National 4 & 5 Chemistry
Every day consumer products Examples Booklet
NATIONAL 4 AND NATIONAL 5 CHEMISTRY
Unit 2: Nature’s Chemistry
EVERDAY CONSUMER PRODUCTS
PRACTICE EXAMPLES BOOKLET
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National 4 & 5 Chemistry
N4/5
Every day consumer products Examples Booklet
ALCOHOLS PROPERTIES AND USES
N4/5
USES OF ALCOHOLS
Alcohol
Use
Alcoholic drinks
ethanol C2H5OH
Fuel for vehicles.
Solvent for varnish, perfume, deodorant.
Feedstock for making chemicals.
Mixed with ethanol to make methylated spirits.
methanol CH3OH
Fuel
Feedstock for making chemicals
propanol C3H7OH
Medical – used in hand sanitizers and drug
preparation.
Fuel
Feedstock for making chemicals.
Q1) Describe the properties of the alcohol family that make them suitable molecules to use in
the examples shown above. You may wish to use page 59-62 of the National 5 Chemistry
textbook to help you.
Q2) a) Using page nine of your Chemistry Data Booklet copy and complete the melting and
boiling points for the following alcohols.
b) A student made the hypothesis that has chain length of an alcohol increases, its boiling
point also increases. Which of the above alcohols should have their boiling points compared in
order to test this hypothesis?
C) The student also made the hypothesis that when the (–OH) functional group of alcohols are
found at the end of the molecule it will have a higher boiling point. Which of the above alcohols
should have their boiling points compared in order to test this hypothesis?
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National 4 & 5 Chemistry
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Every day consumer products Examples Booklet
N5
NAMING ALCOHOLS
Q1) Copy and complete
No. of
C
atoms
Alkanol
Name
Molecular
Formula
Full Structural Formula /
Shortened Structural formula
H
1
methanol
H
CH3OH
C
O
H
CH3OH
2
CH3 CH2 OH
3
4
5
6
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H
National 4 & 5 Chemistry
N5
1.
Every day consumer products Examples Booklet
N5
SYSTEMATIC NAMING - ALKANOLS
Draw full structural formula and shortened structural formula of each of the following
molecules.
(a) ethanol
(b) butan-2-ol
(c) 3-methylpentan-1-ol
(d) 2,4-dimethylhexan-1-ol
(e) 3-ethylheptan-2-ol
(f)
2.
2-methylbutan-2-ol
Write the systematic name of the following alkanol molecules
(a)
(b)
H
H
C
(c)
H H H
O H
H
H
H
C C C O H
H
H H H
H H O
H
H
H
C C C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
(d)
(e)
H
H
(f)
H
H
C H
H
C H
H
H
H H
H
H
C C C
C
C H
H
H H O
H
H
H
H
C C C O
H
H
C
H
H
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H
H H H
H
H
H
O
H
C C C
C
C
C
C
C
H H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C C
H
H
H H
H
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H
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS PROPERTIES
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National 4 & 5 Chemistry
Every day consumer products Examples Booklet
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES – BOILING POINT
Q1) The following graph shows the boiling point of alkanoic acids versus number of carbon
atoms.
Find the boiling points of methanoic acid, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid and butanoic
acid in the data booklet and plot a spike chart on the graph paper.
180
160
Boiling point / oC
0
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
3
4
2
No.0of carbon atoms
0
0
0
Q2) Describe the relationship between the number of carbon atoms within the carboxylic acid
and the effect on the boiling point of the acid.
1
0
Q3) The full structural formulae for the first three carboxylic acids are shown below.
Suggest a general formulae for this family of compounds.
N5
NAMING CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Copy and complete
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National 4 & 5 Chemistry
No. of C
atoms
Alkanoic
Acid Name
Every day consumer products Examples Booklet
Molecular
Formula
Full Structural Formula /
Shortened Structural formula
O
1
methanoic
HCOOH
H
C
O H
HCOOH
2
CH3COOH
3
4
5
6
N5
1.
ESTERIFICATION - EXTENSION
Copy and complete the table below.
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National 4 & 5 Chemistry
Every day consumer products Examples Booklet
Alcohol
Carboxylic Acid
methanol
butanoic acid
Name of Ester
pentanol
pentyl ethanoate
butyl hexanoate
ethanol
2.
Copy and complete the following (condensation) esterification reactions.
(a)
propan-1-ol
C C C
+ water
+
O
H H H
H
octanoic acid
O H +
+
H
+
+
+ water
+
H
O
H H
H
H
H C O
C
C C
C
C
H H
H
H
H
+
+ water
H H
O
H
H C C O
C
C H +
H H
+
H
+
ESTER FORMULAE - EXTENSION
Name the following ester molecules.
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+
+
+
1.
H
+
(c)
N5
H
+
(b)
methanol
O
H
H O
H H H
CH3CH2CH2OH
C
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National 4 & 5 Chemistry
(a)
O
H
C
Every day consumer products Examples Booklet
(b)
H
O
H
C H
H H O
H C C C
C C C
O
O
H H
C
C C
H H H
H
(c)
H H H
O
H H
H
H H H
H
H
C
C C C
C
C H
H
H H H
H
H
(d)
H H
H H O
H C C C
H H
H H
O
C C H
H H
(e) CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
(f)
(g) CH3OOCH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
(h) CH3CH2CH2CH2COOCH2CH3
2.
H
CH3CH2OOCCH3
Draw the full structural formula of the following esters.
(a) ethyl methanoate
(b) propyl ethanoate
(c) octyl ethanoate
(d) heptyl propanoate
(e) methyl hexanoate
(f)
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hexyl butanoate
RESEARCH & RESPORT [2.1 AND 2.2]
N5
Assessment Activity 2
In activity 2, candidates will produce a short report, of 50–100 words or
equivalent, which covers both Assessment Standards 2.2 and 2.3. The
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National 4 & 5 Chemistry
Every day consumer products Examples Booklet
candidate should, with guidance from the assessor, select an application
of chemistry from a key area of this Unit, which they will investigate.
The candidate should describe the use of the application and consider
the effect of this application on the environment/society. This should be
done individually by the pupil and conducted under supervised conditions.
Research Task
Focus of Research task
Success Criteria
2.2
Describing an
application
By using the chemistry
knowledge you have learned in
this sub-topic describe an
application in everyday
life/society. This means use your
unit 2 learning intentions to
explain a situation where the
chemistry knowledge you have
learned has been used and put
into operation in a real life
situation.
When chemistry is used in a real
life situation it can be a benefit
to society but sometimes can
cause unwanted problems for
society and has an impact on the
environment. Highlight if possible
a chemical issue that comes from
a particular application of
chemistry learned in this topic.
It can be a chemical issue
related or unrelated to the
environment for example health
etc.
Evidence must
demonstrate that the
candidate has a clear
understanding of the
chemistry related to the
application and its
effect on the
environment/society.
2.3
Describing a
chemical issue in
terms of the effect
on the
environment/society
RESEARCH &
REPORT [2.2]
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CHEMISTRY
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The candidate’s report
should make statements
that are relevant to the
application and to the
issue, which
demonstrate
understanding of the
underlying chemistry.
These should use terms
and ideas that are
correct and at a depth
appropriate to National
5 Chemistry. [key
mandatory areas]
N5
National 4 & 5 Chemistry
Every day consumer products Examples Booklet
USES / OCCURRENCE OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
INTRODUCTION
O
Many carbon-based acids contain the carboxyl group
(-COOH).
Carboxylic acids are present in a
large number of everyday
substances, in our bodies and in
nature.
C
O H
carboxyl group
(-COOH)
Examples of carboxylic acids are:
methanoic acid , ethanoic acid, butanoic acid, lactic acid,
citric acid.
Carboxylic acids are used in the manufacture of other chemicals. They are important
feedstock molecules.
RESEARCH
Select one of the carboxylic acids listed above. Using a variety of resources research:
 The formula of the carboxylic acid and draw the structure of its molecule.
 The other name (common name / systematic name) of the carboxylic acid.
 The occurrence of the carboxylic acid in our everyday lives.
 The names of chemicals made using the carboxylic acid.
REPORT
Produce a report on your research. This can be in the form of a:
 Report / information leaflet
 Poster
 Presentation / talk.
RESEARCH &
REPORT [2.2]
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CHEMISTRY
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National 4 & 5 Chemistry
Every day consumer products Examples Booklet
USES / OCCURRENCE OF ESTERS
INTRODUCTION
Esters are molecules found in nature (plants and animal).
Many plant fragrances and flavourings are esters. Vegetable
oils and animal fats are esters.
A number of drugs are esters.
Esters are good solvents for varnishes.
A characteristic feature of many ester molecules is they have
pleasant smells.
RESEARCH
Research the uses / occurrence of esters in the
categories in bold in the introduction. Select three
different esters
 The name and formula of the each ester.
 The name and formula of the alcohol and
carboxylic acid from which the ester is made.
 Where the ester is found in nature or the use of
the ester.
REPORT
Produce a report on your research. This can be in the form of a:
 Report / information leaflet
 Poster
 Presentation / talk.
RESEARCH &
REPORT [2.2]
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CHEMISTRY
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N4 / 5
National 4 & 5 Chemistry
Every day consumer products Examples Booklet
USES OF ALCOHOLS
INTRODUCTION
Common alcohol (ethanol) is the best-known
alcohol as it is present in alcoholic drinks.
Ethanol has many different uses.
There are a number of different alcohols
Examples are:
ethanol, methanol, propanol (isopropanol),
glycerol, ethylene glycol.
Alcohols are present in a number of everyday
chemicals.
Alcohols are used to manufacture other chemicals. They are important feedstock molecules.
RESEARCH
Select one of the alcohols listed above. Using a variety of resources research:
 The formula of the alcohol and draw the structure of its molecule.
 The everyday chemicals, which contain the alcohol.
 The names of other chemicals, which are made using the alcohol as a feedstock.
REPORT
Produce a report on your research. This can be in the form of a:
 Report / information leaflet
 Poster
 Presentation / talk.
RESEARCH &
REPORT [2.2 & 2.3]
CHEMISTRY
PALM OIL
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National 4 & 5 Chemistry
Every day consumer products Examples Booklet
INTRODUCTION
Esters are molecules found in nature (plants and animal).
Many plant fragrances and flavourings are esters. Vegetable oils and animal fats are
esters.
Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from
the mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms,
primarily the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis, and to a
lesser extent from the American oil palm Elaeis oleifera and
the maripa palm Attalea maripa.
RESEARCH
Research the uses / occurrence of esters that are produced from palm oil.
 The name and formula of the esters obtained.
 The name and formula of the alcohol and carboxylic acid from which the ester is made.
 Where the ester is found in nature or the use of the ester.
Use the internet or other sources to find out and discuss the impact on the environment and
society of producing products from palm oil. Discuss the underlying chemistry of palm oil and
why it is used in the products you discuss.
At the end of the piece, list all the websites and other sources you have looked at during your
research, even if you have not quoted from them directly.
REPORT
Produce a report on your research. This can be in the form of a:
 Report / information leaflet
 Poster
 Presentation / talk.
RESEARCH &
REPORT [2.2 & 2.3]
CHEMISTRY
METHANOL USED AS A FUEL
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National 4 & 5 Chemistry
Every day consumer products Examples Booklet
INTRODUCTION
Methanol belongs to the alcohol family and is being used in some countries as a fuel.
RESEARCH
Research the underlying chemistry as to why methanol is regarded by some as a
good fuel source for society. Use the internet or other sources to find out why
methanol is not more widely used as a fuel and write a short article for a popular
newspaper giving the arguments for and against using methanol/ethanol as a fuel
for cars. Include relevant chemistry (for example, explain what complete combustion
means and represent this as a chemical & structural equation) and discuss the
impact on the environment and society.
At the end of the piece, list all the websites and other sources you have looked at
during your research, even if you have not quoted from them directly.
REPORT
Produce a report on your research. This can be in the form of a:
 Report / information leaflet
 Poster
 Presentation / talk.
RESEARCH &
REPORT [2.2. & 2.3]
CHEMISTRY
ETHANOL - FUEL OR FOOD?
INTRODUCTION
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N4 / 5
National 4 & 5 Chemistry
Every day consumer products Examples Booklet
Ethanol made from fermenting sugars
(carbohydrates) from sugar cane, potatoes and
corn, is a renewable source of energy.
Ethanol is currently being used as a fuel for vehicles
in some countries. However if farmers are growing
crops to produce fuels, they are not producing food
to feed people.
There are large numbers of people in the world who
experience hunger, so there are important decisions
to be made regarding how crops are to be used.
RESEARCH
Using a variety of resources research:
 How ethanol for fuel is made from plants – naming the plants used.
 The reason why burning ethanol as a fuel would not add to the level of CO2 in the
atmosphere.
 Name countries where production of ethanol for fuel is currently taking place and find
data on how much ethanol is being produced.
 The issue of growing crops for food, versus growing crops of fuel. Is it possible to grow
crops for food and for fuel? (Hint – look at producing ethanol from cellulose.)
REPORT
Produce a report on your research. This can be in the form of a:
 Report / information leaflet
 Poster
 Presentation / talk.
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