C 25 section 2:
East Asia and the West
Qing Dynasty:
1644-1911
CHINA: Opium Wars and Unequal Treaties 1838-1842
Since 1759: European trade
Limited to port of Guangzhou
Foreign merchants forced to deal with
Chinese firms; ONLY trade in silver buillon
40,000 chests of opium a year shipped
to China by 1838
WAR!
Commissioner Lin Zexu rejected by
Queen Victoria
Lin Zexu confiscated and destroyed 20,000 chests of opium
Forced to grant
extraterritoriality status
UNEQUAL TREATIES/
Spheres of Influence
Unequal Treaties
•
•
•
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According to the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing, the Chinese were to:
Reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the Chinese
Open several ports to British trade
Provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong
Grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China
REACTION?
Taiping Rebellion
1850-1864
Opposed the Manchus:
wanted radical
Social change, no private
property, free public
education, equality for
men and women
20-30 million lives lost
Massive decline in
economy/ food
1885 France took
Vietnam
1895 Japan forced
Korean independence
1898 Spheres of Influence
Chinese Empress Dowager Cixi
China:
The Boxer
Rebellion
1899-1900
Society of
Righteous and
Harmonious
Fists
Intermittent
Civil War
Global National Identity Crisis: China
PROBLEM: Revolutionary and nationalist uprising in
response to increasing Western influence and threat=
Fall of Qing Empire 1911 (Puyi)
Road to a SOLUTION:
Dr Sun Yat Sen (1866-1925) = PROCLAIMED Chinese republic 1912
Chinese republic failed = control fell into hands of warlords
“The continued sway of unequal treaties and other concessions permitted foreigners to intervene
in Chinese society. Foreigners did not control the state but through their privileges, they
impaired its sovereignty.”
World War I = Missed opportunity: no support for Chinese selfdetermination – thought end of war would end unequal treaties but instead
supported further Japanese aggression =
May Fourth Movement (Chinese rebel)
Communism =
Chinese Communist Party 1921
Mao Zedong
Nationalists =
Sun Yatsen then Chiang Kai-Shek
(1887-1975)
China
Japan
Southeast
Asia
Siam
Western Actions
East Asian Reaction
Opium War (British)
Unequal Treaties
Spheres of Influence
Extraterritoriality
Open Door Policy (USA)
Forced to sign treaties
Taiping Rebellion
Boxer Rebellion
1911 Revolution
Deshima, known as Dejima in Japanese, was a small artificial island in Nagasaki Bay
(approximately 150 feet by 500 feet) on the southwestern Japanese island of Kyushu.
From 1641 to 1845, Deshima served as the sole conduit of trade between Europe and Japan,
and during the period of self-imposed Japanese seclusion (approximately 1639-1854) was
Japan's only major link to the European world.
Closed
Country Edicts
1635 and 1639
JAPAN: Commodore Perry 1853 and Unequal Treaties
Japan had a history of successful imitation and China did not.
Meiji Restoration 1868 ended Tokugawa Shogunate
European style military
Modernized the infrastructure (postal system)
New public health measures/ population
increase
1872 Mass public education system
1890s Massive industrialization (zaibatsu)
Supported consumer culture/ department stores
But……
Western Actions
East Asian Reaction
China
Opium War (British)
Unequal Treaties
Spheres of Influence
Extraterritoriality
Open Door Policy (USA)
Forced to sign treaties
Taiping Rebellion
Boxer Rebellion
1911 Revolution
Japan
Matthew Perry (USA)
Treaty of Kanagawa
Meiji Restoration
Industrialization
Modernization
Expansion
Southeast
Asia
Siam
Treaty of Kanagawa:
March 31, 1854
1. Peace and friendship between the
United States and Japan.
2. Opening of two ports to American
ships at Shimoda and Hakodate
3. Help for any American ships wrecked
on the Japanese coast and
protection for shipwrecked persons
4. Permission for American ships to buy
supplies, coal, water,
and other necessary provisions in
Japanese ports.
Western Actions
East Asian Reaction
China
Opium War (British)
Unequal Treaties
Spheres of Influence
Extraterritoriality
Open Door Policy (USA)
Forced to sign treaties
Taiping Rebellion
Boxer Rebellion
1911 Revolution
Japan
Matthew Perry (USA)
Treaty of Kanagawa
Meiji Restoration
Industrialization
Modernization
Expansion
Southeast
Asia
Dutch established large
Nguyen dynasty rebelled in
plantations (sugar/coffee) Vietnam but were not effective:
British took over parts of Treaty of Saigon 1862 (FR)
Malaysia (rubber)
French took over
Indochina
Siam
Not colonized
Neutral buffer
C 30 sec 3 (pages 920-924)
Mao Zedong 1893-1976
Cultural Revolution 1966:
“its stated goal was to enforce
socialism in the country by
removing capitalist, traditional
and cultural elements from
Chinese society”
Great Leap Forward 1949
Four Pests Campaign 1958
Great Leap Forward
Date
GOAL
ACTIONS
RESULT
1958
To speed China’s
development
Cultural Revolution
Mid 1960s
Create a society where
peasants and physical labor
were the ideal
Formed communes, set
Red Guard tortured or killed
production goals
suspected offenders
20,000 communes , or
destruction in Chinese
collectively owned farms society
Results in famine,
starvation of millions
(12-42 million) Chinese
people
China’s isolation
Soviet Union criticized
Mao
Mao Zedong
1893-1976
Asia
Deng Xiaoping
1904-1997
Tiananmen Square
More Freedoms
Pro-Democracy Protestors
• Inspired by movement toward
economic freedom
• Spring 1989, democratic
reforms in Eastern Europe
• Chinese demanded more
political freedom
• One million pro-democracy
protestors occupied Beijing’s
Tiananmen Square
Leaders Impatient
Freedom Had Not Arrived
• China’s leaders repeatedly
asked protestors to leave
square
• Protestors remained, met with
force
• June 1989, tanks, troops moved
into square
• Killed protestors in Tiananmen
Square Massacre
China Today
China’s economy has grown rapidly as market reforms have continued. Today,
China’s economy is the second largest in the world, behind only the United
States. As the economy has improved, so has the standard of living for many
Chinese.
Economic Development
Other Challenges
• Economic growth has not reached
all China’s 1.3 billion people
• Large population, rapidly
expanding industries
• To prevent further population
growth, Chinese government
encourages families to have only
one child
• High demands on resources,
environment
• Imports coal, iron ore, oil, natural
gas to meet energy needs
This has caused shortages and higher costs for these resources on the global
market, as well as air and water pollution within China.
Human Rights Issues
Human rights abuses another concern for
critics of China
• Chinese government continues to limit free speech,
religious freedoms
• Exercises strict control over the media
• Political protestors can be jailed
• Nation’s courts accused of failing to provide fair trials
• Critics increased calls for reforms after Beijing chosen to
host 2008 Olympic Games