GUIDE IN REVIEWING FREUD, ADLER, JUNG, KLEIN AND HORNEY
Theory
(emphasis
on)
Structure
Process
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic Theory
(4-6 years of life)
Alfred Adler
Individual Psychology
Levels of Mental Life
1. Conscious
2. Preconscious
3. Unconscious
Provinces of the Mind
1. Id
2. Ego
3. Superego
Drives
(instincts/impulses)
1. Life instincts
(eros)
a. narcissism
b. love
i. sadism
ii. masochism
2. Death instincts
(thanatos)
***The personality is
dependent on how one views
the future.
***We are born inferior for us
to strive for superiority or
success.
Anxiety
1. Neurotic
2. Moral
3. Realistic
Carl Jung
Analytical Psychology
Levels of the Psyche
1. Conscious
(EGO is the center)
2. Unconscious
(SELF is the center)
 Personal
 Collective
*Archetypes
Melanie Klein
Object Relations Theory
(4-6 months after birth)
*** The child’s relation
to an object (breast, etc.)
serves as the prototype
to future interpersonal
relationships.
Organ inferiority leads to
Feelings of Inferiority.
Leads to striving for
Superiority
Success
*Inferiority
*social interest
Complex
* Overcompensation
* Superiority Complex
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Causality and Teleology
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Phantsies
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Progression and
Regression
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Objects
a. Good breast
b. Bad breast
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Positions
a. ParanoidSchizoid
b. Depressive
Fictional Final Goal
Organ Dialect
Creative Power
Style of Life
Defense Mechanisms
Growth
and
Developm
ent
1. Infantile Period
A. Oral Phase
a. early oral
b. oral-sadistic
*** Parental influences on
early childhood affects gender,
growth and development:
1. Bossy type
2. Getting type
Sun’s Journey to
Through the Sky:
1. Childhood (early
morning sun)
a. anarchic phase
Karen Horney
Psychoanalytical Social
Theory
*** Social, cultural and
childhood experiences
shape personality.

Basic Hostility

Basic Anxiety
- protective devices
against isolation:
a. Affection
b. Submissiveness
c. Power, Prestige,
Possession
d. Withdrawal
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10 Neurotic
Needs

Neurotic trends
a. Moving towards
people
b. Moving against
people
c. Moving away from
people
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The impact of
culture brings forth the
development or growth
of personality
B. Anal Phase
a. early anal
b. late anal
*** Anal Character:
a. Anally expulsive
b. Anally retentive
C. Phallic Phase
a. Male
Oedipus
Complex
b. Female
Oedipus
Complex
3. Avoiding type
4. Socially useful type
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Psychopathology
2. Latency
3. Genital
4. Maturity
Causes of
Psychopathology in
Freudian Psychology:
1. Infantile sexuality
2. Fixations
3. Regressions
4. Cathexis and anticathexis
5. Anxiety
6. Neuroticisms
Maladjusted Style of Life:
1. Pampered style of life
2. Neglected style of life
3. Exaggerated Physical
Deficiencies
Safeguarding Tendencies
1. Aggression
a. Depreciation
b. Accusation
c. Self-accusation
2. Excuses
a. yes-but
b. if only
3. Withdrawal
a. moving backwards
b. hesitation
c. constructing
obstacles
Masculine Protest
b. monarchic
phase
c. dualistic phase
2. Youth (morning sun)
* conservative
principle
3. Middle life (early
afternoon sun)
4. Old age (evening
sun)
Self Realization
Process of coming to
‘selfhood’
Psychological rebirth or
Individuation
*** A healthy individual has
achieved internal balance –
unconscious, conscious,
archetypes and
individuation.
*** Also, he/she must have
realized his/her self, must
have conquered his shadow
and must have related to his
animus/anima.

Psychic Defense
Mechanisms
1. introjections
2. projection
3. splitting
4. projective
identification

Internalizations
1. ego
2. superego
3. Oedipus complex
a. male
b. female

Early childhood
experiences
and
relationships
mold
personality
development but are
not responsible for a
certain personality.
Intrapsychic Conflicts
1. Idealized selfimage
a. neurotic search
for glory
i. n. for
perfection
ii. neurotic
ambition
iii. drive toward
vindictive
triumph
b. neurotic claims
c. neurotic pride
2. Self hatred
Psycho
Therapy/
change
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Free Association
Dream Analysis
Freudian Slips
Public Therapy – to create an
Methods of investigation:
understanding that problems
 Word Association Test
of the child are problems of the  Dream Analysis
society/ community.
 Active Imagination
Play Therapy – to reduce
depressive anxiety and
persecutory fears and to
mitigate the harshness of
internalized objects.
***Aim
of
the
Horneyian therapy is to
have patients give up
their idealized selfimage, relinquish their
neurotic search for glory
and change self-hatred
to an acceptance of the
real self.
***used
some
of
Freud’s
therapeutic
technique,
namely:
Dream analysis and free
association.
ADDITIONAL TOPICS: APPLICATION OF ADLER’S AND JUNG’S THEORY / LATER VIEWS ON OBJECT RELATIONS
Birth Order
First Born
Second Born
Youngest
Adler’s View on Family Constellation
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Only Child
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Feels a great power and superiority over siblings
Highly anxious or easily become anxious
They experience traumatic dethronement when a younger sibling is born.
At age of 3, they are self-centered; at older age, they develop a cooperative style of life.
At age of less than 3, they have an unconscious style of life.
Begins life in a better situation
Their attitude is shaped by their perception of the older child’s attitudes.
moderately competitive against the oldest and the youngest
has a tendency to have a revolutionary attitude
the ‘problem’ child
most pampered by parents/ family members
mostly inferior to older siblings
highly motivated and they exceed other siblings
Since they have no brothers or sisters to compete with, they are highly competitive with
their parents.
They are the socially matured individuals or they have the tendency to understand
situations more easily than other children in the birth order.
FUNCTIONS – the 2 attitudes can combine with the
4 functions to form the 8 possible orientations.
Feeling
Carl Jung’s 8 Classification Theory of Psychological Types
ATTITUDES – direction of personality; each person has both an introverted and an extraverted attitude,
although one may be unconscious while the other is conscious.
Introversion – it is the turning inward of the psychic Extraversion – turning outward of psychic energy
energy with an orientation toward the subjective. so that a person is oriented toward the objective
Introverts are turned into their inner world with all and away from the subjective. Extraverts are more
its biases, fantasies and dreams.
influenced by their surroundings than by their inner
world..
 subjective perception on value judgments
 use of objective data to make evaluations
Ex: business people, politicians, objective movie
 critics of various art forms
critics
 women are more subjected to this type
Ex: subjective movie critics, art appraisers.
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Intuiting
Sensing
Thinking
unconscious perception of facts (subjective  Has a keen nose of anything new and they
perception)
suppress many of their sensations and are
guided by hunches and guesses contrary to
 little or no resemblance to external reality
sensory data.
Ex: mystics, prophets, surrealists.
Ex: merchants, speculators, some inventors,
religious reformers.
 irrational type guided by the ‘intensity of the  Reality oriented and shows thinking and
subjective sensation’
contemplations; they perceive external stimuli
objectively in such a way that these stimuli exist
 overreact to outward sense stimulus rather
in reality.
than the stimulus itself
Ex:
proofreader, house painter, wine taster,
Ex: portrait painter
popular musicians
 interpretation to external stimuli is interpreted  They rely heavily on concrete thoughts.
in a highly subjective and creative manner
 Self-righteous critic and a crafty reasoned.
 can be too individualized and mystical thoughts Ex: mathematicians, engineers, accountants,
can become useless to others
research scientists, reformer
Ex: inventors, philosophers
Later Views on the Object Relations Theory of Melanie Klein
Margaret Mahler
Heinz Kohut
John Bolby
(Psychological Birth, emphasis on
(Attachment Theory)
4-6 weeks of life)
** The self evolves from a
vague image to a clear and
precise sense of individual
identity.
Process
Growth and Development
Psychopathology
**The child becomes an individual 2 Basic Narcissistic Needs:
separate from his or her primary
1. Need to exhibit the
caregiver; leads to a sense of
grandiose self
identity
(grandioseexhibitionistic self).
2. Need to acquire an
idealized image of
one or both parents
(idealized parent
image).
1. Normal Autism
2. Normal Symbiosis
3. Separation Individuation
a. differentiation
b. practicing
c. rapprochement
*rapprochement crisis
d. libidinal object
constancy
** Any errors made during the first ** Narcissictic Adult
3 years time of psychological birth Personality.
may result in later regressions to a
stage when a person had not yet
achieved separation from the
mother and thus a sense of
personal identity.
3 Stages of Separation
Anxiety:
1. Protest
2. Despair
3. Detachment
Mary Ainsworth
(The Strange Situation)
Attachment Styles
1. Secure
2. Anxious – Resistant
3. Anxious - Avoidant