors.
Testing Shelf-life
Two batches of three plastic containers of equal sizes (one for each color)
were filled and then sealed with different caps. One batch was placed in a dry
place at room temperature, while the other was refrigerated. The products were
checked daily and observations were noted.
Every twenty four hours, the
13
researcher checks his product placed in the two different conditions and jolts
down any changes that occurred. If none, he would state that there was no
visible change. The shelf-life of the paint was the length of time before any of its
characteristic changed.
E.
Product Development
Trials were conducted to achieve a desired product. The research teacher
evaluated the product and gave suggestions for the improvement and
enhancement of the product of the research for each trial. Trials ended until an
acceptable product was achieved based on the evaluation of the research
teacher.
F.
Sampling Design
No sampling design was used since it was only the researcher who
assessed the characteristics of the different paint samples in terms of its color,
odor and acceptability using the Score Card and Hedonic Scale.
G.
Product Evaluation
The researcher evaluated the product using a Score Card and the
Hedonic Scale to evaluate the different samples of the said paint in terms of its
characteristics and acceptability. The researcher applied the product on bond
paper and rated the characteristics of each sample product in terms of its color
and odor, using the numerical rating from 1 – 5, where 5 is the highest and 1 is
14
the lowest. Specific descriptions per characteristics were laid out in Table 2 for
easy evaluation and minimize biases.
The overall acceptability of the samples of paint was also rated using
Hedonic Scale. The researcher rated the samples from 1 – 9 were 1 corresponds
to “extremely disliked” which means least accepted and 9 corresponds to
“extremely liked” which means the most accepted product as shown in Table 3.
H.
Instruments in Data Gathering
This study used a Score Card for its sensory evaluation and the Hedonic
Scale for the measuring of acceptance as shown in the Table 2 and 3.
Table 2 Score Card Scale for the Characteristics of the Artist Paint
Rating & Description
Characteristics
5
(Excellent)
Color
Brilliant
Odor
Pleasing
4
(Very
Good)
Slightly
Brilliant
Distinct
3
(Good)
2
(Fair)
Average Slightly not
Not
Brilliant
Brilliant
Average Acceptable Disgusting
Table 3 Hedonic Scale for the Acceptability
Rating
General Acceptability
9
Extremely Liked
8
Very Much Liked
7
Moderately Liked
6
Slightly Liked
5
4
3
2
1
1
(Poor)
Neither Liked Nor Disliked
Slightly Disliked
Moderately Disliked
Very Much Disliked
Extremely Disliked
15
I.
Statistical Tools for Data Analysis
This study used the statistical tool called weighted mean to identify the
average for each criteria based on the scores given by the evaluators and
ANOVA was used to verify if there was any significant difference on the results of
each type of paint made as well as the drying rates and viscosity tests at α=0.05 .
The color and odor test was assessed by the researcher using score cards and
scales and descriptively compared among samples.
Weighted Mean
𝑋̅ =
∑𝑋
𝑛
where ∑𝑋 is the sum of the data in the set
n is equal to the sample size.
Analysis of Variance
The ANOVA was calculated by using the program called Megastat. The
collected data was encoded into Microsoft Excel and was then subjected to the
said program.
16
Gather Components
Present and defend
the knowldge thus
acquired
Sterelize Materials
Measure
components and
place them on
separate containers
Finalize your analysis
and re-check for
errors
Summarize the data
using the statistical
tools and give your
conclusion
Perform Experiment
Conduct Product
Assessment
Figure 1. Flowchart of Procedures Done
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This
chapter
shows
the
result
and
data
of
the
researcher’s
experimentation shown in tables and graphs. ANOVA was used in determining
the difference between the differences of the results of each pigment used.
Color and Odor Observation
The color and odor observations assessed by the researcher are shown in
Table 4 and 5.
Table 4. Score Card Scale Results on the Color and Odor Evaluation
RATING
CHARACTERISTICS
Red
Yellow
Blue
Color
2
4
5
Odor
5
5
5
The data in Table 4 means that the rating for red paint (2) was fair, slightly
not brilliant. The yellow paint (4) means that it is very good, slightly brilliant.
While that of blue paint (5) means excellent, brilliant color. From this rating, the
most satisfactory color is the blue paint.
On the other hand, the odor of all the paint had the same rating (5) which
means excellent. All paint had pleasant odor probably due to the vanilla scent.
18
Table 5. Hedonic Scale Results on Color and Odor Acceptability
RATING
CHARACTERISTICS
Red
Yellow
Blue
Color
4
7
9
Odor
9
9
9
The Hedonic Scale result in Table 10 shows that among colors, red was
slightly disliked while yellow was moderately liked and blue was extremely liked.
The color’s mean likeability turned out to be moderately liked. The data gathered
for the odor showed that it was extremely liked in the three colors.
Drying Rate
The drying rate’s mean results were 19 seconds, 32.7 seconds and 32
seconds of the colors red, blue and yellow paint, respectively. The drying rates’
comparisons are as shown in Figure 2.
Comparison of Groups
Number of Sec. Before Paint Dries
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
Trial 1
25.0
Trial 2
Trial 3
20.0
Trials' Mean
15.0
10.0
Red
Blue
Pigment Color
Yellow
Figure 2. Drying Rate Comparison
19
Figure 2 shows a brief comparison the results of the three trial’s results
and their means. Here it is shown that of the three colors, the color red dried
fastest. Yellow and blue’s means showed little difference from each other.
Analysis between these means were made using ANOVA to ascertain if
there is any significant difference caused by the variation of pigment. The
analysis of the results are as seen at Table 6.
Table 6. Drying Time Statistical Test Results
Mean N Std. Dev
19.0
3
6.56 Red
32.7
3
11.02 Blue
32.0
3
8.00 Yellow
27.9
9
10.08 Total
ANOVA table
Source
SS Df
MS
F
p-value
Treatment 356.22
2 178.111
2.34
.1773
Error
456.67
6
76.111
Total
812.89
8
Table 6 shows that the p-value, 0.1773, is greater than 0.10 alpha, so the
null hypothesis is not rejected. This means that there is no difference between
the three samples of paint in terms of its drying time.
Viscosity Test
The viscosity test of the three subjects leads to the following results: a
mean of 1.96 seconds, 0.98 seconds and 1.10 seconds paints colored red, blue
and yellow, respectively. Figure 3 shows a comparison of results of the viscosity
test among the paint samples.
20
Number of Sec. Before it
Reaches Bottom
Comparison of Groups
2.500
2.000
Trial 1
1.500
Trial 2
1.000
Trial 3
0.500
Red
Yellow
Pigment Color
Trials' Mean
Blue
Figure 3. Viscosity Comparison
Figure 3 shows a brief comparison of the trial’s viscosity rates and their
means. As the figure shows, red took the longest time to reach the bottom while
the color yellow fell fastest. This means that red paint is more viscous over
yellow paint and blue paint. While yellow paint is the least viscous.
ANOVA was used to compare the viscosity among the paint samples
whether the difference is significant or not. Statistical results are shown in Table
7.
Table 7. Viscosity Statistical Test Results
Mean
n
Std. Dev
1.47000
3
0.45902 Red
0.99667
3
0.03786 Yellow
1.03333
3
0.06506 Blue
1.11333
1.04000
1.34667
1.16667
ANOVA table
Source
SS
Treatments 0.4161
Blocks
0.1539
Error
0.2789
Total
0.8488
3
3
3
9
0.24826
0.01000
0.53454
0.32573
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Total
df
2
2
4
8
MS
F
0.20803 2.98
0.07693 1.10
0.06972
p-value
.1610
.4153
21
Table 7 shows that the p-value, 0.1610, is greater than 0.10 alpha, so the
null hypothesis is not rejected. This means that there is no difference between
the three samples of paint in terms of its viscosity.
Shelf-life
The shelf-life was measured by observing if there were any changes on
the experiment daily. For the un-refrigerated paint samples, after the third day, it
smelled acid, probably it turned sour and lumps were formed.
evidence of a chemical change.
This shows
Hence, the shelf-life of the un-refrigerated
sample was only two (2) days. For the refrigerated paint samples, no visible
changes were observed for one week.
On the eight day, however, a slight
change in texture was observed, it becomes very sticky but it disappears after
shaking. On the ninth day, souring starts and on day ten smells really bad. It
can still, however, be used for painting, only the odor changed. Hence for the
refrigerated sample, its shelf-life is a little more than a week.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
A.
Summary
The researcher’s experiment produced three 250 milliliters (mL) of artist
paint with the colors, red, blue and yellow. Upon processing, the quantity of the
solvent, resin or binder and the quantity of pigment was not altered. Only the
pigment type or color was changed.
The binder or the resin used was an
unflavored and colorless gelatin and a processed mixture of flour and water, the
solvent would have been ordinary tap water but since, gelatin is primarily a gel
and the flour-water mixture is more of a paste, little or no solvent was used but
instead the liquid is used on the preparation of the materials themselves.
Pigmenting colors would be those of yellow, blue and red. A vanilla scent was
used to enhance scent.
Results showed that the mean of the color’s first assessment was slightly
brilliant while the second assessment stated that it was moderately liked. The
color’s performance was hindered by the absence of a good pigment of the color
red.
blend.
The odor’s assessments were extremely liked and having an excellent
23
The drying rates are quite satisfactory, ranging only from a few seconds to
a full minute. The ANOVA’s results state that the p-value is greater than 0.10
alpha. The difference between the three samples’ drying rates is highly
insignificant.
The viscosity of the product was quite mediocre, not so thick yet not too
thin. The ANOVA’s results state that the p-value is greater than 0.10 alpha. The
difference between the three samples’ drying rates is highly insignificant.
The shelf-life of the product, when un-refrigerated, lasted 3 days. A
second batch of the product was refrigerated and lasted 7 days without change.
The product lasts only a bit more than the previous gelatin paints made.
Generally, depending upon the pigments used and storage, the product is
quite satisfactory. But not consumer-friendly since it lasts only a few days.
B.
Conclusion
Using the methods used and the data gathered, the following conclusions
are made:
Results showed that the red paint had a rating 2 which was fair, slightly
not brilliant. The yellow paint had a rating 4 means that it is very good, slightly
brilliant. While that of blue paint (5) means excellent, brilliant color. From this
rating, the most satisfactory color is the blue paint. On the other hand, the odor
of all the paint had the same rating (5) which means excellent. All paint had
pleasant odor probably due to the vanilla scent.
24
The drying rates are quite satisfactory, ranging only from a few seconds to
a full minute. The viscosity of the product was quite mediocre, not so thick yet not
too thin. The shelf-life of the product, when un-refrigerated, lasted 3 days. A
second batch of the product was refrigerated and lasted 7 days without change.
The results of ANOVA state that there is no significant difference among
the three samples of paint (red, blue and yellow) in terms of its drying time and
viscosity.
Gelatin is feasible for art paint but not for commercial purposes, e.g., in its
more suitable in home use and in classroom activities where it can then be
disposed thereafter.
C.
Recommendations
The researcher of this study recommends the following to improve further
studies related to this:
1.
Use other organic materials that are also easy to acquire
2.
Researching on preservatives that can be used to extend this
product’s shelf-life.
3.
Perform other significant tests related to qualities of paint
25
REFERENCES
Books
The Miriam Webster Incorporated (2004). The Essential English Dictionary.
Australia, Hinkler Books Pty Ltd.
Britannica Encyclopaedia Inc.. Britannica Encyclopedia Volume 9: Paint;
Definition and History . Britannica Encyclopedia (published 2007)
Internet
B. Steven & A. Steven (2005, August). ‘Homemade Paint: Make your own Paint.
Retrieved: May 10, 2012 from: Natural Home and Garden Magazine
Website:
‘http://www.naturalhomeandgarden.com/Remodeling-Redecorating/200507-01/Homemade-Paint.aspx’
Logsdon A. (2007). Homemade Scented Gelatin Paint for Children- Make You
Own Scented Paint. Retrieved: November 2011 From: About.com
Learning Disabilities
Website:
‘http://learningdisabilities.about.com/od/handsonlearningmaterials/ht/scent
ed_paint.htm’
What is Paint (n.d.). In Painterforum. Retrieved April 5, 2012. From:
http://painterforum.com/paintexplained.html
Unpublished Research
Carmen, N.D. (2007). ‘Paint
Developmental School.
from
Styrofoam’.
Iligan
City,
Integrated
26
APPENDIX A
DOCUMENTATION
Figure 4. The Researcher Processing the Materials
Figure 5. The Researcher Adding Pigment to the Binders
27
Figure 6. The Paint Samples
Figure 7. Sample Painting By The Researcher
28
Figure 8. Another Sample Painting By the Researcher
29
Figure 9. The Paint (Ordinary Brush Strokes) during the Drying Time Test
30
APPENDIX B
DATA GATHERED
Table 8. Raw Data For Viscosity Test
Viscosity Test Results
Red
Yellow
Blue
Trial 1
1.4
0.97
0.97
Trial 2
1.05
1.04
1.03
Trial 3
1.96
0.98
1.1
Average
1.47
0.996667
1.033333
Table 9. Raw Data For Drying Rate Test
Drying-Rate Test Results
Red
Blue
Trial 1
12
38
32
Trial 2
25
20
40
Trial 3
20
40
24
Table 10. Shelf-life Test Results
DAY
UN-REFRIGERATED SAMPLE
1
No Visible Change
2
No Visible Change
3
The Concoction Sours and
Lumps Forms
4
Product is unfit for use and
thrown away
5
6
7
8
9
10
Yellow
REFRIGERATED SAMPLE
No Visible Change
No Visible Change
No Visible Change
No Visible Change
No Visible Change
No Visible Change
No Visible Change
No Visible Change
Slight change in texture but
disappears when shaken
Souring starts yet product can still
be used for painting.
31
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Robert Anthony Joe Imasa Merca
Nickname: Raj
Date of Birth: September 20, 1996
Place of Birth: Iligan City
Age: 15 years old
Home Address: Zone 1-A, Baranggay San Miguel, Iligan City
School: MSU-IIT Integrated Developmental School
Religion: Roman Catholic
Name of Father: Antonio M. Merca
Name of Mother: Catherine I. Merca
Name of Sister: Minette Lou I. Merca
Name of Sister: Dorothy Lou I. Merca
Educational Background:
High School: MSU-IIT Integrated Developmental School
1st year: I – Emerald
2nd year: II – Skylark
3rd year: III – Argon
Elementary: Saint Michael’s College (BED)
Kindergarten: Lady of Mount Carmel Montessory