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Sigismund Freud
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May 6, 1856
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Freiberg, Moravia
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theories often a product of the zeitgeist
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Victorian Era
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behaving properly
doing good works
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sexuality was taboo
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Victorian tendency to “split”
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public self
private and secret self
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split = neurosis of the day
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openly discussed sexuality
offensive to many
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Amalie Freud (Freud's mother)
eight children
Freud the oldest and her favourite
Freud born out of wedlock?
played a key role in Freudian theory
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Jakob Freud (Freud's father)
Jewish wool merchant
Freud's views of his father were mixed
Oedipus complex
"sons unconsciously desire to kill their fathers"
Freud's father was married three times
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1881-1882 doctor of medicine
research focus (neurology)
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psychiatry to make a living and get married
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1884-1885: experiments with cocaine
18 hour days, 24 Volumes of writing
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1886: Marries Martha Bernays
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6 children (3 boys and 3 girls)
one of which was Anna Freud
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1887-1888 : interested in hypnotherapy
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abandons in favor of ______________________
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1893-1894: with Josef Breuer
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"father figure"
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helped F get established
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Anna O. (Bertha Pappenheim)
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Anna - 2 years in therapy
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hysterical neurosis
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developed the TALKING CURE
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by talking Anna's symptoms disappeared
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origins of hysterical symptoms are in
childhood sexual seduction
experiences are repressed
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1895: analyze one of his own dreams
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Manifest Content
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Latent Content
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Anna Freud born
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1896: first use of term "psychoanalysis“
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starts to develop neurotic symptoms
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1897: begins his self-analysis
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1900: Interpretation of Dreams published
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1906: Jung and Freud Correspond
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1909: Journey to America
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1913: Break with Jung
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1918: loses his entire fortune
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1923: oral cancer are detected
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smoking 20 cigars a day, 33 operations
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in pain, continues to work
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1930: A heart attack
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1933: Hitler becomes Chancellor
Freud corresponds with Einstein
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1938: anti-semitic persecution
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Nazis burned Freud's books
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Sept. 23rd, 1939 dies
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The ideas..
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The man…
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Psychic Determinism
Internal Structure
Psychic Conflict
Mental Energy
Consciousness
Preconscious
Unconscious
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sexuality and life instincts :
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aggression and death instincts:
 Brain
v. Mind
 Brain
– physical organ
 Mind
– ID, EGO, SE
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Superego –
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Ego –
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ID –
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ID (translated as "the it")
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uncivilized, selfish, illogical, impulsive, pleasure-seeking
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at birth, the mind consists entirely of ID
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works according to the ___________________________
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the EGO (translated as the "I")
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rational, realistic
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reality principle =
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function of the EGO
balance between demands reality, the ID and
Superego
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moral, perfectionistic (unrealistically)
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the superego (translated the "over I")
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standards about what is right and wrong
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irrationally demanding in its strive for moral perfection
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superego consists of two parts:
ego ideal and conscience
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ego ideal -
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conscience -
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conflict results in anxiety
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realistic anxiety
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neurotic anxiety
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moral anxiety
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To cope… we use defense mechanisms
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Psychic energy of mind is called Libido
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Energy is finite
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Energy must be vented
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Catharsis Hypothesis
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Libido invested in stages
◦ 0ral
◦ Anal
◦ Phallic
◦ Latency
◦ Genital
Believed in moderation…
Problems
Underinvestment
Overinvestment
Results in FIXATION
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Erogenous zone: mouth, lips, and tongue
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Quality of care giving an issue.
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IDEAL: moderate care
trust, given and receive, self-reliance
BAD: too little care
BAD: too much care
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unhealthy development:
◦ oral passive personality
◦ oral aggressive
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control over anal sphincters
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Parents play a key role in toilet training
How this is handled is crucial…
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IDEAL: Moderate praise
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◦ healthy development: personal autonomy,
independence, initiative without guilt
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children want to become independent.
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“ME DO” – learns self-control
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Learning the meaning of the word “NO”
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“Terrible Twos”
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BAD: too high expectations (too harsh)
BAD: no expectations…. (too lenient)
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unhealthy development:
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◦ anal-retentive
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complicated and controversial stage
adjustments to opposite sex are made
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Oedipus and Electra complex
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Males and Females resolve this stage differently.
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Superego develops by the end of this stage
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Inspired by Greek legend
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Oedipus = “swollen foot”
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King of Thebes (Oedipus) unconsciously kills father and
marries mother
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Little boys want to kill their fathers and sleep with their
mothers
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Can’t happen… so little boys identify with father
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“Penis envy”
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“The Love Doctor” did not understand women
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“What do women want”?
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“The Dark Continent”
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Emerging sexual feelings during stage
Emerging conscience
resolution dictates how you handle sexuality as an
adult
Sexual uptight (rigid, guilt-prone, condemning)
Sexually “loose” (phallic personality)
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Cooling off period
no localization of libidinal energy
sexual interests replaced by social ones
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Sexual drive is “sublimated” to school, hobbies, friends and sports
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Weakness of theory
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Attraction can occur as early as the 4th grade before sexual maturity
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marked by the development of emotional ties with
member of the opposite sex
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Focus outward, instead of inward
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Learn to love and work = mental health
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Defense Mechanisms
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George Valliant
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Mature - sublimation
Neurotic – sexualization
Immature - regression
Narcissistic – distortion
◦ See Kaplan and Sadock
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Two goals…
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1) Gain insight (intellectual awareness)
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2) Change behavior (move aware from
repetitive compulsions)
Repression: Primary and Secondary
Primary Secondary -
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Dissociation:
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Identification:
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Displacement:
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Distortion:
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Idealization-Devaluation:
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Isolation of affect:
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Passive-Aggressive:
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Projection:
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Splitting:
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Projective Identification:
beliefs about another are translated into behavior
that confirms the original belief
This requires an explanation…
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Rationalization:
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Reaction formation:
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Regression:
Schizoid fantasy:
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Sexualization:
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Somatization:
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Denial -
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Omnipotence -
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Sublimation: