The Skeletal System
Medical Terminology
Key System Terminology
• Bone -------------------------- oste/o
• Bone marrow ---------------myel/o
» Note myel/o also means spine
• Joints ----------------------- arthr/o
• Cartilage ------------------- chondr/o
• Bursa ----------------------- burs/o
Bone Anatomy
– Diaphysis
• Medullary cavity
– Yellow marrow
– Epiphysis
• Red marrow
– Compact bone
• Lamellar bone
– Spongy bone
• Trabecular bone
– Periosteum
– Endosteum
– Articular cartilage
– Epiphyseal plate
– Ligament – connects
bone to bone
• Tendon
• Axial skeleton
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80 bones
Skull
Spine
Thoracic cage
• Appendicular skeleton
– 126 bones
– Shoulder girdle + arm
– Hip girdle + leg
206 bones
• Cranium
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Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
• Face
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Zygomatic
Maxillary
Mandible
Palatine
Lacrimal
Vomer
Hyoid Bone
• Ribs (rib = costal) [12 pairs]
• True (7)
• False (3)
• Floating (2)
• Sternum
– Manubrium
– Body
– Xiphoid
• Shoulder
– Clavicle
– Scapula
• Acromion Process
• Arm
– Humerus
– Radius
– Ulna ( & olecranon process)
• Wrist & Hand
– Carpals
– Metacarpals
– Phalanges
• Spine
– Vertebrae
• Cervical (7)
• Thoracic (12)
• Lumbar (5)
• Sacrum (5)
• Coccyx (4)
– Intervertebral Discs
• Pelvic Girdle (hip/ Coxa)
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Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Sacrum
Acetabulum
• Legs
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Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
• Ankle & Foot
– Tarsals
• Talus
• Calcaneus
• Lateral & Medial
Malleolus
– Metatarsals
– Phalanges
Skeletal System Structures in Medical Terminology
• Oste/o = bone
• Chondr/o = cartilage
• Arthr/o = joints
• Myel/o = bone marrow
» Note: also can mean spine
• Burs/o = bursa
• Cost/o = rib
Joints (Articulations)
• Functional classification based upon
movement:
– immovable
= synarthrosis
– slightly movable = amphiarthrosis
– freely movable = diarthrosis
• Most are diarthrosis
– Also called synovial joints
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Joints
Synovial Membrane
Synovial Fluid
Bursa
Articulations
Ligaments
(compare to
tendons)
• Bursa
– A sac made up of:
• Synovial membrane
• Synovial fluid
Medical Specialists of the Skeletal System
• Orthopedist
– Those with a medical school degree
– Those with a osteopathic school degree
• Chiropracter
– All diseases center around spinal mal-alignment
• Podiatrist
• Orthotics
Pathology of the Skeletal System
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Ankylosis (ankyl/o = stiff; bent)
Arthralgia
Arthrosclerosis
Bursitis
Chondroma
Chondromalacia (-malacia= abnormal softening)
Hallux valgus (bunion; big toe bent towards other toes)
Luxation
Synovitis
Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Ankylosing Spondylitis (spondyl = vertebrae)
– This is a type of rheumatoid arthritis
• Talipes (club foot)
Pathology of the Skeletal System
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Spine
Herniated disc
Lumbago
Spina bifida
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Scoliosis
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Pathology of the Skeletal System
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Bone
Exostosis (callus)
Osteomalacia
Osteitis deformans
Periostitis
Osteochondroma
Osteoporosis
Fractures
• Closed (simple)
• Open (compound)
• Colles’