TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMPUTER BASICS ................................................................................................................................................ 2
WHAT IS A COMPUTER? .................................................................................................................................................. 2
WHAT IS A PERIPHERAL? ................................................................................................................................................. 2
WHAT PERIPHERALS ARE COMMONLY USED, AND WHAT ARE THEY USED FOR? ........................................................................... 3
WHAT ARE THE MAIN HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER? ......................................................................................... 3
CPU:...................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Main Memory: ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
Secondary Storage: .............................................................................................................................................. 4
WHAT IS A NETWORK? WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A NETWORK AND A STAND-ALONE ENVIRONMENT? ........................... 4
WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM? WHAT IS ITS PURPOSE? ..................................................................................................... 5
At the most basic level, the operating system can do 2 things: ........................................................................... 5
There are also many types of operating systems. ................................................................................................ 5
WHAT IS HARDWARE? .................................................................................................................................................... 6
WHAT IS SOFTWARE? ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
GIVE SOME EXAMPLES OF SOFTWARE: SEE FIGURE 4 ............................................................................................................. 7
HOW SHOULD A COMPUTER WORKSTATION BE SET UP TO MAXIMIZE THE COMFORT OF THE USER? ................................................. 8
IDENTIFY COMMON USER INTERFACE ELEMENTS AND DESCRIBE THEIR FUNCTIONS ....................................................................... 9
REVOLUTIONS IN COMPUTING TIMELINE ............................................................................................................. 12
EVALUATION OF A WEBSITE ................................................................................................................................. 18
GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................................................ 20
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................................................... 22
INDEX ................................................................................................................................................................... 26
1
COMPUTER BASICS
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is a device which can be used for various arithmetic and logic operations. In a
conventional computer, there is at least one processing element, often a central processing
unit and a memory. A modern computer is based on integrated circuits but it is much more
likely than older computers, but old computers, invented between 1940 and 1945, were the
size of a room and were very slow.
WHAT IS A PERIPHERAL?
A peripheral is a Device that is connected to a computer, but it is not part of it. Through a
device the capabilities of the computer are large. It is often dependent on the computer. An
example of this is a printer. See figure 1.
Figure 1: Wireless printer
2
WHAT PERIPHERALS ARE COMMONLY USED, AND WHAT ARE THEY USED
FOR?
The peripherals commonly used are the Keyboard, the Mouse, the Screen and the Printer.
See figure 2. The input peripherals are used to provide information to the computer. The
output peripherals are used to get information from the computer system. The peripherals
are used to transmit information from the people to the computer or vice-versa.
Figure 2. Computer Peripherals
WHAT ARE THE MAIN HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER?
These are Components that constitute the elements of laptops. They are often in a computer
case, but they can also be connected to the computer with a cable, so they can be considered
as peripherals.
CPU:
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It carries out the instructions of a
computer Program. The CPU is composed of the Central Unit (CU) and the Arithmetic and
Logic Unit (ALU).
CU: It is the part of the computer that carries out instructions
ALU: It is the part of the computer that performs arithmetic and logical operations
3
MAIN MEMORY:
The main memory is the primary storage. The CPU reads the instruction stored in the Main
Memory and executes them. When your computer is powered off, the information stored in
the Main Memory is lost. The information in the Main Memory is directly accessible by the
CPU.
SECONDARY STORAGE:
The information stored in the Secondary Storage is NOT accessible by the CPU. The computer
usually uses the input/output channels to get secondary storage. Secondary storage devices
include USBs and hard drives.
WHAT IS A NETWORK? WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A
NETWORK AND A STAND-ALONE ENVIRONMENT?
A network is two or more computers linked to share resources (printers and CDs), exchange files
and allow electronic communication. Computers in a network can be linked by cables,
telephone lines, radio waves or satellites. The Internet is an example of a network; it connects
millions of people around the world.
A stand-alone environment is when a computer is not connected to any type of network or any
other communication device. The computer is used independently. If you need to transfer
data between two stand-alone computers, it will have to be done manually.
Although a stand-alone computer and a network computer are relatively the same, there are
differences in the setup and management in each type of computer. While a stand-alone
computer works independently, a network computer is connected to several other computers
and it can share resources. Also, stand-alone computers are more secure because it isn’t
4
communicating with other computers like a network. It limits the amount of hackers and
spyware. Unfortunately, a stand-alone computer is not very useful in today’s technologies.
WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM? WHAT IS ITS PURPOSE?
An operating SYSTEM is a software system that allows the computer hardware to communicate
with the computer software. The purpose of an operating system is to organize and control the
software and the hardware.
AT THE MOST BASIC LEVEL, THE OPERATING SYSTEM CAN DO 2 THINGS:
1. It controls the hardware and software resources in the computer. In a desktop computer, this can
include disk space, the processor, memory and many more. In a computer, many applications
fight for the attention of the central processing unit (CPU). With the operating system,
everything is regulated.
2. It provides a stable way for applications to deal with the hardware without having to know all the
information about the hardware.
THERE ARE ALSO MANY TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS.
Real time operating system: This operating system is used to control machinery, scientific and
industrial systems. This type of system generally has very few interface elements.
Single user, single task: This system is for one person to do one single task very well and effectively.
Single user, multi-tasking: This system is the one that most people use on their Desktop. This
allows the user to have many programs in operating at the same time. Microsoft’s Windows and
Apple’s MacOS are good examples of this type of system.
5
Multi-user: This allows multiple users to use the computer’s resources at the same time. This
system has to control the requirements of each user so a problem that one single user might
have doesn’t affect the whole community.
PCs usually use Windows 7 or 8 and Macintosh computers use MacOS.
WHAT IS HARDWARE?
Hardware is the physical components of your computer, which you can feel and touch.
Hardware is used to run and store the software. Without hardware, you cannot use software.
Likewise, hardware functions once software is installed. Hardware can wear out over time. A
hardware upgrade is when a piece of hardware is replaced or a piece of hardware is added.
There is external hardware and internal hardware. Examples of external hardware include
the mouse, the keyboard, and the monitor. Examples of internal hardware include the hard
drive, the RAM (Random Access Memory) and the video card. See figure 3.
Figure 3. Computer hardware
WHAT IS SOFTWARE?
6
Software enables your computer to do certain tasks. Without software, your computer
would be useless. Without Internet browser software, you wouldn’t be able to go on the
Internet. Software must be installed onto hardware. It can’t do anything on its own. Software
does not wear out over time, but Bugs can be found in software. It can be fixed, though. There
are two main categories for software: system software and application software. System
software normally comes Pre-Installedin the computer and it controls the basic functions of
the computer. See figure 4. These functions are invisible to the user. Application software is
the software that handles specialized tasks such as word processors and email.
Figure 4: Application software
GIVE SOME EXAMPLES OF SOFTWARE: SEE FIGURE 4
Web browsers: Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox
E-mail: Gmail, Yahoo, Hotmail
Games: World of Warcraft, League of Legends, The Sims
Presentation: Microsoft PowerPoint
Photo editors: Photoshop
Word processors: Microsoft Word
Operating systems: Microsoft Windows
Presentation : Powerpoint
7
Figure 5. Samples of System software
HOW SHOULD A COMPUTER WORKSTATION BE SET UP TO MAXIMIZE THE
COMFORT OF THE USER?
When setting up a computer workstation, the chair must be positioned so that you aren’t
craning your neck looking down at the computer screen or looking up at it. You must be
seated far enough from the computer so that you aren’t straining your eyes, but if they’re too
far away you won’t be able to sit comfortably. Your face should be at least 40cm away from
the screen. The brightness and contrast of the computer can’t be too high or too low because
it may give you a headache or strain your eyes. The keyboard of the computer should be
positioned so that your arms can rest comfortably when typing, not having to reach too far to
get to the keys, but not so close that it your arms would be forced back. You should have a 90110 degree angle from your shoulder to your elbow to your wrist. You should have a
comfortable seat that allows you to lean backwards if needed. See figure 6. Any documents
should be placed close to you so that you don’t have to reach very far and put yourself in
uncomfortable positions to get them.
8
Figure 6. Computer Workstation Set-Up
IDENTIFY COMMON USER INTERFACE ELEMENTS AND DESCRIBE THEIR
FUNCTIONS
Interface elements include:
Input controls: checkboxes, radio buttons, dropdown lists, list boxes, buttons, toggles, text
fields, date field
Navigational Components: breadcrumb, slider, search field, pagination, slider, tags, icons
Informational Components: tooltips, icons, progress bar, notifications, message boxes, modal
windows
Containers: accordion
CHECKBOXES: Checkboxes allow the user to select something from multiple choices. See Figure
7.
Figure 7. Example of Checkboxes
9
TEXT FIELDS: Text fields allow the user to enter text. It can either be one line or multiple lines.
See Figure 8.
Figure 8. Example of Text Fields
SEARCH FIELD: A search field/box that allows the user to type in a word or phrase in order to get
back the most relevant results from an index. See Figure 9.
Figure 9: Example of a Search Field
ICONS: An icon is a simple image to help users identify and navigate the system. Icons are
typically hyperlinked. See Figure 10.
10
Figure 10: Examples of Icons
11
REVOLUTIONS IN COMPUTING TIMELINE
Year
What is it?
Why is it important?
Interesting fact
Abacus
300 B.C
It is a calculation device.
It was used before the
invention of Arabic numerals.
It was used for addition,
subtraction, multiplication and
division.
Abacus comes
from the Greek
word ABAX which
means calculating
table.
Antikythra
mechanism
At least
2000
years
old
A mechanical computer
used to calculate the
movements of stars and
planets.
At that time, it provided
people with the astronomical
knowledge. It was like an
encyclopedia.
It was recovered
in1900-1901. It is
displayed at the
National
Archaeological
Museum of Athens.
John Napier,
Calculation Tables
1614
It was the world’s first
calculator.
Napier developed what would
be the backbone of modern
mathematics.
John Napier
entered St.
Andrew’s
university at the
age 13 but never
graduated.
Joseph-Marie
Jacquard, Punchcard
controlled loom
1801
A weaving loom that
used punch cards to
create elaborate and
complicated designs.
The weaving profession was a
tiring job but this invention
made it less tedious and you
were able to make intricate
designs. It reduced the amount
of human labour.
The French
Government
considered the
loom to be public
property therefore
giving Jacquard a
small pension.
Charles Babbage,
Difference Engine
1822
A mechanical calculator
used to solve
polynomial functions.
It was a better and more
effective way of solving math
equations.
Charles Babbage
invented the
Difference Machine
because he was
tired of people
making
mathematical
errors.
Samuel Morse,
Telegraph
1837
Machine used to
transmit messages using
Telegraphs made it possible to
communicate to people
The telegraph
became more
12
Sir Charles
Wheatstone, paper
tapes
electrical impulses.
quickly over vast distances.
famous when it
was used a catch a
murderer boarding
a train in London.
It records data.
It helped people connect with
one another.
Sir Charles
Wheatstone also
invented the
accordion.
Stoles, Glidden and
Soule, typewriter
1866
It allows the user to
print letters one by one
onto a medium such as
paper/
It increased the production of
books, newspapers and other
written documents. This also
increased the literacy rate in
many countries.
Typewriter is the
longest word that
you can spell using
only one row of
letters.
Herman Hollerith,
Tabulating Machine
1881
It helps summarize
information and it also
does accounting.
Since it recorded medical
information in the late 1880s
to the 1960s, it was very
important to doctors and
nurses
Without the
tabulating
machine, it was
hard to count the
population. It took
7 years to
complete the 1880
census.
Electronic computing
devices used to help
British code breakers
read encrypted German
messages
It was the first large scale
electronic computer. It helped
British soldiers and code
breakers prevent attacks from
Germans.
Since many
machines used in
WWII were
destroyed or
hidden, the
Colossus was only
recently fully
recognized.
Transistors control the
movement of electrons.
The Transistor was probably
the most important electronic
invention in the 20th century.
It was the basis of modern
technologies.
Today, billions of
transistors are
manufactured
every week.
A small electronic
device made of a
transistor and other
components in a piece
of germanium.
Integrated Circuits are used in
practically every electronic
device today.
Pure silicon is the
basis for most
integrated circuits.
Mainframe computer
system
It changed the way people
thought of computers and it
was said to be the company’s
most important product
Within 8 weeks of
its announcement,
customers ordered
well over two
Colossus
Bell Labs, the
Transistor
1947
Texas Instruments
and Fairchild
Semiconductor,
Integrated Circuit
IBM 360
1964
13
announcement ever.
thousand
machines.
Word Processor
invented
1979
Software capable of
creating, printing and
storing documents.
Word processing has had a
huge impact on education. It
saves time and you are able to
share documents.
Ribbon Hero and
Ribbon Hero 2 are
games that are
designed that help
people learn the
features of
Microsoft Word, a
word processor.
ARPANET
1966
It was a wide area
network (WAN) that
connected several
universities and
research centers.
It was the beginning of the
Internet.
Email capabilities
were introduced to
ARPANET in 1977.
Intel, 1K RAM CHIP
(the 4004)
1971
It is a microprocessor
that was first designed
for a printing calculator.
It is Intel’s first
microprocessor.
This
microprocessor
(the size of a
fingernail)
delivered the
computing power
as the first
computer (built in
1946) which took
up a whole room.
Today, it is
slimmer than a
human hair.
Jonathan Titus, Mark
8
1973
Mark 8 is a computer
that was invented by the
student Jonathan Titus.
It can be used to
manipulate data, send
data to the mainframe
and control
experiments.
Mark 8 has caused a
significant impact in the
amateur community. It has
been used for applications in
instrumentation for nuclear
reactors.
Jonathan and his
brother have
designed several
other parts of
computer
equipment.
BBN, Telenet
1948
This is a company that
has been very involved
in the invention of new
communication
technologies in the
internet.
Thanks to all that they have
done the internet is much
bigger and more developed.
They were full of different
research to advance the
technology to communicate
with the Internet.
In 1968, BBN
ARPAnet has
clinched a contract.
14
Paul Allen and Bill
Gates invent BASIC
1975
This is a programming
language that has been
created for use of the
personal computer.
Thanks to this invention, the
computing world is different
and highly developed.
They have begun
to do that because
they had a vision
for a long period or
the chip could go.
USENET
1979
This is a network that
allowed to swap the
information as before
internet was a network
of private exploited
sites. Usenet has
provided a network for
the general public.
Thanks to Usenet people could
have access to information
that had not with newspapers.
It is on the Usenet emoticons,
some expressions, trolls, etc., it
was invented.
The archives
provided by
Usenet is a good
source of
information on the
most recent
decades of
computing. The
history of Usenet is
not only relevant
to social networks,
but many concepts
and high-tech
innovations.
TCP/IP
1974
TCP/IP stands for
Transmission Control
Protocol/ Internet
Protocol. They are 2
separate things, but they
are used together so
often that TCP/IP has
become the standard
term
The TCP/IP govern the rules
over passing along
information on the internet.
Without the TCP/IP you would
need direct connections to the
other computers to get any
information from them.
IP addresses follow
the Internet
Protocol.
Everything
connected to the
internet has an IP
address and its
how they can find
one another
through the
massive network
that is known as
the internet.
Apple Macintosh
1984
The macintosh is a
computer that was
made from the company
apple.
The macintosh was the very
first computer that used a
mouse. Computers before the
macintosh were “text-based”
and you operated them by
typing words into the
keyboard. The macintosh runs
by clicking icons, which we do
now. It was considered to be
the first computer to
successfully use a GUI
(Graphical User Interface).
The macintosh has
the signatures of
the designers on
the inside of the
case.
Microsoft Windows
1.0
1985
Microsoft windows is an
operating system. It
The Microsoft windows
operating system allows you
The official code
name is Interface
15
The Internet
19691972
came after the MS-DOS
(Microsoft Disk
Operating System), and
is much more advanced.
to use a mouse instead of
needing to type up commands
for your computer. You can
point and click through
screens instead of
Manager and it is
considered to be
the final name, but
the name Windows
prevailed because
it best described
the boxes needed
for the new
system.
The internet is the
largest computer
network in the world. It
is the physical network
of all computers and it
connects them.
Without the internet, it would
be harder to gather
information and communicate
with others from around the
world (example: family living
in a different country).
If you were to
store all of the
information that is
on the internet,
you would need
more than 1 billion
dvds or 200
million blu-ray
discs.
Apple iPod
2001
A portable device that
plays music and
depending on the
version, you might be
able to play games and
go on the internet with
it.
With an iPod, you can listen to
music and watch videos on the
go. This way, you don’t have to
carry a cd player or a radio
with you when going for a run.
In France, it is
illegal to play
anything on your
iPod louder than
100 decibels.
Apple iPhone
1983
(the
very
first
one)
An iPhone is a phone
with a touchscreen that
is a lot like the later
versions of an iPod.
Unlike the iPod, the
iPhone can make calls
and text people. It can
also take pictures.
(depending on the
version)
An iPhone is easy to open and
close. Since it’s a touchscreen,
you feel in control at all times
and it gives easy access to
games, photos, contacts, and
other stuff. When typing, you
have a computer-like
keyboard, with buttons for
numbers and symbols. If
needed, you can also rotate the
display so that it’s sideways.
The very first
iPhone was not the
kind of iPhones
that we have today.
It was actually a
white landline
phone with a built
in screen
controlled by a
stylus.
2007
(the cell
phone)
Amazon Kindle
2007
This is an electronic
tablet that measures 6
inches with 250 GB of
memory. The price is
much cheaper than the
Apple Ipad.
This is a convenient way to
have multiple books,
newspapers and applications
in a single tablet. It is light and
easy to carry.
When Kindle was
launched, it
became very
popular and all of
them had been
sold in a few hours.
They were out of
stock for months.
Apple iPad
2010
This is an electronic
This is very advanced
The Ipad manages
16
tablet that lets you send
email, watch or take
pictures, play games or
listen to music. It allows
users to physically
interact with the
applications and
content.
technology which allows for all
that we need and we want in
one device. With the iPad,
Apple allows users to have
new means of interaction that
are fun and intuitive.
almost all of the
Apple store, with
over 11 million
songs, 50,000 TV
series episodes
and over 8,000
films.
Android
2008
Android is a software
that google engineered,
so google’s apps run
best on it.
With the widgets, you can look
at photos, email, and more
without needing to leave your
home screen or open different
apps. On certain devices, there
is a thing called “Face Unlock”
which allows you to unlock
your device with a facial
expression. Android is very
intuitive and creative and will
continue to think of ideas like
these.
Each version of
android is names
after a dessert. The
most recent one
was Jellybean and
the next version is
said to be named
Kitkat.
3D Printing
1980
A 3D printer uses
Computer Aided
Designs (CAD) to create
3D objects. 3D printers
can make a variety of
things including
furniture, sculptures,
and toys. It can print
plastic, metal, nylon, and
over a hundred other
materials.
3D printers can create models
and prototypes, allowing
people to make quick changes
in their designs. On top of that,
3D printing can save money,
because it doesn’t waste a lot
of material, unlike when
material needs to be cut,
shaved off, or drilled.
There are certain
3D printers that
can be used for
applying things in
other forms, such
as liquids and
pastes (ex. icing
and chocolate).
The French
Culinary Institute
has been using one
of these to make
artistic delicacies.
Leap Motion
Controller
2013
The Leap motion
controller is a small and
light motion sensor that
conects to your
computer and lets you
control it without using
a mouse or a trackpad,
and without touching
the screen. Instead, you
put your hands over it
(without touching it)
and you can interact
with your computer
based on how your
This gives you much more
control over your actions. If,
for example, you like art and
you want to draw on your
computer you can use your
fingers instead of a mouse or a
trackpad, which can be tricky
to use. If you’re playing the
piano or a guitar on the
computer, you can do many
more things than just hit one
note at a time or strum. You
can play chords, pieces, or
pluck the strings!
There is a store for
apps designed for
the Leap Motion
Controller called
“Airspace”. It’s
created by the
same people who
created the Leap
Motion Controller.
17
hands and fingers move.
The Cloud
1969
The Cloud is all of the
things you can remotely
access over the internet.
The Cloud allows things
to be stored on servers
on the internet instead
of just your computer.
That way, you can
access your email and
many other things from
any computer with an
internet connection.
If something happens to your
computer, like it gets a virus,
or it gets wiped, you will still
be able to access your email,
important files, and anything
else that has been saved over
the internet, just on a different
computer. This is extremely
helpful, especially if you need
to retrieve a file with, let’s say,
work on it, and you can only
access it by A. Your computer
or B. Your email.
Some cloud
applications that
have been
researched at intel
include decoding
brainwave
patterns and
creating new user
interfaces.
EVALUATION OF A WEBSITE
The website "Internet 101" is very useful and easy to use. It was created by a non-profit organization. The
purpose of this website is to teach others about the basics of the internet and it is full of helpful
information. The pages are small enough so that they aren't boring and some pages are interactive. There
are colourful pictures that make it easier to understand and it has a font that is big enough so that it is
easy to read.
18
I can't tell when it was last modified, but that doesn't matter because the facts aren't going to change.
Especially not the history facts. The site is very well maintained, though, seeing as this is a website with
nice, calm colours that aren't too loud and there isn't a dizzying pattern that makes the background too
busy. None of the links are broken and that's great because with the fun interactive page, you don't have
to keep reloading the page. When you click on the interactive buttons, you don't have to move to a new
website. Overall, it is very easy to read and navigate, and it is well designed and organized.
19
GLOSSARY
Bugs: Bugs are little glitches or problems in the program or software. They can normally be
fixed.
Components: A part or an element of something that is complete/whole. For example, a
component could be a part of a car or a toaster.
Desktop: The background picture of a display screen where images, icons and windows
appear.
Device: Something created or made for a certain task. For example, it can be some sort of
mechanism or electronic.
Keyboard: A keyboard helps input data onto your computer and it allows you to be able to
type.
Mouse: A mouse is an electronic device that controls the coordinates of your cursor on your
computer screen when moved around on a mouse pad.
Pre-Installed: The program or software has already been installed so that you don’t have to
do it yourself.
Printer: A printer is a machine that allows you to print text and/or pictures onto paper.
Printers must be connected to a computer.
Program: A sequence of instructions that the computer can understand and execute.
Screen: The screen is part of the monitor that allows you to see the output of the computer to
the
user.
20
System: A set of things working together as parts of a mechanism or a network.
21
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Franklin, Curt, and Dave Coustan. "How Operating Systems Work." HowStuffWorks. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Oct.
2013. <http://computer.howstuffworks.com/operating-system.htm>.
Winkelman, Roy. "What Is a Network?" Florida Center For Instructional Technology, n.d. Web. 5 Oct.
2013. <http://fcit.usf.edu/network/chap1/chap1.htm>.
Allen, Martin. "Why Is It So Important?" The Antikythera Mechanism Research Project. N.p., 17 June 2008.
Web. 5 Oct. 2013. <http://www.antikythera-mechanism.gr/faq/general-questions/why-is-it-soimportant>.
"Abacus." Cultural China. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Oct. 2013. <http://www.culturalchina.com/chinaWH/html/en/10Kaleidoscope6.html>.
Bartolome, Eric. "The Antikythera Mechanism." Stunning And Interesting Facts. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.stunninginterestingfacts.com/2012/10/the-antikythera-mechanism-first-computer.html>.
Hansen, Jim. "Napier's Bones." John Napier's Bones. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.17centurymaths.com/contents/napier/jimsnewstuff/Napiers%20Bones/NapiersBones.ht
ml>.
"User Interface Elements." Usability.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Oct. 2013. <http://www.usability.gov/how-toand-tools/methods/user-interface-elements.html>.
"What Is a Computer." Webopedia. Itsbusinessedge, n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 10.
<http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/computer.html>.
"What Is a Peripheral." Webopedia. Itsbusinessedge, n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 10.
<http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/peripheral_device.html>.
"Computer Hardware Peripherals." English4it. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 10.
<http://www.english4it.com/reading/31>.
"Who Built the First Modern Computer?" Computer Science For Fun. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 10.
<http://www.cs4fn.org/history/colossus.php>.
"Fun Facts." Typewriter. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 10. <http://typewriterdg.weebly.com/interestingfacts.html>.
"The Story of the Intel 4004." Intel. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Oct. 10.
<http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/museum-story-of-intel-4004.html>.
"Mark 8." Jonathan A. Titus. Florida Gulf Coast University, 2007. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
<http://chc61.fgcu.edu/mark8.aspx>.
"Bill Gates, Paul Allen and Basic." Stanford, n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. <http://facultygsb2.stanford.edu/mendelson/computer_history/software.htm>.
"Usenet History." Giganews. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. <http://www.giganews.com/usenet-history/>.
22
"BBN Internet Engineering Timeline." Xbbn. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. <http://xbbn.weebly.com/bbninternet-engineering-timeline.html>.
"Hardware vs Software." - Difference and Comparison. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.diffen.com/difference/Hardware_vs_Software>.
"Hardware." What Is Hardware? N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/hardware.htm>.
"IT English." IT English. University of Victoria, n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
<http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/sample/ite/u01/u1_1_03.html>.
"Online Resources." Examples Of Computer Software. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.streetdirectory.com/etoday/examples-of-computer-software-apjju.html>.
"Software." BusinessDictionary.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/software.html>.
"How to Make Your Computer Workstation Fit You." Worksafebc.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.worksafebc.com/publications/health_and_safety/by_topic/assets/pdf/comptr_wrk
stn.pdf>.
"How Does the Internet Work?" HowStuffWorks. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
<http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/internet1.htm>.
"TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol." About.com Wireless / Networking. N.p., n.d.
Web. 11 Oct. 2013. <http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/basictcpip/g/bldef_tcpip.htm>.
"Who Created the Internet Network?" About.com Wireless / Networking. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
<http://compnetworking.about.com/od/history_networking/f/internet_create.htm>.
"A History of Windows." Windows.microsoft.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
<http://windows.microsoft.com/en-CA/windows/history>.
23
"Macintosh Computer." Macintosh Computer. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
<http://oldcomputers.net/macintosh.html>.
"3D Printing: What You Need to Know." Pcmag.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2394722,00.asp>.
"Cloud Computing Fun Facts." Download.intel.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
<http://download.intel.com/newsroom/kits/istcs/pdfs/CloudFunFacts.pdf>.
"13 Fun Facts." : About Your IPod. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. <http://13-funfacts.blogspot.ca/2011/05/13-fun-facts-about-your-ipod.html>.
"Apple Press Info." Apple. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.apple.com/pr/products/ipodhistory/>.
"A Complete History of Android." TechRadar. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.techradar.com/news/phone-and-communications/mobile-phones/a-completehistory-of-android-470327>.
"A History of Cloud Computing." A History of Cloud Computing. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/A-history-of-cloud-computing>.
"Internet 101." GCFLearnFree.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
<http://www.gcflearnfree.org/internet101/1.5>.
"Introducing Android." Android. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. <http://www.android.com/about/>.
"It Goes Where No Device Has Gone Before." Leap Motion. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
<https://www.leapmotion.com/product>.
"Leap Motion Controller Released at Last." Leap Motion Controller Released at Last. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct.
2013. <http://www.gizmag.com/leap-motion-released-at-last/28418/>.
24
"Mashable." Mashable. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013. <http://mashable.com/2011/12/30/apple-iphone1983/>.
"Who Invented The IPhone?" About.com Inventors. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
<http://inventors.about.com/od/istartinventions/a/iPhone.htm>.
25
INDEX
components, 2, 4, 10
Internet, 3, 5, 10, 11, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19
computer, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
16, 17, 18
Navigational Components, 7
hardware, 2, 3, 4, 5, 18
Informational Components, 7
Input controls, 7
Interface, 7, 12, 17
network, 3, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17
peripherals, 1, 2
software, 3, 4, 5, 6, 13, 16, 17, 18
system, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 17
workstation, 6
26