Today – Urinary System Tuesday (4/28) – Urinary System, Kidney pre-lab Thursday (4/30) – Kidney dissection, Reproductive system Monday (5/4) – Reproductive System (labeling, vocab) Wednesday (5/6) – Reproductive System Notes Friday (5/8) – Study Guide for Final (Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive – 85 Qs) Tuesday (5/12) – Cat Pre-Lab Seniors: you can take your final Thursday (5/14) – Cat Dissection during any A4 block or after Monday (5/18) – Cat Dissection school from 5/11 on. Thursday (5/21) – Cat Dissection FRIDAY May 22nd A-day TUESDAY May 26th B-day WEDNESDAY May 27th A-day THURSDAY May 28th B-day 8:25 – 9:27 A1 class A2 class B2 class 9:32 – 11:32 A2 FINAL A1 FINAL B1 FINAL 11:37 – 1:40 A3 class B1 class B2 FINAL B3 class A4 class B4 class 1:45 – 3:45 A4 FINAL B4 FINAL A3 FINAL B3 FINAL Advanced Human Anatomy Organs ◦ Kidneys (primary excretory organ) ◦ Ureters ◦ Urinary Bladder ◦ Urethra Filter wastes: Every day, kidneys process about 200 quarts (189 liters) of blood to filter out approximately 2 quarts of waste products and extra water Regulate composition of electrolytes: The kidneys measure out chemicals like sodium, calcium, phosphorus, and potassium and release them back to the blood to return to the body. In this way, the kidneys regulate the body’s level of these substances. Maintain pH: filter H+ ions Secrete hormones and enzymes: -erythropoietin: stimulates the bone marrow to make red blood cells (hormone) -renin: helps regulates blood pressure (enzyme) -calcitriol: helps maintain calcium for bones (hormone) Against the dorsal (back) body wall; At the level of T12 to L3 The right kidney is slightly lower than the left Attached to ureters, renal blood vessels, and nerves at renal hilus On top of each kidney is an adrenal gland Secretes necessary hormones to sustain life processes Internal Anatomy Regions Renal cortex – outer region Renal medulla – inside the cortex Renal pelvis – inner collecting tube Structures Medullary pyramids – triangular regions of tissue in the medulla Renal columns – extensions of cortex-like material inward Calyces – cup-shaped structures that funnel urine towards the renal pelvis Site of filtration Site of Absorption Where urine drains into minor calyx Covering; maintains pressure Funnel Urine Funnels urine into ureter Separating structure Columns of tissue; makeup medulla Structural and functional unit of kidneys Up to 1 million in one kidney Functions ◦ Filtration ◦ Reabsorption ◦ Secretion Two Types ◦ Cortical and Juxtamedullary ◦ Both are classified according to the length of their associated Loop of Henle and location of their renal corpuscle Each nephron is composed of an initial filtering component (renal corpuscle) and a tubule specialized for reabsorption and secretion (renal tubule). ◦ Corpuscle is made of a glomerulus and a glomerular capsule. ◦ Tubule is portion of the nephron containing the tubular fluid filtered through the glomerulus. After passing through the renal tubule, the filtrate continues to the collecting duct system Glomerulus A specialized capillary bed Attached to arterioles on both sides (maintains high pressure) Large afferent arteriole Narrow efferent arteriole Blood pressure forces water and dissolved substances out of the glomerulus blood into Bowman’s capsule ◦ Dissolved substances (filtrate): H2O, glucose, amino acids, electrolytes, and wastes (no proteins or cells) Averages 125 ml/min for both kidneys (180 liters/day) The vast majority of the filtrate (99%) must be taken back to body’s blood supply. Urinate (wastes) on avg. 1500 ml/day (0.4 gallons) ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ The return of substances from filtrate in the nephron tubule to the blood or interstitial fluid Major Substances: H2O - osmosis NaCl - active transport Glucose, amino acids - active co-transport Some urea and other salts PCT – most reabsorption Descending loop – reabsorb H2O Ascending loop & DCT – reabsorbs salt Collecting duct – reabsorbs H2O The active release of substances INTO the nephron tubule. Purposes: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Secreted Substances: toxins and drug residues Electrolyte balance: K+ exchanged for Na+ Acid-base balance: H+ , NH3 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): produced by posterior pituitary, increases water permeability of the DCT and collecting duct Cranberry juice – acidifies urine to help discourage bacteria and some types of kidney stones; decrease UTI by inhibiting bacteria from adhering to urinary tract walls Day 2 Notes – Advanced Human Anatomy Main excretory organ Filters blood and creates filtrate Reabsorbs necessary substances based on body’s levels ◦ Water, salts, amino acids, glucose, etc. Kidneys Two types – cortical, juxtamedullary ◦ Categorized based on position in the medulla and cortex of kidney Where the functions of the kidney are carried out ◦ Filtration ◦ Absorption ◦ Secretion Nephrons Cortical Juxtamedullary Your kidneys filter through your entire blood supply approximately every 30 minutes. Pulling out excess substances, waste, toxins. Clean blood is great blood! Ureters Slender tubes attaching the kidney to the bladder Continuous with the renal pelvis Enter the posterior aspect of the bladder Runs behind the peritoneum (membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity) Peristalsis aids gravity in urine transport Urinary Bladder Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac Temporarily stores urine Trigone – smooth triangular region of the internal urinary bladder Three openings Two from the ureters One to the urethrea Structure Three layers of smooth muscle Mucosa made of transitional epithelium Walls are thick and folded in an empty bladder Bladder can expand significantly without increasing internal pressure Urethra Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis Release of urine is controlled by two sphincters Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary) External urethral sphincter (voluntary) Length Females – 3–4 cm (1-1 ½ inch) Males – 20 cm (8 inches) Location Females – along wall of the vagina Males – through the prostate and penis Function Females – only carries urine Males – carries urine and is a passageway for sperm cells Colored somewhat yellow due to the pigment urochrome (from the destruction of hemoglobin) and solutes Pigment varies on urine concentration Sterile Slightly aromatic Normal pH of around 6 (varies 4.5-8) Specific gravity of 1.001 to 1.035 The kidney can also excrete other waste products, such as : 1) urea a nitrogenous waste produced in the liver from the breakdown of protein. It is the main component of urine 2) uric acid usually produced from breakdown of DNA or RNA 3) creatinine waste product of muscle action. Micturation – process of urination Normal Urine H2O 95% Nitrogeneous wastes urea, uric acid, ammonia, creatine Electrolytes Abnormal Urine Glucose Recent intake of sugary foods, diabetes melitis (Glycosuria) Protein Physical exertion, high protein; hypertension, glomerulonephritis (Proteinuria) Na+, NH4+, K+, Cl-, PO4-3, SO4-2 Ketone bodies Starvation, untreated diabetes mellitus Toxins bacterial poisons Hemoglobin Hemolytic anemia, severe burns Pigments products of breaking down RBC, Bile pigments Hepatitis, cirrhosis, bile obstruction filtered from food and drugs Erythrocytes Bleeding due to trauma, kidney stones, Hormones infection, cancer (Hematuria) Leukocytes Urinary tract infection Pyuria – pus in urine Dysuria – painful urination Polyuria – large amounts of urine Oliguria – very little urine Anuria – absence of urine Renal Calculi – crystallized calcium in renal pelvis or calyx (kidney stones) Neurogenic bladder – involuntary urine retention, bulging bladder, burning sensation Overactive bladder – frequent urination UTI: bacterial infection ◦ Urethritis: inflammation of urethra; result of gonorrhea and Chlamydia; most common in males ◦ Cystitis: inflammation of bladder; more common in females due to shorter urethra ◦ Nephritis: inflammation of kidney Pyelonephritis – inflammation of renal pelvis Renal Failure – kidney failure 5 Levels, all dependent on GFR Glomerular filtration rate (GFR): number used to figure out a person’s stage of kidney disease. ◦ Formula using the person’s age, race, gender and their serum creatinine is used to calculate a GFR. Creatinine is a waste product that comes from muscle activity. When kidneys are working well they remove creatinine from the blood. As kidney function slows, blood levels of creatinine rise. Dialysis: process for removing waste and excess water from the blood, and is used primarily as an artificial replacement for lost kidney function in people with kidney failure ◦ Semi-permeable membrane used to allow waste substances to pass and be filtered out Often needed during the end stages of renal failure Old kidneys sometimes left in place if they aren’t causing other medical issues New kidney is placed down lower, pelvic region ◦ Ureter connected to bladder ◦ Grafts of blood vessels put into place