Grouping bags that carry your books 1. 2. 3. 4. Determine a common name for all the bags that carry your books Divide your bags into 2 – 3 groups based on a common characteristic for each group Divide each group from #2 into 2-3 groups depending on their common characteristics & move them Continue to do this, getting more specific each time. 5. Once you get to an end point where you can no longer divide them up, start giving them two part names (Purpleus bistrapus) Taxonomy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Determine Kingdom a common name for all the bags that carry your books Divide your bags into 2 – 3 groups based on a Phylum common characteristic for each group Class each group from #2 into 2-3 groups Divide depending on their common characteristics & move them Continue to do this 4 more times, getting more Order specific Family each time. Once you get to annames end point where you can no Genus & species longer divide them up, start giving them two part names (Purpleus bistrapus) Chapter 18: Classification You are required to put on clothes each day before coming to school. How do you go about this in the most efficient manner to get you out of the house on time for school each day? • There are 1.9 million different identified species (alive and extinct) but ~ 11 million species are alive today • How can we keep all these organisms in order? Section 18.1 Objectives • Why classify? • What method is used to classify organisms? • What is Linnaeus’s system of classification? • Classification – is the method of logically grouping organisms based on some common characteristics • Taxonomy – does the actually grouping into the groups called TAXON (s – TAXA) with some kind of biological significance. – Ie. Things that fly, swim, walk, have feathers, etc. How many different terms can you think of for trying to tell someone something is really good? Do these terms have meanings that may confuse someone else? • There is a need for a common term to describe an individual organism so that all people understand when the term is used. • Carolus Linnaeus (mid 1700’s) came up with the system of Binomial Nomenclature. Carolus Linnaeus • He assigned two Latin names to each different species of organisms. • This is their Scientific name. • Homo sapiens (human) Homo sapiens Ursus maritimus (polar bear) Ursus maritimus Acer rubrum (red maple) Ursus arctos (grizzly bear) Latin? • Scientific names will always be in Latin. • Latin is a dead language that will not evolve unlike other languages. • Little chance of change through time. • Universally understood in the science community The Taxonomic order: • From the largest, most inclusive group to the smallest, most exclusive, specific taxa. Taxa Human Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Hominoidae Homo sapiens Grizzly Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Ursidae Ursus arctos Chimp Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Hominoidae Pan troglodyte Which two organisms are more closely related and why? • Modern methods of classification rely on evolutionary relationships in place of homologous structures. • Birds, bats and insects should not be classified together because they all have wings and fly. Section 18.2 Objectives • Explain how evolutionary relationships may be useful in classification • What is a cladogram? • How can DNA/RNA help determine evolutionary relationships? • Evolutionary classification classifies organisms in taxa based on lines of common descent, not physical similarities – Uses proteins, DNA and genes to determine classification and relatedness • Human Genome project that decoded our DNA helped to show evolutionary relationships with other species, even totally unrelated species. • The more closely related organisms are, the more amino acids they will have in common and the more recently they evolved from some kind of common ancestry. • REMEMBER THIS? ------>> Section 18.3 Objectives • What are the 6 Kingdoms of life and their characteristics? • Describe the 3 Domain system of classification Kingdoms and Domains • 1700’s – Plants and Animals only • 1800’s – Protists, Plants and Animals • 1950’s – 5 Kingdom system, including Fungus and Monera • Now – 6 Kingdoms divided into 3 Domains Domains: 1. Bacteria – Unicellular, prokaryotic (no nuclear membrane) with cell walls made up of peptidoglycan. – Kingdoms: Eubacteria – true bacteria. “Normal “ bacteria 2. Archaea – Unicellular, prokaryotic but do not have cell walls containing peptidoglycan. These are primitive organisms that could withstand very harsh environments and a lack of oxygen. – Kingdom: Archaebacteria – methanogens in the digestive tract of animals and halophiles that live in the Dead Sea. 3. Eukarya – Eukaryotic organisms. May be uni or multi cellular. All have nuclear membranes – Kingdom: Protista – basically unicellular. Have plant-like, animal – like or fungus- like representatives. • ***Most difficult kingdom to classify. No clear cut boundaries. Ie.Amoeba, paramecium, slime mold, Volvox – – – Kingdom Fungi – Absorptive heterotrophs, basically multicellular organisms with cell walls made up of chitin. Ie. Yeast, mushroom, molds Kingdom Plantae – Multicellular, photosynthetic organisms. All are autotrophic. Nonmotile with cell walls containing cellulose. Ie. Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants and some algae. Kingdom Animalia – Multicellular, ingestive heterotrophs. All lack cell walls. Motile for some time in their life cycle. Ie. Sponges, jelly fish, worms, insects, octopus, fish, birds, amphibians reptiles, you The New and Improved Six Kingdom System Kingdom Cell Type # of Cells Nutrition Representative organism Archaebacteria Domain Archaea Prokaryotic Unicellular Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Blue-green bacteria, Methanogens Prokaryotic Unicellular Autotrophic or Heterotrophic E.coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Spirochetes Protista Eukaryotic Uni, multi or colonial Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Plasmodium, Diatoms Fungi Eukaryotic Absorptive Heterotroph Yeast, Mushrooms, Molds, smuts, rusts Eubacteria Domain Bacteria Plantae Animalia Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Uni or Multicellular Multicellular Multicellular Autotrophic (some heterotrophic) Ingestive Heterotroph Mosses, ferns, Horsetails, Conifers, Flowering plants Sponges, Coral, Sea stars, EW, Insects, Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals Dichotomous Key Is a method for determining the identity of something by going through a series of choices that leads the user to the correct name of the organism. Dichotomous means "divided in two parts". At each step of the process of using the key, the user is given two choices; each alternative leads to another question until the item is identified 1a. Wings covered by an exoskeleton…..... Go to 2 b. Wings not covered by an exoskeleton …Go to 3 2a. b. Body has a round shape………….......Ladybug Body has an elongated shape.......Grasshopper 3a. b. Wings fold against body......................Housefly Wings point out from sides……..…….Dragonfly 1 2 3 5 7 4 6 8 9 10