Part B – Unit 4 – Taxonomy
Power-Point #1
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Taxonomy →
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to understand the variety of life
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to avoid confusion of regional names
Carl (Carolus) Linnaeus (1707-1778)
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developed a 7-level (taxon) classification
scientific name
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Dreaded King Philip Came Over For Great Spaghetti
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Did King Philip Come Over From Glorious Spain?
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Dumb Kids Playing Chicken On Freeways Go Splat
Make Your Own:
Cladograms are:
Dichotomous Keys are:
Explain how the above are similar and different:
Dichotomous Key Assignment
CELL ENERGY
Step 1 – Get the “energy molecule”
Step 2 – Extract the nrg from the molecule
How this relates to the 6 Kingdoms
The Six Kingdoms
The latest research divided all living things into 6 kingdoms. The newest is
Archaebacteria. These bacteria were considered to be so different from the other bacteria, they
deserved their own kingdom.
Archaebacteria - Eubacteria - Protista - Fungi - Plantae - Animalia
Archaebacteria
The Archaebacteria are organized into three phyla of bactreria that are found mainly in extreme habitats where little else can
survive. All known Archaebacteria live without oxygen(anerobic) and obtain their energy from inorganic molecules or from light. The
following is some basic information on the three phylum.
1. Methanogens: This type of bacteria produces methane. Many such species live in the intestines of animals. They help
breakdown food in the intestines and also provide essential nutrients. In return, the bacteria get a source of energy. This is an example
of a mutualistic symbiotic relationship, which is when two organisms work together to survive.
2. Halophiles: This type of bacteria can only live in bodies of concentrated salt water. such as the Great Salt Lake (Utah) and the
Dead Sea (Middle East).
3. Thermoacidophiles: A third phylum includes bacteria that are found in the hot, acidic waters of sulfur springs. These species
can handle temperatures near 80 degrees Celcius and pH levels as low as 2.
Eubacteria
Eubacteria, the second group of Monerans, make up their own Kingdom.They live in a wide variety of habitats and obtain their
energy needs in a variety of ways. The main phylum are orgainzed by how they obtain energy.
1. Heterotrophs: This type of bacteria is found just about everywhere. These bacteria need organic molecules as an energy source
but are not adapted for trapping the food that contains these molecules. Thus, some live as parasites, absorbing nutrients from living
organisms. Others live as saprobes, organisms that feed on dead organisms or organic wastes. Saprobes help recycle the nutrients from
decomposing organisms back into the environment, so those nutrients can be used for new or existing life.
2. Autotrophs: These bacteria are photosynthetic autotrophs. An autotroph is an organism that can make its own food. This is
done through photosynthesis, a process that uses the suns energy to make sugar molecules. Most Cyanobacteria are blue-green in
color, which is why they are often called blue-green bacteria. They are common in ponds, lakes,streams and moist areas of land. They
are composed of chains of bacteria cells, an exception to the rule that Monerans are unicellular. These chains and the existence of
chlorophyll (photosynthetic pigment) help provide evidence for bacteria being the ancestors of plants.
3. Chemotrophs: The third phylum is the chemosynthetic autotrophs. These bacteria obtain their energy from chemosynthetic
breakdown of inorganic (nonliving matter - no carbon) substances such as sulfur and nitorgen compounds. Some of these bacteria are
important in converting nitrogen in the atmosphere to forms that can be used by plants.
Protists
Protists are single and multicellular organisms that are plant-like, animal-like and fungi-like. They evolved from bacteria and
represent the intermediate step in the evolution of the other three kingdoms. There are 12 phyla in this kingdom, most of which live in
water.
Below is a list of the 12 phyla which are organized into three groups; plant-like, animal-like and fungi-like. The links are the
scientific name, while the common name is in parentheses.
I. Plant-like Protists (Algae) - 6 phyla
II. Animal-like Protists (Protozoa) - 4 phyla
Euglenophyta (Euglenas)
Sarcodina (Sarcodines)
Chrysophyta (Diatoms)
Mastigophora (Flagellates)
Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates)
Ciliophora (Ciliates)
Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
Sporozoa (Sporozoans)
Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)
III. Fungus-like Protists - 2 phyla
Myxomycota (Slime molds)
Oomycota (Water Molds & Mildews)
Fungi
Fungi are many-celled organisms that decompose dead matter in our environment. Thus, they are Consumers and a very important
one. Fungi and bacteria are responsible for doing the major cleaning role in our environment. In fact, they are in competition with one
another for materials to decompose. Fungi are found in soil, dead trees and even on your bread sometimes.
There are four phylum in the Fungi Kingdom.
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Zygomycota
Deuteromycota
Plants
Plants are many-celled organisms that are characterized by their tough cell walls and photosynthetic abilities. That is, they use a
pigment called chlorophyll that can take sun light energy and convert it into food energy or sugar. Because plants can make their own
food, they are know as Producers. The food chain begins with Producers, who supply food for the Consumers of the world. Nearly
300,000 plants have been identified and their environments range from the deep ocean to mountain tops. Plants most likely evolved
from plant-like protists about 420 million years ago.
The Nine Divsions Of The Plant Kingdom
4 divisions of Seedless Plants:
Bryophyta (Mosses and Liverworts) - 20,000 species
Sphenophyta (Horsetails) - 15 species
Lycophyta (Club mosses) - 1,000 species
Pterophyta (Ferns) - 12,000 species
5 divisions of Seed Plants
Angiosperms (flowering Plants) - vascular plants that produce seeds that are enclosed inside a fruit.
Anthophyta (monocots and dicots) - 250,000
Gymnosperms (Naked Seed)mnosperms - vat produce seeds onclcones.
Coniferophyta - 550 species
Ginkophyta - 1 species
Cycadophyta - 100 species
Gnetophyta - 70 species
Animals
The Animal Kingdom is very diverse and very large, numbering over one million identified species. Some are
vertebrates(backbone), while most (97%) are invertebrates(no backbone). All animals share the following characteristics; cannot make
own food, digest their food, move from place to place, and have many Eukaryotic cells. Animals are classified into nine major phyla.
Sponges : Porifera
Cnidarians : Cnidaria
Flatworms : Platyhelminthes
Roundworms : Nematoda
Mollusks : Molluska
Annelids : Annelida
Arthropods : Arthropoda
Echinoderms : Echinoderm
Chordates : Chordata