Anatomy & Physiology I
Study Objectives
Skeletal System
Be able To:
1. Describe the two systems used to classify bones by shape and by position in the
skeleton. Give examples of bones in each class.
2. Describe the five functions of the skeletal system.
3. Draw and label a typical long bone’s gross anatomy. Include the following terms:
epiphysis, diaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, spongy bone, compact bone,
medullary cavity, yellow, red marrow, endosteum, epiphyseal plate/line
4. Describe three types of bone cells. Compare their locations and functions.
5. Describe the typical structure of spongy/woven/cancellous bone. Use the terms
trabeculae/spicule.
6. Draw a cross section of compact/osteon bone labeling all microscopic structures.
Describe how this is live tissue which is both strong and slightly flexible.
7. In a paragraph, describe intramembranous ossification process: where, how, what
bones?
8. Describe the process of endochondral ossification including primary and
secondary ossification centers.
9. Describe lengthwise bone growth. Include a detailed layer drawing of the
epiphyseal plate. What controls this process? When does it end?
10. In contrast, describe diametric bone growth. When does it occur? How does it
differ from lengthwise bone growth?
11. Explain the term bone remodeling. Describe several time periods in the human
life cycle when remodeling occurs.
12. Explain the role of calcitonin (thyroid hormone) and osteoblast cells in mineral
deposition in bone tissue.
13. Explain the role of parathyroid hormone ((PTH) and osteoclast cells in mineral
reabsorption in bone tissue.
14. Explain the negative feedback loop of hormonal control seen in the opposing
cycles involving blood levels of Ca+.
15. Explain the three types of arthritis: osteo, rheumatoid, and gouty. Compare and
contrast their causes, symptoms, locations, and occurrence.
16. Define osteoporosis and discuss contributing factors and preventative measures.
17. Briefly describe the following skeletal disorders: sprain, dislocation, fracture.
18. Define and explain the role of skeletal system accessory structures listed below:
Ligament, tendon, meniscus, bursa, tendon sheath.
Articulations
1. List the three functional classifications of joints. Define and list examples of each
type: Diarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, synarthrotic.
2. Given the following three structural/anatomical classifications of joints, list the
specific subgroups and examples of each type: fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.
3. Draw and label a typical synovial joint using the following terms: articular
cartilage, joint capsule, synovial membrane, joint cavity, synovial fluid.
4. Explain how a synovial joint functions in lubrication, protection, shock
absorption, and range of motion.
5. Define and explain the following “motion” terms; apply them to specific joints in
the body: monaxial, biaxial, triaxial, flexion, extension, rotation, abduction,
adduction.