AP World History Review
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AP World Review Test Format Exam last 3 Hours and 5 Minutes 55 Minutes for 70 Multiple Choice Questions Break 50 Minutes for Document Based Question (10 minutes for Reading and Evaluating Documents) 40 Minutes for Change Over Time Essay 40 Minutes for Comparative Essay Question Grading 70 Multiple Choice Questions = 1/2 Score Document Based Question = 16.66% of Score Change Over Time Essay = 16.66% of Score Comparative Essay = 16.66% of Score Essays Graded on Scale of 0 to 9 What do the questions look like The questions fall into 6 basic categories, which are as follows: – Identification (35-40% of the test) - simply test whether you know a fact, or facts. – Analytical (20-25% of the test) makes you think about relationships, see connections, place in order. – Quotation Based (10% or less of the test) - match the quote with the appropriate person. – Image Interpretation (10% or less of the test) - determine images relevance, purpose, or meaning. – Map Based Questions (10% or less of the test) - identify what a map shows, or interpret it's purpose. – Graph & Chart Interpretation (10% or less of the test) - interpret answer from data given in chart form. Six Themes 1. The impact of interaction among major societies. Such as Trade, International Exchange, War, and Diplomacy 2. The Relationship of Change and Continuity across the periods of World History 3. Impact of Technology and Demography on People and the Environment; Including Population change, Manufacturing, Agriculture, etc. Six Themes 4. Systems of Organization and Gender Structure 5. Cultural and Intellectual Development and Interactions among Societies 6. Change over time in functions and structures of Political States Time Frames – Prehistory to 600 C.E: 19-20% of Questions – 600 C.E-1450 C.E: 22 % of Questions – 1450 C.E- 1750 C.E: 19-20% of Questions – 1750 C.E- 1914 C.E: 19-20% of Questions – 1914-Present: 19-20% of Questions Bookends of Foundation Period 8000 BCE – 600 CE 8000 BCE marks the Neolithic civilization and the development of four river valley civilizations 600 CE marks the time which classical empires fall Building Blocks of Civilization What is a Civilization? –Economic System –Political Organization –Moral Code (Religion) –Written Language and Intellectual Tradition –Division of labor PreHistory History Presence of a written language Writing is essential for record keeping, bureaucracy, commerce, and accumulating knowledge; it makes possible more varied cultural forms. Writing also led to new social divisions based on selective literacy. – Scribes – Scholarly gentry Dark Age – Art of writing has developed and been lost Environmental determinism Relationship between culture of a civilization, success and stability How does the culture react to the environment or environmental change Technology Movement of peoples into and out of the area Crossroads vs. isolation River Valley Civilizations China – Yellow River valley – Shang China: first dynasty – Develop in isolation w/ minimal contact with India and Middle East River Valley Civilizations China – Became the subject of many legends in later Chinese history – Monarchy – Bronze work, silk making, pottery, jade, elaborate intellectual life, writing, interest in science and technology Political structure tied to social order and culture by Confucianism Confucianism emphasized order, hierarchy, and deference, including specific injunctions to obey the emperor. Bureaucracy aimed to alleviate political instability, difficulties of centrally controlling outlying provinces, and related competition among landed aristocrats for power and influence. Classical Civilizations and great empires Mesoamerican Andean Han Gupta Change from River Valleys to Classical Civs ~1000 BCE Location—China, India, Mediterranean World New/renewed civs that were durable Left the most substantial impacts and legacies Set in motion key values and institutions that extend well beyond the classical period All 3 built on achievements of the River valley civs. Classical civs not a continuation of ancient river valleys – Change political centers – Improve technology – Est. More elaborate philosophical and religious traditions – Expand science and math – Set up methods for territorial expansion and embraced a diverse group of people – Integrated aspects of their institutions and traditions – Each civ operated separately despite contacts with each other Greece/India—Alexander Rome/China—Silk Road the Great Mesoamerica Mesoamerica The area from north central Mexico to Nicaragua Beginning about 5,000 BCE, domesticated certain plants – beans, peppers, avocados, and squash. Maize dominated the diet of these agricultural peoples Later innovations such as pottery took place around 2000 BCE. Mesoamerica When Shang dynasty ruled in China, permanent sedentary villages based on some agriculture appeared. There were small, modest settlements without much hierarchy or social differentiation and a lack of craft specialization. Numbers of villages rose proliferated and population densities rose. Olmec Olmec 1400 BCE to 500 BCE Suddenly appeared They had irrigated agriculture, impressive drainage systems, monumental sculpture, urbanism and beginnings of calendar and writing systems (carved inscriptions). Olmec Giant stone heads were found in ruins. No one knows how the 40-ton sculptures were moved from the quarries without wheeled vehicles or draft animals. All of these attest to a high degree of social organization and artistic skill. Called the Mother Civilization of Mesoamerica Olmec Olmec They provided the basis of a state ruled by a hereditary elite in which the ceremonialism of a complex religious dominated life. – Powerful class of priests and aristocrats stood at top of society Most important – tradition of priestly leadership and religious devotion that became a basic part of later Middle American civilization. Did not build true cities – built ceremonial centers made of pyramid shaped temples and other buildings Olmec People came for nearby farming villages to work on the temples or attend religious ceremonies Through trade, Olmec influence spread over a wide area Great carvers of jade and traded or conquered to get it. Olmec Know one knows what happened to cause their decline – mystery. Some scholars think they are ancestors to the great Maya civilizations that followed. Andean World From the coast to the Andes Mountains Potatoes and maize grown; grazing for llamas and alpacas Chavin Chavin 850 BCE built a huge temple complex – stone carving and pottery show the Chavin people worshipped a god that was a part jaguar and part human with grinning catlike features Artisans worked in ceramics, textiles, and gold characterized. Used animals as decorations, often along scenes of war and violence. Chavin Some similarities with Olmecs (possible Amazonian lowland origin for both) Warfare seems to indicate a general process – with the development of agriculture and a limited amount of arable land, it becomes necessary to organize irrigation and create political authority and eventually states that could mobilize to protect or expand the available land. Influenced later peoples of Peru Chavin By 300 BCE Chavin in decline Andean world became characterized by regional centers – without political unity but great art. Wide variety of crops, domestication of the llama and related animals, dense populations, and hierarchal societies could be found in many places. Nazca Nazca Weavers Great figures of various animals, which cover 100s of feet and can be seen only from the air Also great straight lines or paths that cut across plains and seem to go towards mountains or celestial points – no one know why they were drawn Mochica Mochica Skilled farmers developing terracing, irrigation, and fertilization of the soil Leaders built roads and organized networks of relay runners to carry messages To build one temple – had to produce 130 million bricks Textile, goldworking, woodcarving Potters decorated with scenes of everyday life including battle, music, and textile produced on small looms. Mochica Mochica Mochica Han Dynasty Han Dynasty Strongest and longest dynasty Expansionist Empire – Postal system – Roads – Defensive fortifications Weak Leadership caused collapse – Corruption and leadership issues Had to protect the expanding borders some that encouraged trade along the silk road Silk road brought “bandits” that threatened the outer borders of the Han dynasty Silk Road Han Decline 100 CE Nomadic tribes topple Han China Central government control diminished and corrupt bureaucracy Local landlords took up the slack by ruling their own neighborhoods People heavily taxed Increased social unrest Han Decline Daoist revolutionary effort 184 CE “Yellow Turbans” promised a golden age that would come via divine magic 30,000 students demonstrated against decline of government morality Failed BUT decline continued into civil war. Factors of the Han Decline Political ineffectiveness Spread of devastating epidemic killed ½ of population leading to three centuries of chaos India Aryans – Nomadic Group “invaded” India – Earliest Europeans – Conquered the Dravidians (Dark Skinned Indians) – Established Warrior Aristocracy – Established Sanskrit – Vedic Era and Early Hindu faith Don’t forget about the Caste System!!! Mauryan Empire India Continued Based on regionalism Open to influences from the west 600BCE 16 major regional states all with different types of gov’t. Mauryan empire 322BCE – Began by Chandragupta Maurya 1st – – – – – – dynasty to unite most of the Indian subcontinent Ashoka: famous Emperor Extended control to Southern tip of India Converted to Buddhism Collapsed from outside attacks Laws of Manu Empire falls due to lack of durable roots Gupta Empire Gupta Empire 320 CE Greatest period of political stability Negotiated with local princes, intermarry with their families and expand influence w/o constant fighting Gupta Empire Created a demanding taxation system No bureaucracy and allowed regional leaders to maintain control – There was a Gupta rep. at each local princes court to ensure loyalty Promoted Sanskrit Uniform law codes “Golden Age” Gupta Empire Political Culture Not elaborate Regional Buddhism provides ethnic code Tightly knit villages Caste system – provided a way for conquered and conquerors to live together Caste system limited political development b/c of strict social rules – loyalty to caste above all Decline of Gupta Empire Between 200 and 600 BCE suffered outside invasions Gupta overthrown by Huns – b/c hadn’t solved tendency to dissolve into political fragmentation Emperors having trouble controlling local princes since 5th century Gupta Decline N. India affected by constant nomadic invasions Eventually push further into central India destroying the empire Nomads became integrated into the warrior caste and regional control resumed Societal comparison China's society featured less rigid structure, slightly more opportunity for mobility although there was some mobility within castes different rules and cultural enforcements Law of Manu vrs. Confucianism different regard for merchants and specific contrasts in the definition and function of "mean people" versus untouchables. – Dharma encouraged merchants in Gupta – Merchants brought outside cultures and were not socially accepted Environmental Determinism India was more open to contact and invasion and less internally coherent (interior mountains etc), which helps explain the differences in openness to influence, and political stability India absorbed other cultures while China remains ethnically homogeneous (90 % of all Chinese trace their ancestry back to the Han dynasty) Post Classical & Middle Ages 600-1450 Americas East to West Mongolians Connections The Bookends 600- great classical empires have fallen. 632- Coming of Islam 1000- trade increases both by land and sea. 1450- Fall of Constantinople and decline of Silk roads 1450- Europe looks westward toward the Atlantic Incas Incas Peru 1400s-1535 Inca Government Government – emperor is the Inca god-king owned all the land, herds, mines, and people Nobles ruled the provinces along with local chieftains whom the Inca had conquered Below them officials carried out taxes and laws Inca Own language and religion Great road system -12,000 miles, bridges, steps (more impressive than Rome’s) It moved armies and news using relay runners to carry messages Kept soldiers at outposts to crush rebels Inca capital Cuzco - Capital Temple of the Sun (no mortar, survived earthquakes) is there Inca Daily Life Farming - terraces; government took possession of harvests and divided it Metalworking Medical advances – antiseptics and anesthesia Religion – polytheistic linked to nature; – religion tied to daily life – Inti – Chief god - Sun god Maya Maya Influenced by the Olmec Yucatan in Mexico through much of Central America 600- 900 Maya Farming – cleared rainforest and built raised fields and channels to drain excess water; grew corn and other crops Temples and palaces - Very tall; used for sacrifices to gods; carvings recorded history Maya Social classes – each city had own ruling chief Nobles – military and officials (collected taxes, enforced laws) Women occasionally governed on own or in name of son Priests – great power only they could conduct religious ceremonies Farmers – corn, beans, squash, fruit, cotton, flowers; paid taxes in food and helped build temples Maya Hieroglyphic writing style – scribes Expert mathematicians and astronomers 365-day calendar Numbering system and understood concept of zero Maya decline Around 900 CE, abandoned cities to be swallowed up by jungles Why??? Possibly warfare, overpopulation led to soil exhaustion, revolts Aztecs Aztecs Toltecs 1000 – 1200 In 1200s, band of nomadic people (the ancestors to the Aztecs) migrated into the Valley of Mexico from the north and destroyed Toltecs Settled at Lake Texcoco due to legend (eagle on a cactus with a snake in beak) Aztecs 1200s-1521 Aztecs Aztecs Shifted from hunting to farming and built Tenochititlan (Mexico City) used military and ideological force to dominate a large part of ancient Mexico actually multiethnic The Aztecs had a highly centralized, tribute state based on the extraction of labor and goods from conquered populations Aztecs continue the culture of the classical Mesoamerican civilization and the Toltecs – Toltecs considered givers of civilization – shared same language – use of human sacrifice – establishment of empire centered on central Mexico – militarism of society – concept of nobility tied to Toltec lineage initially – use of city-state organization – temple complexes associated with state; many deities of pantheon of gods – tribute based on sedentary agricultural system – cyclical view of history and calendar system Aztec Farming –built chinampas – artificial islands that are anchored to the lake bed. Floating gardens - corn, squash, and beans Filled in parts of lake and made canals for transportation Tenochtitlan Urban commercial center Central zone of palaces and temples surrounded by residential districts, smaller palaces, and markets Heart of the empire and drew tribute and support from allies and dependants Aztecs 1400s, greatly expanded territory through war and alliances By 1500 – 30 million people Aztec Government Single Ruler chosen by a council of nobles and priests Nobles served as officials, judges, and governors Warriors – rise to noble status by killing or capturing enemy soldiers Commoners who farmed Slaves – criminals or prisoners of war Aztec Religion Priests are a class apart Performed rituals for gods to keep away droughts Chief God– sun god To give sun strength to rise – massive human sacrifices Warfare is used to get sacrificial victims Aztec Human Sacrifices To give sun strength to rise – massive human sacrifices – greatly exaggerated by the Spanish as a means of validating European conquest and cultural superiority – religious act essential to the grant of rain, sun, and other blessings of the gods – an intentional use of a widespread practice to terrorize their neighbors and to keep the lower classes subordinate – form of population control to lower population density – response to a lack of protein and the absence of large mammals associated with animal sacrifice. Aztec Learning Priests keepers of knowledge Ran schools for sons of nobles Accurate calendar Herbs and medicines Aztec 1519 – Spanish reached Tenochtitlan with Cortes Allies from conquered people Defeated by Spanish Incas and Aztec Empires Political Structures Similarities: – each had emperor supported by nobility that served as personnel of state – both based on tribute system with imperial redistribution of goods – both were militaristic – each recognized indigenous rulers in return for recognition of imperial sovereignty Differences: – – – – Inca empire more integrated Aztec empire based more on concept of city-states Aztec empire more open to trade Inca empire almost entirely relied on state redistribution of goods – Aztec use of human sacrifice as weapon of political terror East Asia Era of Division: (6 Dynasties Period) – dominated by political division among many small warring states often ruled by nomadic invaders – period of Buddhist dominance – growth of monastic movement – loss of imperial centralization – loss of dominance of scholar-gentry in favor of militarized aristocracy (dark age). Sui-Tang return to centralized administration, unified empire – reconstruction of bureaucracy – reconstruction of Confucian scholargentry at expense of both Buddhists and aristocracy – restoration of Confucianism as central ideology of state Tang and Song Dynasties Tang and Song China (China’s Golden Age) Restoration of imperial government implied strengthening of traditional schools of Confucianism and resuscitation of scholar-gentry Confucians attacked Buddhism as a foreign innovation in China convinced emperors that monastic control of land represented an economic threat persecution of Buddhists introduced in 840s. Elements of Tang-Song economic prosperity – The full incorporation of southern China into the economy as a major foodproducing region, center of trade – commercial expansion with West, southern Asia, southeast Asia – establishment of Chinese merchant marine – development of new commercial organization and credit per acre – expanded urbanization throughout China Satellite Cultures of China Why was China unable to assimilate the Vietnamese despite direct rule for almost a millennium? – Vietnamese culturally different from the outset: different language tradition of local authority inherent in village leaders emphasis on nuclear family rather than typically Chinese extended families higher status accorded to women Satellite Cultures of China – Chinese able to exert some influence on: introduction of central administration based on Confucian exam system some introduction of extended family and ancestor worship use of Chinese military organization ultimate failure based on inability to impact Vietnamese peasantry who remained significant on local level only Buddhism impacted peasantry Chinese culture in relation to its satellite civilizations – Chinese culture extended only within semiclosed East Asian cultural system – unlike Islam that spread from the Middle East to Africa and to South and Southeast Asia – unlike common cultural exchanges between Islam and post-classical West – East Asian cultural exchange occurred in semiisolation from other global cultures. The Mongolian Empire Mongol expansion Khanates – Ghengis brought all the nomadic tribes of Mongolia under the rule of himself and his family rigidly disciplined military state turned his attention toward the settled peoples beyond the borders of his nomadic realm began the series of campaigns of plunder and conquest that eventually led to the establishment of the great Mongol Empire. Mongol expansion The four most significant legacies of Chinggis Khan are: –tolerance of many religions –creation of the Mongols' first script –support for trade and crafts –creation of a legal code specific to the Mongols' pastoral-nomadic way of life – Khubilai Conquest of China “Yuan Dynasty” –Grandson of Chinggis Khan –Khubilai Khan was an important transitional figure in Mongol history –sought to rule — and not merely conquer — the vast domains that the Mongols had subjugated Mongol Advances – Stirrup A special wood-and-leather saddle allowed the horses to bear the weight of their riders for long periods permitted the riders to retain a firm seat a sturdy stirrup enabled horsemen to be sturdier and thus more accurate in shooting when mounted – Advance horse warfare the horses were fast and flexible Used hit-and-run raids The Mongols had developed a composite bow made out of sinew and horn and were skilled at shooting it while riding gave them the upper hand against ordinary foot soldiers range of more than 350 yards, the bow was superior to the contemporaneous English longbow, whose range was only 250 yards Inclusion of conquered peoples – Included Muslim scholars in their courts – Willingness to rely on advisers particularly those who had worked with the Chinese Fall of Mongols – Became too Chinese and sedentary—removed from nomadic traditions – Tried to invade Japan--failed Golden Horde and Il’ Khan (Persia) – Conflict over religion Islam the majority religion oppressed by the Buddhist leaders Eventually will convert to Islam Mongol dynasty of China (the Yuan) attempt to alter the traditional Chinese social structure – refused to reinstate the Confucian examination system-- attempt to destroy the social and political dominance of the scholar-gentry – seconded by dividing the Chinese social structure ethnically Mongols and Islamic allies on top northern Chinese second ethnic Chinese and minorities at bottom in addition Mongols promoted social advance of artisans and merchants, who had been discriminated against in traditional Chinese society. political impact of the Mongol conquests of Russia and the Islamic heartland similarities – traditional political structure was removed and the path was smoothed for new political organization to take place – In Russia, Kievan superiority was forever destroyed and Moscow was able to achieve political dominance among the petty kingdoms through its control of tribute and by becoming the seat of Russian Orthodoxy – In Islam, the Abbasid dynasty was ended and the Seljuk Turks who had ruled through its additions was devastated opening the way for the rise of the Mameluks in Egypt and the Ottoman Turks in Asia Minor. Mongolians Territorial extent of the Mongol empire at its largest. How did this affect inter-cultural exchange? – permitted free exchange of goods and ideas between global cultures along traditional routes of trade. Renaissance Entrance into Modern World 1300 - 1600 Cultural Developments Humanism Scientific Revolution Humanism vs. Enlightenment 1280ish to late 1600s vs. 1650 to 1750ish Humanism (Age of Questioning) – Emphasis on individual – Classical works – Centered in N. Italian city-states and traveled throughout world – Elements include voluntary participation in civic affairs – Spurred questioning attitude – cultural advancements, scientific revolution, age of exploration, reformation Enlightenment (application of humanism) Age of Reason – Belief in human perfectibility, – application of scientific discoveries to improvement of human condition; – reason was key to truth, while religion was afflicted with superstition; – changes in economy reflected in mass consumerism; – growth of reading clubs, coffee houses, and popular entertainment. – Voltaire father of Enlightenment Islamic Empires Ottoman Empire – Major leader, Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent – Took over Constantinople – Long decline Safavid Empire – Persia – Shiite Muslim Mughal Empire – India – Hindu Majority ruled by Muslims All Three “Gunpowder Empires” – came from Mongols/Chinese Japan: From Gempei Wars to Tokugawa Shogunate Gempei Wars - culmination of a decadeslong conflict between the two clans over dominance of the Imperial court – marked dominance of provincial military aristocracy over imperial court – Minamoto family established first dominance with military government (or Bakufu) at Kamakura – decline of central administration and scholar-gentry – Hojo family dominated Bakufu Japan: From Gempei Wars to Tokugawa Shogunate – finally Kamakura government overthrown by Ashikaga Shogunate – all central authority dissipated during Onin War from 1467-1477 initiated a long, drawn-out struggle for domination by individual daimyo, resulting in a mass power-struggle between the various houses to dominate the whole of Japan – country divided up into 300 small kingdoms ruled by daimyos. – Introduction of Portuguese in 1400s Japanese Shogunate Japanese feudalism – Shogun (leader) – Daimyo (powerful lords—shogun usually chosen from this group) – Samurai (warriors) – Bushido (feudal law) Shogunates – Most Famous is Tokugawa Shogunate Dictatorship, Highly centralized government Confucian Ideas Closed Ports to trade caused economic collapse Japanese Contact with West – First step taken was persecution of Christians, then banning of Christianity in 1614 – after 1616 foreign merchants limited to few ports – by 1640s, only Dutch and Chinese admitted at Deshima (Nagasaki Bay) – in eighteenth century Neo-Confucian philosophy abandoned in favor of school of "National Learning" based on indigenous Japanese culture – differed from Chinese in adopting European technological developments. East Asian Exploration and Isolation (Xenophobic) Ming – returned to use of Neo-Confucian philosophy as basis of culture – restored position of scholar-gentry – reinstituted examination system as basis of civil service. – Early emperors attempted to curtail power of scholar-gentry – potential rivals to succession exiled to provinces – greatest economic reform was Zhenghe voyages to distant markets Women Different status for Elite and Working women Think noble versus serf/peasant Women During middle ages, new limits on the conditions of women In some respects, women in the west had higher status than their sisters in Islam – Less segregated in religious services (although could not lead them) – Less confined to the household Women Still women’s voices in the family may have declined in the Middle Ages Urban women played important roles in local commerce and even operated some craft guilds, but found themselves increasingly hemmed in by maledominated organizations Patriarchal structures take deeper root. World Economy During the postclassical millennium, 45-1450 CE, a few areas contributed raw materials (including labor power – slaves) to more advanced societies – China and the Islamic world. The supply areas included western Europe and parts of Africa and southeast Asia World Economy Although economic relationships were unequal, they did not affect the societies that produced raw material too much since international trade was not sufficient to do so. World Economy – Middle Ages Population growth encouraged further economic innovation – new people =new markets Towns expanded and agriculture increased Crusades exposed west to new cultural and economic influence from the Middle East. This included a thirst for trade. East meets west – Three major manufacturing zones: Arab producing carpets, tapestry, glass; Indian producing cotton textiles; China producing porcelain, paper, silks. – No central control of Indian Ocean trade system, no use of military force. – Portuguese brought use of military force into system – added new routes including route around Cape of Good Hope to Europe – introduction of concept of sea power and military force – introduction of Christianity, tribute kingdoms Other Trade Routes Bantu peoples moved along Congo River and further south and east in Africa. (Evidence-Bantu languages) Vikings moved along rivers and oceans into Europe and even the new world. (Viking ships= horses of other nomads) Turks and Mongols moved southward and westward from the steps of Asia bringing bubonic plague to China and Europe. Global trade and core and peripheral nations Core areas were those areas of the world economy typified by production of manufactured goods, control of shipping, monopoly of banking and commercial services. Core areas were located primarily in northwestern Europe Britain, France, and Holland. Dependent zones (peripheral) were regions typified by production of raw materials, supply of bullion, plantation agriculture of cash crops produced by coercive labor systems. Dependent zones surrounded the European core including southern and eastern Europe, Asia, and the colonial discoveries of the European explorers. Global Network East Asia, particularly China and Japan remained outside of global trade network; Mughal India only minimally involved; Ottoman Empire restricted trade to European enclaves in cities; Russia also remained outside system; outside of slave regions, Africa not involved. After 1600, India increasingly dominated by France and England; Eastern Europe brought into system as supplier of grain to West. Changes and Continuities Change: Classic empires have fallen and new ones have been created. Change: Migrations of nomadic peoples cause major international changes and diffusion of ideas and diseases Continuity: Religion continues to be important and continues to spread. Continuity: Trade routes continue to grow in importance Continuity: Societies continue to be Patriarchal 1450-1750 European Atlantic Empires West becomes dominant Gunpowder Mughals Ottomans Neo-Confucianism African Contributions Bookends 1450- Beginning of European Atlantic empires 1450-Beginning of Global trade 1492- End of Islam in Europe 1433- end of Chinese treasure ship expeditions 1750- beginning of industrialization 1750-western hemisphere colonization peaks Six things to Remember Americas are included in world trade for the first time. Improvements in shipping and gunpowder technology continues Populations are in transition New social structures emerge based on race and gender Traditional beliefs are threatened in Europe but reinforced in China Empires are both land-based and cross oceanic Changes in Weaponry Changes – Calvary/mounted knights & infantry – Lance → arquebus (portable long barreled gun fired by a wheel and lock) and pike → musket with bayonet – Calvary charge → rows/columns of uniformed soldiers – Simple medieval wall with gates and towers → elaborate fortification systems designed to stop canon fire – Military leaders as battle chiefs → management experts – Performance learned on a drill field Knights and Guns Infantry had already proven to be more successful than cavalry – Ex. 1415 Agincourt—long bows— mow down knights of France on horseback Origin of the Gun Chinese and Arabs since 8th century used gunpowder Mongols 13th century (1240) Poland and Hungary 1st experience gunfire Ironworks in Europe soon learned how to make a gun – Iron tube in which gunpowder is exploded to fire a missile 1400 Ottomans construct cannons to forge through the Balkans – 1453 helped to take out Constantinople Gun becomes premiere tool for explorers, conquerors and merchants Knights couldn’t withstand heavier armor to survive gun shot—death of knighthood New formations and mass, unison, precise gunfire could halt a charging army Big Guns Smaller at first inaccurate and bad for long distance Big guns—cannons— better for breaking down walls Beasts of burden used to bring them to town/castle walls to fire cannon after cannon to break defenses Soldiers then raped and pillaged town/castle – 1st done by France –Charles VII in 1450 Problem: siege tactics cost many innocent lives; therefore, new type of fortification – Bastions—thicker walls that protected people and town within – Very expensive to build—Michelangelo and da Vinci some of the first designers • Advent of professional armies—Italy, Sweden Switzerland, England, France, Prussia Changes in War “Wars no longer a test of strength, to be decided by “mere battles”, “rather they depend on losing or gaining friends and allies, and it is to this end that good states men turn all their attention and energy Rise of Diplomacy – Ambassadors develop out of medieval heralds and/or messengers – Enjoyed personal security from both parties – Authorized to conduct negotiations, i.e. diplomacy Expense – Cost is huge—ruler provided equipment (ammunition, amour, weapons) – Wives and children, spare horses – Armies sometimes 1600 strong Warfare on ships (river or sea) – Cannons prove to be very effective on ships M U G H A L E M P I R E Mughal Rulers all fabulously wealthy empire covered 2/3 of present-day India Babur 1526-1530 – Charismatic leader – Related to Gengis Khan and Tamerlaine – Took over Afghanistan – Builder of gardens – Brought the Persian culture to India – Brought first cannons to Indiahelped him to successfully invade Humayan 1530-1556 – – – – Underachiever, son of Babur Superstitious Loved books Spent entire reign consolidating the empire Akbar 1556-1605 – – – – – Statesman Encouraged religious tolerance Brought Muslim culture to India Married a Hindu princess Ran the country with a good infrastructure – Came to power at 13 – general who was loyal kept the empire in tact for him until of age Jahangir 1605-1627 – Drunkard – Loved precious jewels…it was an obsession – Hunter; boasted about hunting abilities and number of kills Shah Jehan 1627-1658 – most famous to western world – built Taj Mahal, Red Fort, and Friday Mosque (largest in India) – ruthless—killed male heirs of extended family – imprisoned the last 9 years by his son Taj Mahal Friday Mosque Red Fort Auranzeb 1658-1707 – religious fanatic required all to be Muslims – enforced Muslim law which begins to break up the empire—Hindus upset with the law – Eleven more rulers to follow, yet the empire continues to decline Mughal Architecture formed from the Persian and Indian style of art consisted of archs, domes, towers, indentures, and carvings To show the greatness of the Mughal architecture, the buildings tended to be tall and enormous. The Ottoman Empire Ottoman empire (1289-1923) Founded by Osman Bey in 1289, who led Muslim religious warriors (ghazi) Ottoman expansion into Byzantine empire – – – – Seized city of Bursa, then into the Balkans Organized ghazi into formidable military machine Central role of the Janissaries (slave troops) Effective use of gunpowder in battles and sieges Ottoman Empire (1289-1923) Mehmed the Conqueror (reigned 1451-1481) – Captured Constantinople in 1453; it became Istanbul, the Ottoman capital – Absolute monarchy-centralized state – Expanded to Serbia, Greece, Albania; attacked Italy Tokapi Palace—main residence in Istanbul Ottoman empire (1289-1923) Suleyman the Magnificent (1520-1566) – Sultan Selim the Grim (1512-1520) occupied Syria and Egypt – Suleyman the Magnificent expanded into southwest Asia and central Europe – Suleyman also built a navy powerful enough to challenge European fleets Ottoman empire (1289-1923) Dynasty endured for more than 600 years Too large to be maintained the empire's communication technology was not developed enough to reach all territories the circumstances surrounding the Ottoman Empire's fall closely paralleled those surrounding the fall of the Roman Empire – ongoing tensions between the empire's different ethnic groups – various governments' inability to deal with these tensions Built on war and steady territorial expansion Possibilities for new lands ran out and lands began to be lost to enemies Means to maintain oversized bureaucracy and army shrank Ottoman empire (1289-1923) Decline in effectiveness of the administrative system = corruption among officials Poor regulated central gov’t allowed local officials to be corrupt which sparked rebellions = further drain on resources Other issue →successors were not prepared to ruled instead basically imprisoned = weak rulers = pawns Civil strife increased and the discipline and leadership of the armies deteriorated Ottoman empire (1289-1923) Began to lose on the battle field (change to light field artillery by European powers) Not dominate on the sea (defeated by Spanish and Italian navies at Battle of Lepanto) Goods not going to Europe through Muslim trading centers lost revenue for Ottoman Empire Inflation caused by Spanish silver into Ottoman Empire Ottoman empire (1289-1923) Long standing belief that little of what happened in Europe was important –not take seriously the changes that transformed Europe Ends up being “Sick Man” Independence movements in Balkans Defeated in 1918 and divided between Britain and France Neo-Confucianism the revival of the various strands of Confucian philosophy and political culture that began in the middle of the 9th Century and reached new levels of intellectual and social creativity in the 11th Century in the Northern Song Dynasty. movement included speculative philosophers, painters, poets, doctors, social ethicists, political theorists, historians, local reformers and government civil servants. 14th C.--the teaching of the way or the teaching of principle, became the standard curriculum for the imperial civil service examination system – dominance of the civil service continued until the whole system was abolished in 1905. – In the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) there was a further reaction against the speculative philosophy of the learning of Han arose to combat what were taken to be the grave mistakes – also know as the school of evidential research because of its commitment to historical and philological research in contradistinction to the Song and Ming fascination with speculative metaphysics and personal moral self-cultivation. Neo-Confucian masters where also teachers of various forms of personal moral self-cultivation – sought to promote a unified vision of humane flourishing that would end with a person becoming a sage or worthy by means of various forms of selfcultivation. became an international movement and spread to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam African Contributions to the Cultures of America Slavery Music – Jazz; gospel Religion - While the dominant religions on the Caribbean islands are all variants of Christianity, a few religions are the result of African slaves combining their spiritual practices with the beliefs of their captors. Most common are voodoo and Santería. Changes and Continuities Change: The Americas are added to world trade network Change: Europe becomes a Maritime area Continuity: Trade is really important Continuity: Religions continue to adapt to new times, but very important Continuity: Diffusion of ideas and diseases as people come into contact with each other. Age of Revolution 1750-1914 Mexican, Haitian, and Chinese Revolutions Three Things to Remember Industrialization caused true worldwide interdependence. Intensification of core-periphery concept Populations grew and people moved from the country into the cities to work in factories. Women gained some economic opportunities with the rise of factory work, but they did not gain political or economic parity. Three more things to Remember Western culture influenced Asia and Africa, especially because of imperialism Rise of the Proletariat as a social force Revolutions were inspired because of the Enlightenment ideals of the social contract and natural rights. The Bookends 1750- beginning of industrialization with the water frame in Manchester England 1776-First enlightenment revolution. 1800’s nationalism 1800’s Imperialism 1860 Emancipation of serfs and slaves 1914 Eve of World War I Classic Revolutions Haitian Revolution-August 22, 1791 - 1804 Mexican Revolution -September 16, 1810 – 1821 – 2nd Revolution 1908 Greek Revolution - 1821 - 1829 French Revolution -1789-1799 American Revolution 1775-1781 (how was this revolution different) Russian Revolution 1917-1921 Chinese Revolution 1911 – 1921 – 2nd Revolution and civil war 1949 Latin American Independence Sources of Discontent 1. Discontent among social hierarchy – Peninsulars – Creoles – Mestizos – Mulattoes – Native Americans – Enslaved Africans Latin American Independence Sources of Discontent 2. Enlightenment ideas - read workers - North America & creoles read Dec. of Independence and Constitution - Women hosted salon (tertulias) where independence and revolution were discussed Latin American Independence 3. Napoleon’s invasion of Spain - Joseph on throne Latin American leaders saw Spain’s weakness as an opportunity to get rid of them. Mexican Independence Mexican Revolution -September 16, 1810 – 1821 Creole Priest, Father Miguel Hidalgo raised cry for freedom (Sept. 15, 1810) Speech – “el Grito e Delores” – the cry of Dolores It called Mexican to fight for independence and liberty Mexican Independence Ragged army of mestizos and Native Americans marched to outskirts of Mexico City 1st creoles supported but soon rejected his call to end slavery and reforms for NA Less than a year, Hidalgo was captured and executed. Mexican Independence Father Jose Morelos – mestizo – called for wide ranging social and political reform- improve conditions, abolish slavery, give vote to all men For 4 years, led forces then captured and shot. (1815) Mexican Independence Agustin de Iturbide – conservative Creole who fought revolutionaries – worried about new Spanish government in 1820 In 1821, backed by creoles, mestizos, and Native Americans, he overthrow the Spanish viceroy Mexico independent Iturbide took title – Emperor Agustin I Toppled and set up Republic of Mexico Mexican Independence New government but for most little changed Military leaders dominated government Next 100 years contains struggles to improve conditions for Mexicans Mexican Revolution #2 Dictator Porfiro Diaz ruled for almost 35 years winning as president again and again Prosperity for wealthy landowners, businessmen, and foreign investors but most Mexicans were peasants who lived in poverty Factory workers, miners, and middle class liberals opposed him. Mexico Francisco Madero demanded free elections in 1910. He was imprisoned and by Diaz and then began encouraging revolt Diaz resigned in 1911 Madero became president but was murdered within 2 years. Mexico Several leaders emerged including North -Francisco “Pancho” Villa – personal power South - Emiliano Zapata – peasant revolt (Zapatistas) Decade of fighting Women soldiers called soldaderas cooked, tended wounded and even fought. Mexico 1917 Venustiano elected and approved a constitution (today's) – Land – broke up large estates, restricted foreigners owning land and allowed nationalization of natural resources – Religion – Church land made “the property of the nation” – Labor – min. wage and protected right of workers to strike – Suffrage only to men but gave women some protection (equal pay, married women to draw up contracts, take part in legal suits, equal authority with men in spending family funds) Mexican Independence 2 1920s – after government restored order finally – Helped some Indian communities regain land – Supported labor unions – Schools and libraries set up – Teachers spread ideas of nationalism Mexico reforms became first LA to pursue Revolutions in Haiti • Slave Revolt Toussaint L’Ouverture The Louisiana Territory and Napoleon’s Empire Balanced Precariously on an ex-slave Slave revolt because of brutal slave system St. Dominique (Haiti) whites decided to fight for freedom from France b/c of a law passed that gave all those of color with 2 free parents their freedom. 1793 Toussaint joined fight National Convention abolished slavery in St. Dominique 1794 France’s National Assembly abolished slavery in colonies After war with Britain and Spain, Toussaint supported French gov’t Toussaint was made lieutenant governor of St. Dominique He distrusted all foreigners, believing only black leadership could assure autonomous St. Dominique Toussaint made commander-in-chief of island by French Convention Resolved to quickly establish autonomous black state After defeat of Spanish & British began moving toward independence from France Wanted to be on equal footing with France and other major powers Toussaint was inspired by French & US revolutions – Some of his officers had fought with French army in US War for Independence 1799 Napoleon’s coup d’etat in France Wanted Toussaint out Wanted to reestablish slavery 1800 Toussaint became military dictator Re-imposed plantation system Constitution gave Napoleon a reason for sending French troops to take over – Technically a French colony, acting as an independent state Toussaint “liberated” St. Dominique from French Toussaint never formally severed its bond with France Toussaint defeated and sent to prison in France 1804 Toussaint’s successor (one of his lieutenants) declared St. Dominique the independent country of Haiti 1911 Revolution in China Last emperor Pi Yu abdicates the throne – Mutiny by imperial soldiers – Scattered secret society upheavals – Organized plots, etc. Republic 1912-1949 – January 1, 1912 is the first official day of the Republic of China – Provisional president is Sun Yat-sen – He is soon pushed aside which begins a 15 year period of military strongmen designated as President—warlord period – Politically it resembled the last few years of the Qing rule Meji Restoration Japanese Modernization – New Constitution based on US – Parliament formed (Diet) – Mostly an Oligarchy Zaibatsu – State Sponsored businesses – Industry and Private Enterprise – Poor Working Conditions for Poor Increased Urbanization Beginnings of Japanese expansionism Japanese expansionism Sino-Japanese War – Japan wants part of Chinese Trade – Takes over Korea and trading port – Used U.S Open Door Policy to justify actions Russo-Japanese War – Caused by competition over Manchuria – Surprise Attack by Japanese on Russian positions – Japan Wins Begins to warn World of Japan’s Imperial Leanings Asia for the Asians Details-Cultural and Intellectual expressions African and Asian influences of European art. Western intellectual thought- especially science and the enlightenment - were highly influential to Asian and African areas. Traditional religious teachings continue to be influential and often form the backbone to anti-imperial activities. Art Sample Picasso’s encounter with African masks (1907) Women IR – cut into women’s traditional work Expanded educational opportunities Some new work roles and feminism developed by 1914 Elevated women’s position in home and set up more demanding tasks New attitudes of middle and lowerclass women By 1900 feminist movements had arisen – sought legal and economic gains for women Won support from middle-class women Several American states and Scandinavian countries extended vote by 1914 and the pattern spread Women Emmile Pankhurst – English – fought for women’s rights and became radical Women Asian and African -European imperialism set up missionary schools that became respectable Women became more prominent in nationalist movements Changes and Continuities Change: Industrialization changed almost everything- the way people worked, lived, traveled, related to their families and communicated. Change: rise of the middle class and new governmental structures Continuity: Religion continues to be a force for conservatism Continuity: Patriarchal gender structure remains th 20 Century World Wars Conflict of Ideology Trends in 20th Century World War I Causes (NIMS) – Competition between Empires – Secret Alliances – Tensions in the Balkans – Assassination of Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand Central Powers and Allies Warfare – Trench warfare on Western Front – Naval Warfare and Submarines Treaty of Versailles: Wilson’s 14 Points – Great Britain and France wanted Revenge War Guilt Clause Loss of Territory Disarmament Reparations Terms War of attrition Ultimatum Atrocity Stalemate Reparations Armistice Russian Revolution and Communism Russian Revolution 1917 – 1st Control was by Kenensky and social democrats – Lenin and group of Bolsheviks overthrow Tsar Nicholas II – After Lenin’s Death Josef Stalin gains control Economic Reforms – Year Plans Five year Plan: heavy Industry Collectivization Kulaks – problems with land distribution Political Oppression – Little Political freedoms – Siberian Labor Camps Rise Of Fascism German fascism – Began as lack of confidence in Weimar Republic – Against Communist Party which was also strong in Germany – Anti-Semitic as well as other races (Gypsies) Italian fascism – Appealed to veterans of WWI – Extreme Nationalist/ Racial Prejudice – Led by Benito Mussolini March on Rome leads to control of country Eventually allied with German Nazism Led by Adolf Hitler – Specific type of fascism – Charismatic Leader – Wrote Mein Kampf – Last Chancellor of Weimar Republic Head of German Parliament, Reichstag Passed Enabling Act, Suspended Constitution gave Hitler power to Rule be decree – Outlawed all political opposition – Limited personal freedoms – Began persecuting Jews and others Chinese Communism After Qing, China governed by Nationalist Party – Led by Sun Yat-Sen – After Sun Yat-Sen dies Chang KaiShek takes over Chinese Communist Party – Led by Mao Zedong – Leads Revolution against nationalists – Early Defeats lead to Long March – Helped by distraction of Japanese Invasion – Eventually Communists succeed and World War II Axis and Allies – Axis = Germany, Italy, Japan – Allies = U.S., France, Great Britain, USSR Appeasement Policy (RASP) – After number of aggressive moves Allies continue to back down – Japan Continues Expansion into Chinese Territory New Technology – Aircraft Carriers/ Bombers – Radar – Atomic weapons WWII Continued Blitzkrieg – Lightning War, used by German forces Germans took over all but Great Britain – Battle of Britain Blitz Japanese Aggression in Pacific – Pearl Harbor Attack Turning Point 1942 – Lost by Axis Midway El Alamein Stalingrad D-Day (June 6th 1944) Atomic Bombs on Japan Holocaust and War Crimes Rape of Nanking – Japanese troops storm city of Nanking, raping and Killing civilians Comfort Women – Women forced to serve as prostitutes for Japanese Soldiers Holocaust – Systematic genocide of Jewish people and other ethnicities – Called Final Solution – Concentration Camps: Auschwitz Extermination Camps Gas Chambers: Zyclon B Cremation Chambers Total of 12 Million Deaths: 6 Mil Jews, 6 Mil Non-Jews Korean War First Test of Containment Policy – 1950-1953 South Korea (NonCommunist) V. North Korea (Communist) – U.S supports South Korea – China and USSR support North Korea – McArthur Brilliant general but arrogant Fired for not following orders War Ended at Original Line of Division Cold War Non Military aggression between Communist and Capitalist Countries Spread of Soviet influence and Control – Eastern Europe falls to Soviet Control – Violates Soviet promises at Yalta Conference – Berlin Blockade and division of Berlin U.S containment Policy – Marshal Plan – Formation of NATO/SEATO Arms Race – Began after 1949 when Soviets demonstrated Nuclear Weapons – Nuclear Aggression and build up between US and USSR Cold War 1950-1960’s Nikita Khrushchev gains power in USSR Space Race – Soviets launch Sputnik in 1957 Frightened US because USSR had first space rocket Cuban revolution – Fidel Castro makes Cuba a Communist country – Communist Country 90 miles of coast of US U-2 spy plane shot down over USSR JFK – Bay of Pigs invasion: attempt to overthrow Castro – As Result Nuclear weapons stationed in Cuba To try to destroy missiles could start nuclear war with USSR Kennedy blockades Cuba and Soviets back down Cold War 1960-1970 US lands on the Moon – Wins the Space race Split between Chinese Communist and Soviet Communist – Mao disagrees with Soviet view of Socialism as well as the role of Comintern – Border between two nations became more hostile Vietnam War – French Indo-China Vietnam was controlled by French, but they were too weak to enforce it – Ho Chi Minh Leader of Communist Party in N. Vietnam – U.S Supports French Claim and enters the War to help S. Vietnam – Domino Theory – U.S/ French Defeat End of Cold War D’etente - General Relaxation of Tensions between Super Powers 1980’s – Soviets invade Afghanistan Threatened Oil Supply Damaged relations – Olympic Games Boycotted US in Moscow in 1980 USSR in Los Angeles in 1984 USSR begins to collapse internally – Mikhail Gorbachev leads USSR in 1985 Attempts reforms “Perestroika” (restructuring)= economic reforms Glasnost = “Openness” cultural liberation – Berlin Wall is taken down – 1991 Soviet Union Collapses Patterns of Decolonization Wars fought to gain independence Education of Native peoples led to easier decolonization Ethnic and religious differences cause major issues for new countries Exploitation of Natural Resources Sides taken in Cold War Post War Middle East The regions importance as a supply of Petroleum Contradiction between desire for Modernization and Islamic Tradition Destabilizing effect of the Arab/Israel Conflict Establishment Of Israel Balfour Declaration in 1914 – Expressed the need for a Jewish state Established as a state for displaced Jews from the Holocaust Britain controlled Region of Palestine Gave region over to be State of Israel Displaced Millions of Palestinian Arabs to neighboring Nations Globalism The Little Tigers: Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan – Followed Japanese model of exportdriven industry; rapid growth in 1980s By 1990s highly competitive; joined by Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia Nafta (Mexico, US, Canada) – North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement Globalism Economic issues vs. cultural issues 1944 – Bretton Woods – International Monetary Fund (IMF) – International Bank for Reconstruction and Development – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1947 Foundations for United Nations 1944 and established in 1945 World Trade Organization formed in 1995 Trading blocs The European Union – Begun in 1957 with six nations, now includes fifteen – A common market, free trade, free travel within the Union – Eleven members adopted a common currency, the Euro, in 1999 – Expectations of a European Political Union eventually Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) – Cartel established in 1960 to raise global oil prices – After Arab-Israeli war of 1973, OPEC placed embargo on oil to United States, Israel's ally – Price of oil quadrupled from 1973 to 1975, triggered global recession – Overproduction and dissension among members diminished influence, 1990s Regional trade associations formed to establish free-trade zones for member states – Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1967, five members – North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993: United States, Canada, Mexico Age of Access Who has access to technology – – – – Weapons Medical Communication Luxury North South Divide Totalitarian regimes want to limit access Economic inequalities lead to conflict in areas such as the World Trade Organization (loans money to countries who cannot afford to pay back loans) Does it benefit those who have to help those who do not? Developed countries Lesser Developed countries Unable to Develop countries East West divide of Europe (ElbeTriest Line) North – South divide of world Industrialized vs. non Industrialized nations conduct the most trading activity, the LDCs conduct the least: – LDCs make up ¾ of the world’s nations but only accounts for 25% of world trade. – DCs including North America, Europe and Japan accounts for 75% of trade. – New Trend: blocs versus international trade. Maquiladoras Mexican manufacturing or export assembly plants – – – – – 1 million people today Grew from about ½ million in early 90s Low wages Low standards High cost of living in border towns Maquiladoras are owned by U.S., Japanese, and European countries Decreasing with trade barriers lowered in east Asian countries in particular - China Outsourcing Creates English speakers Instead of moving to this country and bringing their culture they stay in their own country and begin to adopt other cultures Influence of International Conglomerates Microsoft MacDonald’s Walmart Problems – monopolies, cartels, oligopolies, corruption Humanitarian Efforts Non-governmental Organizations – Red Cross/Crescent – Green peace – Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch – Doctors without Borders Connection between Economics and demography Economic inequities and labor servitude – Causes of poverty – Labor servitude increasing – Inequities in resources and income separate rich and poor societies Attendant problems: malnutrition, environmental degradation Legacy of colonialism: economic dependence Slavery abolished worldwide by 1960s Millions still forced into bonded labor Child-labor servitude common in south and southeast Asia Trafficking of persons across international boundaries widespread Victims, mostly girls and women, lured with promises of work Often in sex industry; hugely profitable though criminal Population pressures and environmental degradation Dramatic population increases in twentieth century Population increased from 500 million in 1650 to 2.5 billion in 1950 Asia and Africa experienced population explosion after WWII 5.5 billion people in 1994; perhaps 11.6 billion people in 2200 So far, food production has kept pace with population growth Fertility rates have been falling for past twenty years Population: Carrying Capacity Scientists and citizens concerned about physical limits of the earth Dire predictions not borne by facts: prices have fallen, food has increased – – – – – – – Malthus – fallacy of his theories is that he did not include the impact of technology (increase food production, build up etc…) Environmental impact Urbanization and agricultural expansion threaten biodiversity Gas emissions, coal burning contribute to global warming In 1997 at Kyoto, 159 states met to cut carbon dioxide emissions Population control: a highly politicized issue Some developing nations charge racism when urged to limit population UN agencies have aided many countries with family-planning programs China's one-child policy has significantly reduced growth rate Other cultures still favor larger families, for example, India Population issues Migration areas from rural areas to urban – Urban sprawl – 75% of population is urban – Strain on services (mass transportation, garbage disposal) Mass tourism Spread of disease Migrant workers and issues of citizenship Demographic transition Issues of standard of living change with the technological advancements and level of industrialization of a country Most industrialized have 0 or negative population growth, low birth rates Populations are older Problems occur because labor shortages begin to appear LDCs have high mortality rates, less access to medical care, large numbers of population under age of 20, high birth rates, Population growth in areas least able to adapt to the growth Major Trends of the 20th Major Population Growth Century Rise of Consumer Society Social Activism – 1960’s war Protests Terrorism – Arab/ Israeli conflict Changes in Gender relations Rise of Mass Media – Television, film and Radio as a source of Information and Entertainment Impact of break up of Soviet Political instability Unionin Eastern Europe and Russia Nationalism causing ethnic groups that were mostly Islamic to try to break away Coalitions formed with other Islamic groups Void of superpower to hold political structures together No checks for China and USA Recent Conflicts and Issues Gulf War – Iraq invades Kuwait War breaks out between Iraq and US lead collation Yugoslavian War – Serbian aggression against Albanian and Bosnian minorities in Kosovo Weapons of Mass Destruction – Limiting production and testing of Nuclear Weapons Number of Small Arms increase – Guns, semi-automatic and automatic 911 attack of al-Queda on the New York Trade Center 2002 attack on Afghanistan and dissolution of the Taliban 2003 attack on Iraq and the destruction of the Baathist Sunni rule of Iraq Which is best Convergence and diversity and tolerance and interdependence OR Isolationism, self-sufficiency and ethnocentrism THE END Good Luck
