Chapter 6
Unit
3
THE WORKING
OF MIND AND
BODY
By: Joemel, Nash, Garnet,
Section 1- The Nervous System:
The
Basic structure
Vocabulary:
Somatic Nervous
●
●
●
●
●
Central nervous
system (CNS)
Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
Neurons
System (sns)
●
Autonomic Nervous
System (ans)
how the nervous
system works
The nervous
system is
never at
rest; it
always has
something
to do.
Structurally,
the nervous
system is
The Central
Nervous
System (CNS)
which is the
brain and the
spinal cord and
the Peripheral
Nervous
System (PNS)
which is the
figure 6.1 the
nervous
system
PERIPHERAL
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Central nervous
system
SOMATIC:
Controls voluntary muscles
Autonomic:
Controls involuntary muscles
(EX:a pupil dilating in bright light)
Sympathetic:
up and
Expands energy
Brain & Spinal cord
*Spinal cord: nerves that run
down the length of the back
Figure 6.2 Anatomy of Two
Neurons
Neurons
●
Transmission between neurons occur
whenever the cells are stimulated past the
threshold level.
Basic Parts of a Neuron
●
●
The neuron has three basic parts: the cell
body, dendrites, and the axon.
The Cell body contains the nucleus which
produces the energy needed for neuron
activity.
● The Dendrites receive impulses from
other neurons and send them to the
cell body.
● The Axon carries impulses away from
the cell body towards the dendrites of
the next neurons.
Anatomy of
Two Neurons
Continued
Neuron Connection
●
●
There is space between neurons which
is called synapse. The synapse acts as
a connection or junction between
neurons.
Neurons transmit their impulses to
another neuron across the synapse by
releasing chemicals called
neurotransmitters. The
neurotransmitters can excite the next
neuron or stop it from transmitting.
Synapse: The gap that exists between
individual nerve cells.
Neurotransmitters: Determines the rate at
which other neurons fire.
Neuron Activity
● There are different types of neurons. The
afferent neurons (sensory) relay impulses
from sense organs to the brain. The efferent
neurons, or motor neurons,send signals from
the brain to the glands and muscles. The
interneurons carry impulses between neurons
in the body.
voluntary &
involuntary activities
●
●
Somatic nervous system (SNS) refers to the part of the peripheral nervous
system that controls voluntary activities.
Autonomic nervous system (ANS) refers to the part of the nervous system that
controls involuntary activities; or those that ordinarily occur automatically, such
as heartbeat, stomach activity and so on.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS 2 PARTS:
Sympathetic
prepares the body for dealing with emergencies or strenuous activity. It speeds up
the heart to hasten the supply of oxygen and nutrients to body tissues. Constricts
some arteries and relaxes others so that blood flows to the muscles. Ex: running
increases blood pressure and suspends some activities such as digestion.
Parasympathetic
In contrast; works to conserve energy and to enhance the body’s ability to recover
from strenuous activity. It reduces heart rate and blood pressure and helps bring
back body to its normal pressure.
Voluntary acts
Lifting your hand to
turn a page, picking
up something
section 2 - studying the brain
The Three Brains
The human brain is
composed of three parts:
★ Hindbrain: Is located at the rear base of the skull and is involved in the
most basic processes of life. It includes the cerebellum, medulla, and the
pons.
★ Midbrain: A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory
information and relays it upward.
★ Forebrain: A part of the brain that covers the brain’s central core and
includes the thalamus, which integrates sensory input is it also where our
Lobes are the different
regions into which the
★ The cerebrum is the two hemispheres
of the brain. The cerebral
hemisphere
connected
cerebral
cortex
is isdivided.
The lobes
of the brain
by a band of fibers called the corpus callosum.
★ Each cerebral hemisphere has deep grooves, some of which mark regions, or lobes.
★ The occipital lobe is where the visual signals are processed.
★ The parietal lobe is concerned with information from the senses from all over the body.
★ The temporal lobe is concerned with hearing, memory, emotion, and speaking.
★ The frontal lobe is concerned with organization, planning, and creative thinking.
LEFT
HEMISPH
ERE
★ The left hemisphere
controls movement
on the right side of
the body.
★ The left side is
where speech,
mathematical
ability, calculation
and logic is located.
RIGHT
HEMISPHE
RE
★ The right hemisphere controls the
left side of the body.
★ Creativity and intuition are found in
the right hemisphere.
★ It is more adept at visual and
spatial relations.
★ Perceptual tasks seem to be
processed primarily by the right
hemisphere.
★ The right side is better at
LEFT
VERBAL:
HEMISP
HERE
MATHEMATICA
RIGHT
HEMISPHER
NONVERBAL:
E
L: adding, subtracting,
SPATIAL: solving spatial
speaking,
understanding, reading, and
writing.
multiplying, calculus,
physics.
ANALYTIC: analyzing
separate pieces that make up a
whole.
understanding simple sentences
and words.
problems such as geometry.
HOLISTIC: combining
parts that
make up a whole.
The Positron Emission
Tomography (PET) is an
imaging technique used to
see which brain areas are
being activated while
performing tasks.
How psychologists study
the
brain
(examples)
Computerized axial
magnetic resonance
tomography (cat):
An imaging
technique used to
pinpoint injuries and
brain deterioration
Electroencephalograph:
imaging (mri)
an imaging
technique used to
study brain structure
and activity
Section 3
The Nervous System is one of
two communication systems for
sending information to and from
the brain; the second is the
endocrine system.
The endocrine system sends
chemical messages called
hormones, which are produced in
the endocrine glands and are
distributed by the blood and other
body fluids
Endocrine Gland
Hormones affect:
● growth of bodily structures such as muscles & bones
● metabolic processes
The hormone called testosterone is the physical difference
between boys and girls
Another Name for the endocrine gland is called ductless
glands because they release hormones directly into the
bloodstream.
Hormones also act in the brain to directly influence your
moods and drives
Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland acts as the master
gland which is located near the midbrain
and the hypothalamus, secretes a large
number of hormones, many of which
control the output of hormones by other
endocrine glands.
The hypothalamus monitors the amount of
hormones in the blood and sends out
messages to correct imbalances.
What do the Hormones do:
carry messages to organs involved
in regulating and storing nutrients
control growth and reproduction ie:
ovulation and lactation
It also controls the functions of
hunger, thirst and sexual behaviour.
Sex Glands
There are two sex glands:
-males (testes) - produces
testosterone & sperm
-females (ovaries) - produces
eggs, estrogen & progesterone
Testosterone:
- helps decide the sex of a fetus
-important for growth of
muscles, bones, sex
characteristics
-responsible for male sex
characteristics
Estrogen & Progesterone:
-regulates the reproductive
cycle
-variances may occur causing
premenstrual syndrome
throughout the menstrual cycle
Thyroid Gland
The thyroid gland produces
the hormone thyroxine which
stimulates certain chemical
reactions that are important
for all tissues of the body.
Too little thyroxine makes
people feel lazy and have
hypothyroidism, while too
much may cause people to
lose weight and have
hyperthyroidism.
hypothyroidism: lethargic
hyperthyroidism: when sleep
is overactive
Adrenal Glands
The adrenal glands become
active when a person is angry
or frightened.
They release adrenaline and
noradrenaline into the
bloodstream.
They secrete:
- extra energy
- cortical steroids
Hormones VS Neurotransmitters
THE DIFFERENCE
When a chemical is used as a
neurotransmitter, it is released right
beside the cell that it is it exhibit on
inhibit. When a chemical is used as a
hormone, it is released into the blood,
which diffuses it throughout the body.
Both hormones and
neurotransmitters work to affect the
nervous system.
Vocabulary:
Endocrine Gland: a chemical communication system, using
hormones, by which messages are sent through the bloodstream
Hormones: chemical substances that carry messages through the
body in blood
Pituitary Gland: the center of control of the endocrine system that
secretes a large number of hormones
Thyroid Gland: a large ductless gland in the neck that secretes
hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of
metabolism
Adrenal Glands: produce hormones that help control heart rate,
blood pressure, the way the body uses food, the levels of minerals
and other functions involved in stress reactions
Sex Glands: an endocrine gland that produces the gametes of an
organism ie: sperm & eggs
Secti
on 4
Key words
Heredity and
Environment
Heredity: The genetic transmission of
characteristics from parent to their
offspring
Identical twins- Twins who come from
one fertilized eg; twins having the same
heredity
Gene- The basic building blocks of
heredity
Fraternal twins- Twins who come from
two different eggs fertilized by two
different sperm
Main Idea
Heredity is the transmission of characteristics from
parent to children. Environment is the world around you.
Heredity and environment affect your body and behavior.
Nature vs. Nurture
One of the oldest arguments in the history of
psychology is the Nature vs Nurture debate. Each
of these sides offer such solid arguments that it
makes it difficult to decide whether a person's
development is predisposed in his DNA, or a
majority of it is influenced by this life experiences
and his environment
Nurture refers to environment factors, such as
family, culture, education, and individual
experiences. Sir Francis Galton became one of the
first to preach the importance of nature in the
modern era . He found that success ran in families
and concluded that heredity was the cause.
Genes and
Genes are the basic units of heredity
Behavior
They are reproduced and passed along from parent to child
All the effects that genes have on behavior occur through their role
in building and modifying through their role in building and
modifying and physical structures of the body
Those structures must interact with their environment to produce
behavior
Twin
studies
Twins growing up in the same
house share the same general
environment, but identical twins
also share the same genes. So, if
identical twins who grow up
together prove to be more alike on
a specific trait than fraternal twins
do, it probably means that genes
are important for that trait.
The
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Bibliography