Matter and
Classification of Matter
Edited by: Hoang, Van Hung
Contents
1. Some related terminologies
2. Definition of Matter
a. Pure Substance
• Element
• Compound
b. Mixture
• Homogeneous mixture
• Heterogeneous mixture
3. Properties of Matter
• Chemical Properties
• Physical Properties
4. States and Changing States of Matter
Related terminologies
Considerably [kən'sidərəbli]
Constituent [kən'stitjuənt]
Discrete [dis'kri:t]
Alcohol ['ælkəhɔl]
Atom ['ætəm]
Atomic[ə'tɔmik]
Element [elimənt]
Biology [baiɔlədzi]
Heterogeneous[hetəroudzi:niəs]
Category [kætigɔri]
Homogeneous [hɔməu’dzi:niəs]
Cement [si'ment]
[‚həʊməʊ'dʒiːnɪəs]
Classification [,klæsifi'kei∫n]
Component [kəm'pounənt] Hydrogen ['haidrədʒən]
Composition [,kɔm pə’zin] Intermingle [,intə'miηgl]
Compound ['kɔmpaund]
Identity[ai'dentəti]
Related terminologies
Matter ['mætə]
Separate ['sepəreit]
Mixture ['mikst∫ə]
Molecular [mou'lekjulə]
Molecule ['mɔlikju:l]
Solution [sə'lu:∫n]
Naturally ['næt∫rəli]
Oxygen ['ɔksidʒən]
Possible ['pɔsəbl]
Property ['prɔpəti]
Proportion [prə'pɔ:∫n]
Quantity ['kwɔntəti]
Substance ['sʌbstəns]
Terminology [təminɔlədzi]
Thoroughly ['θʌrəli]
Variable ['veəriəbl]
Ultimately ['ʌltimətli]
Classification of Matter
Matter
Mixtures
Homogeneous
Mixture (solution)
Heterogeneous
Mixture
Substances
Compound
Element
Gaseous Solution
Liquid Solution
Solid Solution
Definition of Matter
Matter is any thing that has mass and
occupies space
Liquid
Solid
Gas
Matter includes things we can touch, as well as thing we canot.
All matter can be either pure substances or a mixtures.
Pure Substance
A substance is a form of matter that has a
definite composition and distinct properties.
Water
NaCl
Substances differ from one another in composition
Substances can be identified by their appearence, smell, taste
and other properties
Substances can be either elements or compounds
Types of Substance
An element is a substance that can not be seperated into
simpler substances by chemical means.
copper
Sofar, 112 elements have been identified. 83 of them occur naturally on the
Earth, others have been created by scientists via nuclear processes
Types of Substance
A compound is a substance that is composed
of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
Water H2O
H:O = 2:1
Compounds can be separated only by chemical means
into their pure elements
Mixture
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in
which the substances retain their distinct identities.
A mixture can be created
and
separated
by
physical means into pure
components
without
changing the identities of
the components
a
b
Mixtures can be a homogeneous (a) or
heterogeneous (b) mixture
Types of Mixtures
A homogeneous mixture is
a mixture in which the
properties are the same at
all points (a mixture has
uniform composition)
copper sulphate
A heterogeneous mixture
is an ununiformed mixture.
lead iodide precipitate
Separation Methods of Mixtures
A mixture can be separated into its components using different
methods depending on the size as well as physical properties
of its components
Filtration
Decanting
Separation Methods of Mixtures
Evapation
Distillation
Mixtures
Recrystallization
Fractional Distillation
Properties of Matter
Substances are identified by their properties as well as their
compostion.
Gold
Aluminium
Copper
All properties of matter fall into physical and chmical properties.
Chemical and Physical Properties of
Matter
Chemical properties of matter are properties that:
 Become evident during a chemical reaction.
 Describe its ‘‘potential“ to undergo some chemical reaction
Chemical properties can only be observed by
carrying out a chemical reaction.
 Flammability
 Reactivity with acid solution
 Reactivity with oxygen
 Ability to decompose into specific elements
Chemical Properties of Matter
Chemical properties of matter are properties that:
 Become evident during a chemical reaction.
 Describe its ‘‘potential“ to undergo some chemical reaction
Chemical properties can only be observed by
carrying out a chemical reaction.
 Flammability
 Reactivity with acid solution
 Reactivity with oxygen
 Ability to decompose into specific elements
Physical Properties of Matter
Physical properties of a substance are the
characteristics of a substance that can be observed
without carrying out a chemical reaction .
 Color
 Density, mass
 Freezing and boiling points
 Electrical conductivity
 Malleability
Chemical and Physical Properties of
Matter
All measurable properties of matter fall into extensive
and intensive properties.
Extensive properties depend upon the size of the sample.
Example: mass, volume, length
Intensive property don´t depend on the size of the sample.
For example: density, freezing point, ductility
Change of States of
Matter
States of Matter
Matter can exist in three states at ordinary condition.
solid
liquid
gas
States of Matter
SOLID
LIQUID
GAS
States of the matter can be inter-converted
without changing its composition.
3 states of matter
Property
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Volume
Fixed
Fixed
Not Fixed
Shape
Fixed
Not Fixed
Not Fixed
Compressibility
Not
compressible
Not
compressible
Compressible
Density
Very dense
Dense
Not dense
States of Matter
3 states of matter
Property
Liquid
Gas
Very strong
Forces of
forces of
Attraction
attraction
between
between
particles
particles
Strong forces
of attraction
between
particles
Negligible
forces of
attraction
between
particles
Vibrate about
Motion of
a fixed
particles
position
Slide and roll
pass each
other
Move about
randomly at
high speed
Energy of
particles
Solid
Least kinetic
energy
Most kinetic
energy
Solids… Liquids… Gas…
• Particles close • Particles close
Particles
together
together
arrangement
• In an orderly
• In a disorderly
arrangement
arrangement
Particles
vibration
About fixed
positions
Vibrate about
and move
through liquid
• Particles far
apart
• In a random
arrangement
Vibrate about
and move
anywhere
Solids… Liquids… Gas…
Energy in
particles
Least
energy
Energy
Most
energy
Forces
between
particles
Strong
forces
Strong
forces
No forces
Endothermic and Exothermic
Processes
Endothermic process is a process which
absorbs/gains energy
Exothermic process is a process which
releases/gives off energy
Changing the state of water graph
Water Phase Change Graph
D
100
E
Temperature º C.
gas
C
liquid
B
0
A
solid
Heat (thermal energy)
Changing the state of water graph
E
D
condensing
100
Temperature º C.
boiling
C
B
freezing
0
melting
A
Heat (thermal energy)
Change of State
Freezing
SOLID
Condensation
EXOTHERMIC
LIQUID
EXOTHERMIC
GAS
ENDOTHERMIC
ENDOTHERMIC
Melting
Vaporization
ENDOTHERMIC
Sublimation
Review of Classification of Matter
MATTER
yes
MIXTURE
yes
Is the composition
uniform?
Homogeneous
Mixture
(solution)
no
Can it be physically
separated?
PURE SUBSTANCE
no
Heterogeneous
Mixture
yes
Can it be chemically
decomposed?
Compound
no
Element
References
1. Raymond Chang, Chemistry, 5th ed.,
McGRAW-HILL, New York, 1994.
2. Whitten Davis Peck, General Chemistry,
McGRAW-HILL, New York, 2003.