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Today – Urinary System
Tuesday (4/28) – Urinary System, Kidney pre-lab
Thursday (4/30) – Kidney dissection, Reproductive system
Monday (5/4) – Reproductive System (labeling, vocab)
Wednesday (5/6) – Reproductive System Notes
Friday (5/8) – Study Guide for Final (Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive – 85 Qs)
Tuesday (5/12) – Cat Pre-Lab
Seniors: you can take your final
Thursday (5/14) – Cat Dissection
during any A4 block or after
Monday (5/18) – Cat Dissection
school from 5/11 on.
Thursday (5/21) – Cat Dissection
FRIDAY
May 22nd A-day
TUESDAY
May 26th B-day
WEDNESDAY
May 27th A-day
THURSDAY
May 28th B-day
8:25 – 9:27
A1 class
A2 class
B2 class
9:32 – 11:32
A2 FINAL
A1 FINAL
B1 FINAL
11:37 – 1:40
A3 class
B1 class
B2 FINAL
B3 class
A4 class
B4 class
1:45 – 3:45
A4 FINAL
B4 FINAL
A3 FINAL
B3 FINAL
Advanced Human Anatomy
 Organs
◦ Kidneys (primary
excretory organ)
◦ Ureters
◦ Urinary Bladder
◦ Urethra
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Filter wastes: Every day, kidneys process about 200
quarts (189 liters) of blood to filter out approximately 2
quarts of waste products and extra water
Regulate composition of electrolytes: The
kidneys measure out chemicals like sodium, calcium,
phosphorus, and potassium and release them back to the
blood to return to the body. In this way, the kidneys regulate
the body’s level of these substances.
Maintain pH: filter H+ ions
Secrete hormones and enzymes:
-erythropoietin: stimulates the bone marrow to make red
blood cells (hormone)
-renin: helps regulates blood pressure (enzyme)
-calcitriol: helps maintain calcium for bones (hormone)
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Against the dorsal (back) body
wall; At the level of T12 to L3
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The right kidney is slightly lower
than the left
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Attached to ureters,
renal blood vessels, and
nerves at renal hilus
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On top of each kidney is
an adrenal gland
 Secretes necessary
hormones to sustain life
processes
Internal Anatomy
Regions
 Renal cortex – outer region
 Renal medulla – inside the cortex
 Renal pelvis – inner collecting
tube
Structures
 Medullary pyramids – triangular
regions of tissue in the medulla
 Renal columns – extensions of
cortex-like material inward
 Calyces – cup-shaped structures
that funnel urine towards the renal
pelvis
Site of filtration
Site of Absorption
Where urine drains into
minor calyx
Covering; maintains
pressure
Funnel Urine
Funnels urine into
ureter
Separating
structure
Columns of
tissue; makeup
medulla
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Structural and functional unit of
kidneys
Up to 1 million in one kidney
Functions
◦ Filtration
◦ Reabsorption
◦ Secretion
Two Types
◦ Cortical and Juxtamedullary
◦ Both are classified according to
the length of their associated
Loop of Henle and location of
their renal corpuscle
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Each nephron is composed of an initial filtering
component (renal corpuscle) and a tubule
specialized for reabsorption and secretion (renal
tubule).
◦ Corpuscle is made of a glomerulus and a glomerular
capsule.
◦ Tubule is portion of the nephron containing the tubular
fluid filtered through the glomerulus.
 After passing through the renal tubule, the filtrate continues
to the collecting duct system
Glomerulus
 A specialized capillary
bed
 Attached to arterioles on
both sides (maintains
high pressure)
 Large afferent arteriole
 Narrow efferent
arteriole
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Blood pressure forces water and dissolved substances out
of the glomerulus blood into Bowman’s capsule
◦ Dissolved substances (filtrate): H2O, glucose, amino acids,
electrolytes, and wastes (no proteins or cells)
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Averages 125 ml/min for both kidneys (180 liters/day)
The vast majority of the filtrate (99%) must be taken back
to body’s blood supply.
Urinate (wastes) on avg. 1500 ml/day (0.4 gallons)
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The return of substances from
filtrate in the nephron tubule to
the blood or interstitial fluid
Major Substances:
H2O - osmosis
NaCl - active transport
Glucose, amino acids - active
co-transport
Some urea and other salts
PCT – most reabsorption
Descending loop – reabsorb H2O
Ascending loop & DCT –
reabsorbs salt
Collecting duct – reabsorbs H2O
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The active release of substances INTO the nephron
tubule.
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Purposes:
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Secreted Substances: toxins and drug residues
Electrolyte balance: K+ exchanged for Na+
Acid-base balance: H+ , NH3
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): produced by posterior pituitary,
increases water permeability of the DCT and collecting duct
Cranberry juice – acidifies urine to help discourage
bacteria and some types of kidney stones; decrease UTI by
inhibiting bacteria from adhering to urinary tract walls
Day 2 Notes – Advanced Human Anatomy
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Main excretory organ
Filters blood and creates
filtrate
Reabsorbs necessary
substances based on
body’s levels
◦ Water, salts, amino acids,
glucose, etc.
Kidneys
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Two types – cortical,
juxtamedullary
◦ Categorized based on
position in the medulla and
cortex of kidney
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Where the functions of
the kidney are carried out
◦ Filtration
◦ Absorption
◦ Secretion
Nephrons
Cortical
Juxtamedullary
Your kidneys filter through your entire blood
supply approximately every 30 minutes.
Pulling out excess substances, waste, toxins.
Clean blood is great blood!
Ureters
 Slender tubes attaching
the kidney to the bladder
 Continuous with the renal
pelvis
 Enter the posterior aspect
of the bladder
 Runs behind the
peritoneum (membrane that forms
the lining of the abdominal cavity)
 Peristalsis aids gravity in
urine transport
Urinary Bladder
 Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac
 Temporarily stores urine
 Trigone – smooth triangular region of the
internal urinary bladder
 Three openings
 Two from the ureters
 One to the urethrea
Structure
 Three layers of smooth muscle
 Mucosa made of transitional epithelium
 Walls are thick and folded in an empty
bladder
 Bladder can expand significantly without
increasing internal pressure
Urethra
 Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the bladder to the
outside of the body by peristalsis
 Release of urine is controlled by two sphincters
 Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary)
 External urethral sphincter (voluntary)
 Length
 Females – 3–4 cm (1-1 ½ inch)
 Males – 20 cm (8 inches)
 Location
 Females – along wall of the vagina
 Males – through the prostate and penis
 Function
 Females – only carries urine
 Males – carries urine and is a
passageway for sperm cells
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Colored somewhat yellow due to the pigment urochrome
(from the destruction of hemoglobin) and solutes
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Pigment varies on urine concentration
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Sterile
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Slightly aromatic
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Normal pH of around 6 (varies 4.5-8)
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Specific gravity of 1.001 to 1.035
The kidney can also excrete other waste products, such as :
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1) urea a nitrogenous waste produced in the liver from the
breakdown of protein. It is the main component of urine
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2) uric acid usually produced from breakdown of DNA or
RNA
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3) creatinine waste product of muscle action.
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Micturation – process of urination
Normal Urine
H2O
95%
Nitrogeneous
wastes
urea, uric acid,
ammonia, creatine
Electrolytes
Abnormal Urine
Glucose
Recent intake of sugary foods,
diabetes melitis (Glycosuria)
Protein
Physical exertion, high protein;
hypertension, glomerulonephritis
(Proteinuria)
Na+, NH4+, K+,
Cl-, PO4-3, SO4-2
Ketone
bodies
Starvation, untreated diabetes mellitus
Toxins
bacterial poisons
Hemoglobin
Hemolytic anemia, severe burns
Pigments
products of breaking down
RBC,
Bile pigments
Hepatitis, cirrhosis, bile obstruction
filtered from food and drugs
Erythrocytes
Bleeding due to trauma, kidney stones,
Hormones
infection, cancer (Hematuria)
Leukocytes
Urinary tract infection
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Pyuria – pus in urine
Dysuria – painful urination
Polyuria – large amounts of urine
Oliguria – very little urine
Anuria – absence of urine
Renal Calculi – crystallized calcium in renal pelvis or
calyx (kidney stones)
Neurogenic bladder – involuntary urine retention,
bulging bladder, burning sensation
Overactive bladder – frequent urination
UTI: bacterial infection
◦ Urethritis: inflammation of urethra; result of gonorrhea
and Chlamydia; most common in males
◦ Cystitis: inflammation of bladder; more common in
females due to shorter urethra
◦ Nephritis: inflammation of kidney
 Pyelonephritis – inflammation of renal pelvis
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Renal Failure – kidney failure
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5 Levels, all dependent on GFR
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR): number used to figure out a person’s stage
of kidney disease.
◦ Formula using the person’s age, race, gender and their serum creatinine is
used to calculate a GFR.
 Creatinine is a waste product that comes from muscle activity. When
kidneys are working well they remove creatinine from the blood. As
kidney function slows, blood levels of creatinine rise.
Dialysis: process for removing
waste and excess water from the
blood, and is used primarily as an
artificial replacement for lost kidney
function in people with kidney
failure
◦ Semi-permeable membrane used to
allow waste substances to pass and be
filtered out
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Often needed during the end
stages of renal failure
Old kidneys sometimes left in
place if they aren’t causing other
medical issues
New kidney is placed down
lower, pelvic region
◦ Ureter connected to bladder
◦ Grafts of blood vessels put into
place