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Biology – the study of life
› Living organisms have 5 basic functions:
 Responsiveness
 Organisms respond to change in their immediate environment
 Growth
 Over their lifetime, organisms increase in size through cell growth
 Reproduction
 Movement
 Metabolism
 Organisms use chemical reactions to create energy for responsiveness, growth, reproduction, and movement

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› “a cutting open”
› The study of internal and external structure and the physical relationships between body parts
› The study of how living organisms perform their vital functions

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Anatomy can be broken down into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy
› Gross (macroscopic) anatomy
 Considers features visible with the unaided eye
 Surface anatomy-study of general form and superficial markings
 Regional anatomy-considers all superficial and internal features in a specific region of the body
 Systemic anatomy-considers the structure of major organ systems
› Microscopic anatomy
 Concerns structures that cannot be seen without magnification
 Subdivided into specialties
 Cytology-analyzes the internal structure of individual cells
 Histology-examines tissues, groups of specialized cells, and cell products that work together to perform specific functions

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Human physiology-Study of the function of the human body
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Cell physiology-study of the functions of living cells
 Both within cells and between cells
Special physiology-study of the physiology of specific organs
Systemic physiology-considers all aspects of the function of specific organ systems
Pathological physiology (pathology)-study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions

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To understand the human body you must understand its levels of organization
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Chemical (molecular) level-a molecule’s specialized shape determines its function
Cellular level-molecules interact to form structures that have specific functions in a cell
Tissue level-tissue is composed of similar cells working together to perform a specific function
Organ level-organs consist of 2+ different tissues working together to perform specific functions
Organ system level-organs interact in organ systems
Organism level-all of the organ systems in the body work together to maintain life and health

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Integumentary system
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Cardiovascular system
Lymphoid system
Respiratory system
Digestive system
Urinary system
Reproductive system

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Structures: Skin, hair, sweat and oil glands
Function:
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Forms external body covering
Protects deeper tissues from injury
Involved in vitamin D synthesis
Prevents desiccation, heat loss, and pathogen entry
Site of pain and pressure receptors

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Structure: 206 bones of the human body
Function:
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Protects and supports body organs
Provides a framework that muscles can use to create movement
Mineral storage
 Bone contains 99% of the body’s store of calcium

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Structures: The 600+ muscles of the body
Function:
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Locomotion
Manipulation of the environment
Maintaining posture
Thermogenesis
(generation of heat)

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Structures: Brain, Spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
Function:
› Fast-acting control system of the body
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Monitoring of the internal and external environment and responding (when necessary) by initiating muscular or glandular activity
Information Assessment

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Structures: Hormone
Secreting Glands
› Pituitary, Thyroid,
Thymus, Pineal,
Parathyroid, Adrenal,
Pancreas, Small
Intestine, Stomach,
Testes, Ovaries, Kidneys,
Heart
Functions:
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Long-term control system of the body
Regulates growth, reproduction, and nutrient use among other things.

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Structures: Heart, Blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries)
Functions:
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The heart pumps blood thru the blood vessels.
Blood provides the transport medium for nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids), gases (O2, CO2), wastes
(urea, creatinine), signaling molecules
(hormones), and heat.

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Structures: Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes,
Spleen, Thymus, Red bone marrow
Functions:
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Returning “leaked” fluid back to the bloodstream
Disposal of debris
Attacking and resisting foreign invaders
(pathogens i.e., diseasecausing organisms)
Absorption of fat from the digestive tract

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Structures: Nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Functions:
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Constantly supply the blood with O2, and remove CO2
Regulate blood pH

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Structures:Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
Functions:
› Ingestion and subsequent breakdown of food into absorbable units that will enter the blood for distribution to the body’s cells

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Structures: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Functions:
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Removal of nitrogenous wastes
Regulation of body’s levels of water, electrolytes, and acidity

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Structures:
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Male: Testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, penis
Female: Ovary, uterine tube, uterus, cervix, vagina, mammary glands
Functions:
› Making Babies

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Homeo (unchanging) + stasis (standing)
Refers to the existence of a stable internal environment; living organisms must maintain homeostasis to survive
Homeostatic regulation-the adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis. Involves 3 parts:
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A receptor-sensitive to a stimulus
A control center-receives and processes receptor information
An effector-responds to the commands of the control center and opposes/reinforces the receptor

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Negative feedback opposes variations from the norm, whereas positive feedback exaggerates them
Negative feedback-regardless of whether the stimulus rises or falls at the receptor, a variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation
Positive feedback-the initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces that stimulus

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Cephalon or head
(Cephalic)
Anterior Position
(Supine)
Posterior Position
(Prone)

Lateral
Distal

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Abdominal: abdominal region
Acromial: the point of the shoulder
Antebrachial: forearm
Antecubital: anterior surface of the elbow
Axillary: armpit
Brachial: upper arm
Buccal: cheek of the face
Calcaneal: heel of the foot
Carpal: wrist
Cephalic: head
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Cervical: neck
Deltoid: round part of the shoulder
Digital: fingers and toes
Dorsum: back
Femoral: thigh
Frontal: forehead
Gluteal: buttocks
Hallux: big toe
Inguinal: groin
Lumbar: lower back
Mammary: breast

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Mental: chin
Nasal: Nose
Occipital: base of the skull
Olecranal: elbow
Oral: mouth
Orbital: bony eye socket
Otic: ear
Palmar: palm of hand
Patellar: Kneecap
Pedal: Foot
Pelvic: pelvis region
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Perineal: area between anus and external genitals
Plantar: sole of foot
Pollex: thumb
Popliteal: behind the knee
Pubic: genital region
Sacral: lower back between the hips
Scapular: shoulder blade
Tarsal: ankle
Thoracic: chest

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Many vital internal organs are housed in chambers called body cavities that have essential functions:
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Protect the organs from shock and cushioning them from jolting that occurs when walking, running, or jumping
Permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs
Dorsal body cavityprotects the nervous system
› Contains the brain and spinal cord

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Ventral body cavity (coelom)-appears early in development and gradually subdivides as the organs it contains grow
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Diaphragm-divides ventral cavity into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
 Thoracic-subdivided into the pericardial cavity
(containing the heart) and 2 pleural cavities
(containing the lungs)
 Abdominopelvic-subdivided into the abdominal cavity (containing the liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine and most of the large intestine) and the pelvic cavity (small portion of the large intestine, urinary bladder, and various reproductive organs)
The internal organs within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called viscera

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Serous
Membranes have two layers
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Parietal serosalines internal body walls
Visceral serosacovers the internal organs
Serous fluid separates the serosae

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RUQ
› Liver
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LUQ
› Spleen
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RLQ
› Appendix
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LLQ
› Sigmoid colon