Section 2
The Church in the
Middle Ages (67-118)
Section 2,
Part 3
The High (and Late)
Middle Ages (pp.
98-118)
Introduction
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High Middle Ages (1000-1350) and Late Middle Ages (1350-1500)
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Monastic reform and form
Building advances led to architectural advances of Gothic Cathedrals
Universities and scholasticism grew in towns around cathedrals
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Period of intense religious and secular European society
Catalyzed by ancient Greek works brought to west by crusaders
Eucharistic theology and devotion emerged as defended from heresy
Inquisitions one defended teachings of Lateran IV; one national
Five Articles
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(A. 22) – New Religious Orders (pp. 99-103)
(A. 23) – Medieval Cathedrals: Works of Beauty and Inspiration (pp. 103106)
(A. 24) – Scholastics and Medieval Universities (pp. 106-109)
(A. 25) – The Eucharist: Heresies, Teachings, and Devotions (pp. 110-113)
(A. 26) – Understanding the Inquisitions (pp. 113-117)
Article 22: New Religious Orders (pp. 99-103)
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Developments in Religious Life during the High Middle Ages
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Renewal of Benedictine monasticism
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Roots in 909 with monastery in Cluny, France
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Carthusians (Bruno) and Cistercians (Bernard) were founded in 11th century
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Adaptations of St. Benedict’s Rule—austere hermits and poor solitary monks who labor (advances)
New Religious Orders--Mendicants (beggars = hand to mouth)
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Renewal outside the monastery walls; active lifestyle with apostolate; mobile; begging
Franciscans—Order of Friars Minor (OFM)—St. Francis of Assisi (1180/81-1226)
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Biography of Francis
Approval of first mendicant rule in 1209 by Innocent III
Friars vs. monks
Spirituality of poverty and imitation of Christ = renewal at the time
Still alive today = Pope Francis and Prayer of St. Francis
Dominicans—Order of Preachers (OP)—St. Dominic de Guzman (1170-1221)
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Return to rule and spirit of St. Benedict, true discipleship, poverty and simplicity, freedom from lay
Spread throughout Europe by 1050
Educated traveling friars to teach and preach against heresy, esp. Albigensianism
Approved in 1215 by Innocent III and spread in western and central Europe
Communal houses near universities (Paris, Bologna, … )
St. Thomas Aquinas—most famous Black Friar
Female Religious Orders—founder of Poor Clares = first mendicant order/rule for
women; previously Scholatines—monastic order for women
Homework
 For Thursday:
 Read pp. 103-109 (AA. 23-24) in the e-Book
for discussion in class Thursday
 P. 118; 1-3
Article 23: Medieval Cathedrals: Works of
Beauty and Inspiration (pp. 103-106)
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Church architectural changes: house; simple stone; basilicas in 313;
regional variances but unchanged until 1000; cathedrals
Each major town had its own cathedral—center of life (Christian)
No expense was spared—large, grand, precious, intricate
Reciprocal relationship of cathedral to population growth (skilled)
Workers were master artisans and engineers
Multi-generational project—size, time, money = centrality of faith
Gothic vs. Romanesque type
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(R): hugh pillars, rounded arches, stone roofs, thick fortress walls, small
windows but lots of light, cherubs, clouds, light colors, gold leaf
(G): high thin walls, ribbed-vault ceilings, tall spires, flying buttresses, airy,
graceful, stained glass (rose on west nave wall; catechesis), gargoyles
Interior aspects: chancel (choir) for the Divine Office, high altar,
cathedra, side chapels for private masses vs. people’s mass, relics of
saints and kings, pulpit for long catechetical sermons, also apse,
transepts, and side aisles (2 or 4)
Medieval cathedral vs. modern day one
Article 24: Scholastics and Medieval
Universities (pp. 106-109)
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Colleges & universities you are pondering have their roots the H.M.A.
First schools attached to monasteries in 6th century
Classes were taught by educated monks and nuns to seminarians
(tonsure) and a primary form of catechesis for laity
As cathedrals developed in the 11th and 12th centuries, schools
developed into universities as teachers and students gathered
Universitas model (guild) for mutual protection: licenses & degrees
Study liberal arts (astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric, logic, math,
geometry) and sciences (theology, law, medicine)
Males at 14: 6 years for a bachelors & 12 more for a master/doctorate
South: law & medicine (Bologna 1088, Salamanca 1218, Padua 1222,
Coimbra 1290, )
North: liberal arts, canon law, & theology—”queen of the sciences”
(Paris 1150, Oxford 1167, Cambridge 1209, Prague 1348, Cracow 1364
80 by 1300; more by 1400; most still open today
Article 24 cont.: Scholastics and Medieval
Universities (pp. 106-109)
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Scholasticism
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1100-1500 in medieval universities
Dialectical method of thinking, teaching, and writing through reasoned
arguments between two or more parties
Object—all scientific knowledge but especially knowledge of God
First principle—faith and reason can be reconciled
Primary objective—reconcile ancient Greek thought (esp. Aristotle) with
traditional Christian thought
Key Figures
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Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109)—Benedictine: theology = faith seeking
understanding; inquire into truths of scripture
Peter Abelard (1079-1142)—lay: theological method; question (quaestio),
investigate (interrogatio), argument, and final resolution (disputatio)
Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)—Dominican; jewel of Scholasticism
John Duns Scotus (1265-1308)—Franciscan: Scripture; Immaculate Conc.
Homework
 Read
pp. 110-117 (AA. 25-26) in the eBook for class discussion Tuesday
 P.
118; 5-7
Article 25: The Eucharist: Heresies,
Teachings, & Devotions (pp. 110-113)
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Heresy of Albigensianism rose in France in the 12th century
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Medieval version of gnosticism—dualistic; matter is bad
Concluded Sacraments and priests are bad, esp. the Eucharist
Bernardo Gui, OP (1262-1331) quote
Church responded with the IV Lateran Council (1215)
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Called by Innocent III (1198-1216)
1200 bishops passed 70 canons
Celibacy, simony, seal of confession, annual confession and Easter
duty, 7 Sacraments, etc…
Transubstantiation
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St. John Chrysostom—words are priest, power is Christ
Council of Trent (1545-1563)—further clarified
Point of distinction between Catholics and Protestants
Article 25 cont.: The Eucharist: Heresies,
Teachings, & Devotions (pp. 110-113)
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St. John Paul II—Eucharist is the life of the Church
Medieval Eucharistic Devotions emerge
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Feast of Corpus Christi
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Eucharistic Adoration
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Thursday or Sunday after Trinity Sunday (Thurs. or Sun. after Trinity Sun.)
Juliana of Liege, Belgium—synod in 1246
Urban IV (1261-1264)—papal bull made universal
Exposed in monstrance or ciborium
St. Franics—religious and priests in Italy
King Louis VIII (1187-1226)—lay; began as thanksgiving for victory over Albi.
St. Clare of Assisi (1194-1253)
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Depicted in religious art with a monstrance
Thomas Celano relates story of Saracen conquest in 1240
Article 26: Understanding the
Inquisitions (pp. 113-117)
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Inquisition—inquire or unfair trial?
Two events (times, purposes, and conduct)—simplifying danger
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U.S.A.—Red Scare and Exploration of America
Medieval (Papal/Roman) Inquisition (conversion stamps out heresy)
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Practice dates back to Constantine in the 4th century
Civil practice of capture and punishment (fines, prison, corporal; death)
Tradition of objection—Ambrose of Milan focused on conversion
Practice dies out with the Roman Empire’s fall to barbarians
Albigensians & Waldensians in 12th prompted re-emergence in 13th
Pope Gregory IX in 1231--Rome & focused on Italy, France, and Germany
Dominican and Franciscan inquisitors—educated, devoted, & free
Tribunal (3)—power to investigate and judge; process
Mistakes—secret, word as evidence, death, abuse of power, climate
Misunderstandings—most penalties canonical, civil executed
Article 26 cont.: Understanding the
Inquisitions (pp. 113-117)
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Spanish Inquisition
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Under Spanish monarchy not Pope Sixtus IV
Facts also over simplified and misunderstood
Began in 15th century (1478-1834)
Political motive of unifying Spain to bolster leadership
First inquisitors and auto da fe in 1481
Pope Sixtus tried to control the inquisition process; Ferdinand rejected
so he lost all control
Targeted recent converts and sinners
First 60 years—3,000 conversos executed
Next 300 years—more trials than executions
Shifted to Protestant focus and then purity of blood for ordinations in
the New World
Timeline on p. 117
Homework
 p.
118; 4, 8-9
 Study
for the 2.3 Quiz tomorrow (pp. 98118; AA. 22-26)
 Make
sure the 2.3 HW is ready to turn in
tomorrow (p. 118; 1-9)