PSY-257 Personality EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE Read the following chapters, focusing on
the key points below. The exam will be 100 multiple choice questions from the text.
Chapter 2 – SIGMUND FREUD
 Freud’s drug use
 Instincts and their aim
 Cathexis
 Death instincts and the aggressive
drive
 Preconscious level of personality
 Id
 Ego-ideal
 Moral anxiety
 Defense mechanisms
 Psychosexual stages of development
 Oedipus complex
 Electra complex (female Oedipal
complex)
 When and how personality is formed
 Latent content of dreams
 Research on the unconscious (postFreud)
 Research on age of personality
development (post-Freud)
 Anna Freud
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Chapter 3 – CARL JUNG
Collective unconscious
Jung’s neurotic episode
Psyche
Value
Oppositional principle
Entropy principle
Psychological functions (sensing,
intuition, thinking, & feeling
Importance of unconscious v.
conscious
Collective unconscious
Archetypes (persona, anima, animus,
shadow, self)
Time of life that shapes personality
Individuation
Transcendence
Ultimate and necessary goal of life
Compensatory nature of dreams
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
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Chapter 4 – ALFRED ADLER
Individual psychology
Inferiority feelings
Inferiority complex
Superiority complex
Striving for superiority
Motivation is derived from and
oriented to ______
4 basic styles of life
Social interest
First-borns
Adler’s methods of assessment
Adler’s interpretation of dreams
Adler’s primary research method
Research on birth order
Chapter 9 - GORDON ALLPORT
Role in bringing personality theory
into mainstream scientific
psychology
Importance of past, present & future
Who he collected data from
Abnormal versus normal
personalities
Conscious versus unconscious
Heredity and environment on our
personality
Cardinal trait
Importance of cognitive processes in
understanding present behavior
Proprium
"Extension of the self"
developmental stage
The ultimate and necessary goal of
life
Personal-document technique
Idiographic approach to research
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Chapter 11 - ABRAHAM
MASLOW
Humanistic psychology
Importance of human motivation
Hierarchy of needs (5 levels)
o Order
o Number of needs dominating
our personality at one time
o Lower versus higher needs
o Esteem needs
o Self-actualization
o Metamotivation
o % of the population Maslow
believed to be truly selfactualized
o Peak experiences
o Human nature - free-will
versus determinism
o Criticism of sample sizes
used
Chapter 12 - CARL ROGERS
In addition to Rogers, who founded
humanistic psychology?
Conscious versus unconscious
Tendency to actualize
Process of maturation
Phenomenology
"The only way to assess
personality..."
Positive regard
Unconditional positive regard
Incongruence and congruence (self
& environment)
Characteristics of fully-functioning
people
Importance of childhood experiences
versus later experiences
View on experimental methods and
interviews
Evaluating person-centered therapy the self-concept
Q-sort technique
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Real self and ideal self incongruence
Research on person-centered therapy
Chapter 13 - GEORGE KELLY
Personal construct theory
Importance of our interpretations
People as scientists
Constructs
Range of convenience
Individuality corollary
Human nature - how Kelly treated
people
Primary assessment technique
"Credulous attitude" belief
Role Construct Repertory (REP)
Popularity of personal construct
theory in US versus other countries
Criticism - exclusion of emotional
factors