Unit 4: Cell Communication
Objectives:
• 2.C.1: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to maintain their
internal environments and respond to external environmental
changes
• 2.D.3: Biological systems are affected by disruptions to their
dynamic homeostasis
• 2.D.4: Plants and animals have a variety of chemical defenses
against infections that affect dynamic homeostasis
• 3.C.3: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection
can introduce genetic variation into the hosts
• 3.D.2: Cells communicate with each other through direct contact
with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling
• 3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with
cellular response
Warm-UP: Compare the two types of communication in
the models at right. What advantages are there to each?
Disadvantages? Why would an organism benefit from
being able to do each?
Homework DUE tomorrow: 10 Key Ideas 11.1
Due NOW: Cell Communication POGIL
Homework DUE Friday: Unit 3 Test Make UP
Unit 4 Test: 12/17/15
Unit 4: Cell Communication
Big Idea: The Signal Transduction Pathway is a series of
events that begins with (1) a cell receiving an external signal
(ligands) that (2) binds to ligand-specific receptors (integral
proteins) which causes (3) cells to make changes that result
(4) in a response.
3 MODELS:
• Endocrine: Pancreas cells communicate to liver cells from
a distance via hormones in order to regulate blood sugar
content
• Paracrine: Neurons are cells that communicate through
direct contact using neurotransmitters.
• Between Organisms: Antigens (virus particles) bind to
antibodies (receptors on immune system cells) cause the
specific immune response
Signal Transduction Pathway
1. Signal (ligand)
• a molecule that “fits” the
receptor protein (ligand specific)
• produced by other cells
• effects only target cells
• Examples:
• Endocrine: Hormone:
insulin
• Paracrine:
Neurotransmitter:
adrenaline
• Between Organisms:
Antigens (pieces of viruses):
flu
2. Reception
3. Transduction
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/in
sidestory/
4. Response
Signal Transduction Pathway
1. Signal (ligand)
• a molecule that “fits” the
receptor protein (ligand specific)
• produced by other cells
• effects only target cells
• Examples:
• Endocrine: Hormone:
insulin
• Paracrine:
Neurotransmitter:
adrenaline
• Between Organisms:
Antigens (pieces of viruses):
flu
2. Reception
3. Transduction
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cells/in
sidestory/
4. Response
Signal Transduction Pathway
1. Signal (ligand)
2. Reception
• ligand binds to receptor protein
• receptor protein is changed
3. Transduction
4. Response
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtVb7r8aHco
Signal Transduction Pathway
1. Signal (ligand)
2. Reception
• receptor protein is changed
3. Transduction:
• a series of intracellular (within cell)
changes
• Examples:
• activation of “other” proteins by
phosphorylation
• activation of DNA that results in new
proteins
4. Response
Signal Transduction Pathway
1. Signal (ligand)
2. Reception
• receptor protein is changed
3. Transduction
4. Response: cellular change
• Examples:
• release of new protein into
extracellular fluid
• activation of integral
protein to allow it to
function
• cell division
Warm-UP: Pancreas cells release insulin to target liver
cells when blood sugar is high. Speculate: What do you
think happens in the liver cell’s signal transduction
pathway?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Signal
Reception
Transduction
Response
Homework: Key Ideas 45.2
Due: Key Ideas 11.1
Unit 4 Test: 12/17/15
Endocrine: Pancreas cells communicate to liver cells from a
distance via hormones in order to regulate blood sugar content
Hormones
•
ligands
•
secreted into the circulatory
system from glands
•
communicate regulatory
messages to targets around
the body
•
reach all parts of the body,
but only target cells capable
of responding (i.e. with
protein receptors)
Endocrine: Pancreas cells communicate to liver cells from a
distance via hormones in order to regulate blood sugar content
Hormones
• ligands
• secreted into the circulatory system
from glands
• communicate regulatory messages
to target cells (i.e. cells with
receptors) around the body
• 2 types:
– proteins:
• secreted by exocytosis
• target surface receptors
• insulin and glucagon
– lipids:
• target receptors on inside
of cell
• diffuse across the cell
membrane
• steroids: testosterone
Endocrine: Pancreas cells communicate to liver cells from a
distance via hormones in order to regulate blood sugar content
Insulin/Glucagon Model: maintain glucose
homeostasis
1.
Signal: insulin produced by pancreas due to
high blood sugar
2. Reception: Insulin receptor on liver cell
3. Transduction:
•
activation of glut 4 transporter
•
translocation of glut 4 into cell
membrane
•
activation of enzymes: glycogen
synthase, phosphofructokinase, fatty
acid synthase
4. Response:
•
glucose diffusion by facilitated diffusion
through glut 4
•
glycogen polymerization by glycogen
synthase
•
glycolysis by phosphofructokinase
•
fatty acid synthesis by fatty acid
synthase
Endocrine: Pancreas cells communicate to liver cells from a
distance via hormones in order to regulate blood sugar content
Insulin/Glucagon Model: maintain glucose
homeostasis
1.
Signal: insulin produced by pancreas due to
high blood sugar
2. Reception: Insulin receptor on liver cell
3. Transduction:
•
activation of glut 4 transporter
•
translocation of glut 4 into cell
membrane
•
activation of enzymes: glycogen
synthase, phosphofructokinase, fatty
acid synthase
4. Response:
•
glucose diffusion by facilitated diffusion
through glut 4
•
glycogen polymerization by glycogen
synthase
•
glycolysis by phosphofructokinase
•
fatty acid synthesis by fatty acid
synthase
Insulin Glucagon Whiteboard
Team
1. Insulin just having
bonded to insulin
receptor
2. Insulin binding causes
transduction
3. Transduction due to
insulin causes
response: decrease in
blood glucose levels
4. Glucagon just having
binded to glucagon
receptor
5. Glucagon binding
causes transduction
6. Transduction due to
glucagon causes
response: increase in
blood glucose levels
Guiding Questions:
1. Is the person’s blood sugar hyperglycemic
(high), hypoglycemic (low), or at
homeostasis (just right)?
2. What has happened to: glucose molecules,
integral proteins, enzymes?
3. Why has the cell responded this way? How
does what’s shown help an organism
maintain homeostasis?
Terms to Consider Drawing/Using:
phospholipid, integral protein, activation,
ligand, ligand receptor, glut 4 transporter,
blood, glucose, fatty acid transporter,
enzyme, fatty acid synthase, glycogen
synthase, glycogen, glucagon, insulin,
insulin receptor, glucagon receptor,
glycogen phosphorylase
Warm-UP: What could go wrong with this Signal
Transduction Pathway? Identify 2 possibilities AND suggest
a solution that a medical researcher might investigate.
Unit 4 Test: 12/17/15
Due: Key Ideas 45.2
Homework: Diabetes Drawings
Warm-UP: Neurons communicate via paracrine
signaling. Explain, using the model.
Homework: Concept 48.2 and 3: 10 Total Key Ideas AND Test Fix
Unit 4 Test: 12/17/15
Due: Diabetes Drawings
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4PPZCLnVkA
Paracrine: Neurons are cells that communicate through direct
contact using neurotransmitters.
Neurons: nerve cells
Signal Transduction Pathway:
1. Signal: neurotransmitter
2. Reception: neurotransmitter
receptor/gated ion channel
3. Transduction: voltage-gated
ion channels send electrical
signal down axon
4. Response: neurotransmitter
is released to the next
neuron
Paracrine: Neurons are cells that communicate through direct
contact using neurotransmitters.
Before Signal is received:
• “Resting” membrane potential=
-70mV
• “Net” negative
• Active Transport: Na+/K+
pumps use ATP to pump more +
out than in
To maximize homeostasis with minimum energy investment, organisms use: simple
diffusion (osmosis); surface area to volume ratio; facilitated diffusion; active
transport; or endo/exocytosis.
Active Transport
• some molecules must be pumped
against entropy (against their
concentration gradient)
• ex: proton pump
• “pumping” is the result of an
energy transfer that changes the
shape of the integral protein
• creates a concentration gradient
• advantage: a method for getting
“all” of a molecule to a desired
location
• disadvantage: requires energy
input
Paracrine: Neurons are cells that communicate through direct
contact using neurotransmitters.
1. Signal: adrenaline from
previous neuron
2. Reception: adrenaline gated
ion channel (adrenaline
receptor) opens
• Na+ and K+ diffuse with their
concentration gradients
• More + in than out (remember,
there were more Na+ out than in,
so a net diffusion in)
• “Action” membrane potential=
-55mV
Paracrine: Neurons are cells that communicate through direct
contact using neurotransmitters.
3. Transduction:
• Voltage gated Na+ channels are
stimulated to open
• Na+ diffuse with their
concentration gradients faster
• Even more + in than out
• “Action” membrane potential
= -55mV
Paracrine: Neurons are cells that communicate through direct
contact using neurotransmitters.
3. Transduction:
• Voltage gated Na+ channels are
stimulated to open
• Na+ diffuse with their
concentration gradients faster
• Even more + in than out
• “Action” membrane potential
= -50mV
• Voltage gated Na+ channels stimulate
neighboring channels to open
• “electrical” signal is transferred
down the cell’s axon
Paracrine: Neurons are cells that communicate through direct
contact using neurotransmitters.
3. Transduction
• Voltage gated Na+ channels are
stimulated to open
• Na+ diffuse with their
concentration gradients faster
• Even more + in than out
• “Action” membrane potential
= -50mV
• Voltage gated Na+ channels stimulate
neighboring channels to open
• “electrical” signal is transferred
down the cell’s axon
• Resting membrane potential is
returned= -70mV
• Voltage gated K+ channels are
stimulated to open at =+30mV
• K+ diffuse with their concentration
gradients: more + out than in
3. Paracrine:
Transduction Neurons are cells that communicate
• Voltage
gated neurotransmitters.
Na+ channels are
contact
using
stimulated to open
• Na+ diffuse with their
concentration gradients faster
• Even more + in than out
• “Action” membrane potential
= -50mV
• Voltage gated Na+ channels stimulate
neighboring channels to open
• “electrical” signal is transferred
down the cell’s axon
• Resting membrane potential is
returned= -70mV
• Voltage gated K+ channels are
stimulated to open at =+30mV
• K+ diffuse with their concentration
gradients: more + out than in
• At axon terminal, voltage gated Ca+
channels open
• Ca+ diffuses in, causing vesicles
containing neurotransmitter to be
released
through direct
Paracrine: Neurons are cells that communicate through direct
contact using neurotransmitters.
4. Response: More adrenaline is
released into the synapse by
exocytosis
•
•
Next neuron is stimulated
OR
Muscle contracts
Paracrine: Neurons are cells that communicate through direct
contact using neurotransmitters.
Before “NEXT” Signal is received:
• “Resting” membrane potential
is reestablished= -70mV
• “Net” negative
• Active Transport: Na+/K+
pumps use ATP to pump more +
out than in
Warm-UP: Many drugs work by mimicking
neurotransmitters. For example, morphine (a pain killer)
mimics endorphins, a neurotransmitter responsible for
stimulating neurons that lower the respiratory rate. Use
the model to explain how this works.
Unit 4 Test: 12/17/15
Due: Unit 3 Test Review and 48.1
Homework: Go YOUTUBING: find somepin’ to watch on neurons. Write
down some key ideas as you watch (see my website links for ideas).
Neuron Signal Transduction Pathway Movie
4
Using a whiteboard,
make a “movie”
showing a neuron in the
different parts of the
signal transduction
pathway.
5
3
6
1
2
7
8. Show the end of the neuron with the response
Parts to consider drawing/labeling: cell membrane,
adrenaline, K+, Na+, Ca+, Vesicle, Na+/K+ pump,
adrenaline gated ion channel, voltage gated Na+
channel, voltage gated K+ channel
Requirements: your
“movie” must be
labeled, careful, and
show a minimum of 15
steps from beginning to
end of the “box”.
Warm-UP: When athletes sweat, they drink electrolytes
to replenish their lost ions. How does this help neuron
function? Use the model to explain.
Unit 4 Test: 12/17/15
Due: Video Notes from a video of your
choosing
Homework: Neuron Function Handout
Warm-UP: Compare your team’s number to one other.
Same/different?
Unit 4 Test: 12/17/15
Due: Neuron Handout
Homework: Neuron Poster due Thursday
Team
K+
Na+
Na+ voltage door
K+ voltage door
Na+/K+ pump
Neurotransmitter ion
door
Ca2+
Neurotransmitter
ATP needed?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Neuron Change Poster
Draw and label a neuron with one of the
following changes:
1. Loss of ions due to sweating during
exercise
2. Slight decrease in pH of surrounding fluid
due to increase in carbonic acid (from
CO2)
3. Cocaine acts as competitive inhibitor for
Na+ voltage gated ion channel
4. Lack of calcium in diet
5. Alcohol opens voltage gated K+ channels:
causes “hyperpolarization”
6. Lack of ATP due to lack of oxygen in brain
cell
7. “Learning” causes extra axons to reach
the same dendrite, so more adrenaline is
sent.
Key Ideas to Highlight
1. Which parts of the
neuron are stopped?
2. Which part of the Signal
Transduction Pathway is
directly affected?
Indirectly affected?
Signal, Reception,
Transduction, Response
3. Describe the overall
impact this will have on
neuron activity AND the
individual.
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/SP/SP.236/S09/lecturenotes/drugchart.htm
Neuron Change Poster
Terms:
• ligand
• K+
• Na+
• Ca2+
• vesicle
• Na+/K+ pump
• Na+ voltage gated
channel
• K+ voltage gated channel
• signal
• reception
• transduction
• response
• neurotransmitter
• resting membrane
potential
• action potential
• vesicle
• exocytosis
• active transport
• facilitated diffusion
• ATP, ADP, P
• active site
• Ca2+ voltage gated
channel
• Neurotransmitter
receptor/gated ion
channel
Neuron Change Poster
4 Advanced
3 Proficient
2 Basic
1 Below Basic
Scientific
Vocabulary
ALL words are
used correctly
Most words are
used correctly
Most words are
used, some
correctly
Some words
are used
correctly
Labeled
Molecular
Drawings
Drawings are
detailed and help
explain
Drawings help
Drawings are
explain some things complete but lack
detail
Drawings are
incomplete
Explanations
of changes
from
normal,
connects to
effects on
organism
Poster clearly
explains the
details of how
changes can lead
to organismal
changes
Poster explains
changes, but lacks
details about the
process
Project has
very little
information
about
changes.
Poster shows
changes but lacks
complete
explanation of
how the small
changes have
organismal effects
Warm-UP: When ADULTS drink alcohol, the alcohol (a competitive
inhibitor) binds to K+ voltage gated channels and keeps them
open, causing a hyperpolarization (making the resting
membrane potential even more negative). How does this
hurt neuron function? Use the model to explain.
Unit 4 Test: 12/17/15
Homework: Neuron Poster due Tomorrow
Warm-UP: How do immune system cells
“communicate”? Guess, using the model below:
DUE
NOW:
Neuron
Poster
Unit 4 Test: 12/17/15
Homework:
Virus Life Cycle
Between Organisms: Antigens (virus particles) bind to
antibodies (receptors on immune system cells) cause the
specific immune response
Viruses:
• not cells
• not alive
– can’t reproduce
themselves (obligate
intracellular parasites)
– require host
– don’t eat
• very small
• parts
– nucleic acid
– protein coat (called a
capsid)
• nucleic acid may be:
– DNA: DNA virus
– RNA: RNA virus (a
retrovirus)
Between Organisms: Antigens (virus particles) bind to
antibodies (receptors on immune system cells) cause the
specific immune response
Viruses: Life Cycle:
1. virus bonds to
protein receptors on
host cell membrane
2. viral genome enters
the host cell either
by injecting DNA
through protein
channels or
endocytosis
3. host cell
polymerizes viral
proteins and DNA
4. viral proteins and
DNA assemble into
new viruses
5. new viruses exit cell
either by lysing host
cell or exocytosis http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K7yku3sa4Y8
Between Organisms: Antigens (virus particles) bind to
antibodies (receptors on immune system cells) cause the
specific immune response
Viruses: Life Cycle:
1. virus bonds to
protein receptors on
host cell membrane
2. viral genome enters
the host cell either
by injecting DNA
through protein
channels or
endocytosis
3. host cell
polymerizes viral
proteins and DNA
4. viral proteins and
DNA assemble into
new viruses
5. new viruses exit cell
either by lysing host
cell or exocytosis
Between Organisms: Antigens (virus particles) bind to
antibodies (receptors on immune system cells) cause the
specific immune response
Viruses: Life Cycle:
1. virus bonds to
protein receptors on
host cell membrane
2. viral genome enters
the host cell either
by injecting DNA
through protein
channels or
endocytosis
3. host cell
polymerizes viral
proteins and DNA
4. viral proteins and
DNA assemble into
new viruses
5. new viruses exit cell
either by lysing host
cell or exocytosis
Between Organisms: Antigens (virus particles) bind to
antibodies (receptors on immune system cells) cause the
specific immune response
Viruses: Life Cycle:
1. virus bonds to
protein receptors on
host cell membrane
2. viral genome enters
the host cell either
by injecting DNA
through protein
channels or
endocytosis
3. host cell
polymerizes viral
proteins and DNA
4. viral proteins and
DNA assemble into
new viruses
5. new viruses exit cell
either by lysing host
cell or exocytosis
Between Organisms: Antigens (virus particles) bind to
antibodies (receptors on immune system cells) cause the
specific immune response
Viruses: Life Cycle:
1. virus bonds to
protein receptors on
host cell membrane
2. viral genome enters
the host cell either
by injecting DNA
through protein
channels or
endocytosis
3. host cell
polymerizes viral
proteins and DNA
4. viral proteins and
DNA assemble into
new viruses
5. new viruses exit cell
either by lysing host
cell or exocytosis
Between Organisms: Antigens (virus particles) bind to
antibodies (receptors on immune system cells) cause the
specific immune response
Viruses: Life Cycle:
1. virus bonds to
protein receptors on
host cell membrane
2. viral genome enters
the host cell either
by injecting DNA
through protein
channels or
endocytosis
3. host cell
polymerizes viral
proteins and DNA
4. viral proteins and
DNA assemble into
new viruses
5. new viruses exit cell
either by lysing host
cell or exocytosis
Warm-UP: Watch the video: Compare H5N1 to
other flus. Same, different?
As you watch, think about: How do viruses hurt you? Why do some
viruses, like the flu, only hurt temporarily, while others, like polio,
cause permanent damage? Why can we sometimes fight back and
win, but other times we lose?
http://www.pb
s.org/wgbh/no
va/body/1918flu.html
http://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=hJM6M3
AMwSs
Homework:
Immunity
POGIL
Between Organisms: Antigens (virus particles) bind to
antibodies (receptors on immune system cells) cause the
specific immune response
Viruses: Life Cycle:
1. virus bonds to
protein receptors on
host cell membrane
2. viral genome enters
the host cell either
by injecting DNA
through protein
channels or
endocytosis
3. host cell
polymerizes viral
proteins and DNA
4. viral proteins and
DNA assemble into
new viruses
5. new viruses exit cell
either by lysing host
cell or exocytosis
Between Organisms: Antigens (virus particles) bind to
antibodies (receptors on immune system cells) cause the
specific immune response
The Immune Response
1. Non-specific:
• macrophages
• attach to and ingest by
endocytosis
• Vesicle becomes a
lysosome when enzymes
are added
• kill foreign bodies
indiscriminately b.c. the
signal is general
• Ex: presence of a capsid
causes macrophages to
attach
2. Specific
a. Cell-Mediated Response
1.5 µm
b. Humoral Response
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnlULOjUhSQ
Between Organisms: Antigens (virus particles) bind to
antibodies (receptors on immune system cells) cause the
specific immune response
The Immune Response
1. Non-specific:
• macrophages
• attach to and ingest by
endocytosis
• Vesicle becomes a
lysosome when enzymes
are added
• kill foreign bodies
indiscriminately b.c. the
signal is general
• Ex: presence of a capsid
causes macrophages to
attach
2. Specific
a. Cell-Mediated Response
1.5 µm
b. Humoral Response
Between Organisms: Antigens (virus particles) bind to
antibodies (receptors on immune system cells) cause the
specific immune response
The Immune Response
1. Non-specific:
• macrophages
• attach to and ingest by
endocytosis
• Vesicle becomes a
lysosome when enzymes
are added
• kill foreign bodies
indiscriminately b.c. the
signal is general
• Ex: presence of a capsid
causes macrophages to
attach
2. Specific
a. Cell-Mediated Response
1.5 µm
b. Humoral Response
Warm-UP: Describe the Signal Transduction
Pathway in the helper T cell. How might a
breakdown in this part of the immune system affect
the rest of the immune response?
Due for a Stamp: Immune System POGIL; Stamp Sheets DUE NOW
Homework: ELISA pre-lab questions
1.5 µm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQGOcOUBi6s
Between Organisms: Antigens (virus particles) bind to
antibodies (receptors on immune system cells) cause the
specific immune response
1. Non-specific:
2. Specific
a. Cell-Mediated Response: T cells
• made in the thymus gland
• 2 kinds:
• helper T cells
1. Signal: virus, antigen, or
antigen presenting cells
(macrophage or infected cell)
2. Reception: “correct” T cell: all T
cells possible are present at
birth; T cells with antigen
specific receptor for present
virus/antigen receives signal
3. Transduction: production of
cytokines
4. Response: release of cytokines
(signal that causes killer T cells
1.5Bµm
and
cells to respond)
b. Humoral Response
Between Organisms: Antigens (virus particles) bind to
antibodies (receptors on immune system cells) cause the
specific immune response
1. Non-specific:
2. Specific
a. Cell-Mediated Response: T cells
• made in the thymus gland
• 2 kinds:
• killer T cells
• attach to infected cells
• release perforin (a
nonspecific integral protein)
• causes lysis of infected cells
b. Humoral Response
1.5 µm
Between Organisms: Antigens (virus particles) bind to
antibodies (receptors on immune system cells) cause the
specific immune response
1. Non-specific:
2. Specific
a. Cell-Mediated Response
b. Humoral Response: B cells
• made in the bone marrow
• 2 types
• active:
1. Signal: virus/antigen/antigen
presenting cell
2. Reception: “selection” of
“correct” B cell
3. Transduction: cell division;
production of antibodies
4. Response: release of
antibodies
1.5 µm
Between Organisms: Antigens (virus particles) bind to
antibodies (receptors on immune system cells) cause the
specific immune response
1. Non-specific:
2. Specific
a. Cell-Mediated Response
b. Humoral Response: B cells
• made in the bone marrow
• 2 types
• memory: “correct” B cells are
cloned and stored in case of
2ndry exposure
1.5 µm
Between Organisms: Antigens (virus particles) bind to
antibodies (receptors on immune system cells) cause the
specific immune response
1. Non-specific:
2. Specific
a. Cell-Mediated Response
b. Humoral Response: antibodies
• bind to virus and act as competitive
inhibitor to stop virus from infecting
more cells
1.5 µm
Lab: ELISA: Enzyme-linked
Immunosorbent Assay
Meow. . . Meow. . . Meoooow! Obviously, it is time for your cat
Garfield to come in. You go to the back door and see your big orange
cat sitting on the back porch with a gift for you. Usually the gift he
brings is small and furry such as a mouse or shrew. He is a very
successful hunter and uses the nearby field as his hunting ground. His
gift today is definitely unusual, it’s a dead pigeon. There are no signs of
obvious trauma to the pigeon. You realize that Garfield was lazy and
just brought you a dead bird that he simply found. Your next thought
is, “How did it die?” Then you remember hearing in the news about a
disease called the bird or avian flu. You get a little worried because
you’ve heard that this type of flu may spread from wild birds to other
animals like pigs, cats, and possibly humans. You decide that you had
better call the county health department to let them know what you
found. You are told to wrap the bird up in plastic to prevent
contamination, and bring it, as well as Garfield, to the health
department so they can be tested for bird flu.
Lab: ELISA: Enzyme-linked
Immunosorbent Assay
Question: Does Garfield have antibodies for
H5N1?
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/1918-flu.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/pande
mic-flu.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ
Pipetting Practice
1. Adjust your micropipette:
a.
50.0 uL, 5.0 uL, or 125 uL
2. Make drops of your volume:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
1st stop
Into the solution
Release
Out of the solution
Eject: to the 2nd stop
Perfection?: TOUCH the drop to “unstick” the last bit
3. REMINDERS
–
–
–
–
–
No double dipping
Close tip box lids
Keep your hands, breath, etc. to yourself
Sterilize everything: before, during, and after
Small volumes DO NOT equal no volume: Use a
microcentrifuge!
Warm-UP:
Sketch the model. Label it with the following:
H5 Antigen
Antibody for H5
Antibody for Antibody for H5
Peroxidase
Peroxidase Substrate
Homework for tomorrow: Analysis and Conclusion for lab due
(I will collect)
Unit Test Thursday. Be ready to study in class tomorrow.
Tips for Tips
• Using your micropippeter:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
1st stop
Into the solution
Release
Out of the solution
Eject: to the 2nd stop
Perfection?: TOUCH the drop to “unstick” the last bit
• Ensure you have the “right” micropipette and tip for
the job.
• Do not cross-contaminate your wells. Spread out.
Keep track of what you’re doing.
• Use new “transfer” pipettes when you’re unsure if
you’ve contaminated something. No double dipping
• Small volumes DO NOT equal no volume
BEFORE YOU LEAVE:
• RECORD COLOR CHANGE on your chart of your 96 well
plate
• CLEAN UP:
– Garbage:
•
•
•
•
transfer pipettes
paper towels
used tips
used 96 well plate
– On front table
• colored minitubes (epitubes)
• micropipettes in tub
• tip box
• Homework for tomorrow: Analysis and Conclusion for lab due (I will
collect)
• Unit Test Thursday. Be ready to study in class tomorrow.
Make sure to label:
heavy chain, light
chain, disulfide bonds,
VDJ segments
HRP (Horseradish Peroxidase)
• peroxidase enzyme
• catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide
(in the wash) to water
• Substrate: TMB
• Product: blue color
Warm-UP:
Find partners who match your handout. One
picture, one graph, one description.
Sit together.
Write a sentence describing what your handouts
are about. AND THEN…Describe strategies you
used to figure out which partners fit with you.
high blood sugar after a meal
insulin produced and excreted by pancreas
insulin receptor has not yet received the
signal
activation of glut 4 transporter
activation of enzymes: glycogen synthase,
phosphofructokinase, fatty acid synthase
blood glucose lowers as glucose diffuses by
facilitated diffusion through glut 4
glycogen polymerization by glycogen
synthase
glycolysis by phosphofructokinase
fatty acid synthesis by fatty acid synthase
high blood sugar after a meal
insulin produced and excreted
by pancreas
insulin receptor is broken and
cannot receive the signal
glucose concentrations remain
high in the blood:
hyperglycemia
Before Signal is received
“Resting” membrane potential=
-70mV
“Net” negative
Active Transport: Na+/K+ pumps
use ATP to pump more + out than
in
Voltage gated Na+ channels are
stimulated to open
Na+ diffuse with their concentration
gradients faster
Even more + in than out
“Action” membrane potential = -20mV
outside of cell
Na+
K+
inside of cell
Signal: adrenaline from previous
neuron
Reception: adrenaline gated ion
channel (adrenaline receptor)
opens
• Na+ and K+ diffuse with their
concentration gradients
• More + in than out
• membrane potential “creeps”
towards threshold potential
= -55mV
Resting membrane potential is -30mV
Voltage gated K+ channels are
stimulated to open
K+ diffuse with their concentration
gradients: more + out than in
outside of cell
Na+
K+
inside of cell
Humoral Response
B cells secrete antibodies
antibodies bind to virus and act as a
competitive inhibitor to stop virus from
infecting more cells
1.5 µm
Humoral Response
“correct” B cells are cloned
and stored in case of 2ndry
exposure
“correct” antibodies bond to
virus before host cells are
infected.
host avoids being sick
1.5 µm
Non-specific
macrophages
attach to and ingest by
endocytosis
kill foreign bodies
indiscriminately b.c. the signal
is general
1.5 µm
Between Organisms: Antigens (virus particles) bind to
antibodies (receptors on immune system cells) cause the
specific immune response
Label: Primary Response
1. virus infects the person
2. macrophages kill some
virus
3. helper T-cells release
cytokines, which
activates B cells and
cytotoxic T-cells
4. B-cells are actively
secreting antibodies
5. Viruses are being
eliminated
Between Organisms: Antigens (virus particles) bind to
antibodies (receptors on immune system cells) cause the
specific immune response
Secondary Response:
less virus replicated;
less cells infected; less
time sick
6. more T and B cells
with the matching
antibody
7. less time for T and B
cells to be activated
8. more antibodies
secreted, and
sooner after
infection
insulin binds to receptor
glucose diffuses IN
insulin released
glycogen synthase is made
glut4 added to cell membrane
glucoseglycogen
vesicle binds to membrane, releases
neurotransmitter
neurotransmitter binds to ligand gated Na+ /K+
channel
voltage gated K+ channel opens
voltage gated Na+ channel opens
neurotransmitter released
Ca2+ diffuses IN, binds to vesicle
Na+ diffuses IN slowly, approaching threshold
potential
Na+ diffuses IN quickly: depolarization
K+ diffuses OUT quickly: repolarization
macrophage and infected host cell present antigen
helper T cell binds to antigen presenting cell
B cell releases antibodies
cytotoxic T cell bonds to infected host cells
infected host cells lyse
virus attaches to host cell
cytotoxic T cell divides
infected host cell produces more virus
macrophage kills virus by endocytosis
virus enters host cell
antibodies bond to virus
virus enters host
virus antibody complex is excreted by host
cytotoxic T cell releases perforin
B cell divides
helper T cell releases cytokines