Matakuliah : E1052/Penelitian China Perantauan
Tahun
: 2007/2008
China Perantauan di Asia Tenggara
Pertemuan 10
Continent/Country
Articles about Chinese
population
AS IA
Overseas Chinese
Population
% of local
population
% of Global Overseas
Chinese population
30,976,784 (2006)
0.8%
78.7%
Thailand
Thai Chinese
8.5 million (2006)
14%
11.7%
Indonesia
Chinese Indonesian
7.3 million (2003)
3.1%
11.7%
Malaysia
Malaysian Chinese,
Peranakan
7.0 million (2006)[4]
24.5%
12.1%
Singapore
Chinese in Singapore
2.7 million (2005)[5]
75.6%
4.3%
Vietnam
Hoa, Ngái, San Diu
2.3 million (2006)[6]
3%
2%-3%
Philippines
Chinese Filipino
1.5 million (2004)
2%
2.4%
Myanmar
Burmese Chinese, Panthay
1.3 million (2003)
3%
2.1%
India
Chinese community in
Kolkata
186,461 (2005)
0.02%
0.5%
Japan
Chinese in Japan
175,000 (2003)
0.1%
0.3%
Cambodia
Chinese Cambodian
150,000 (2003)
1.2%
0.2%
South Korea
Ethnic Chinese in Korea
85,000 (2003)
0.2%
0.16%
Brunei
Ethnic Chinese in Brunei
56,000 (2006)
15%
0.1%
Laos
Laotian Chinese
50,000 (2003)
1%
0.1%
North Korea
Ethnic Chinese in Korea
50,000 (2003)
0.2%
0.1%
Israel
Chinese in Israel
23,000
0.3%
0.1%
Han Chinese in Mongolia
11,323
0.4%
0.03%
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The entire Southeast Asian Chinese diaspora is characterized by their
considerable economic fortunes and their susceptibility to discrimination
or political exploitation by politicians. This diaspora is commonly
referred to as the Nanyang Chinese, 'Nanyang' (南洋) being the
Mandarin term for Southeast Asia.
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Thai Chinese
(泰國華人 )
• The Thai Chinese are an overseas Chinese community who live in Thailand.
At present they constitute an estimated 14% of the population, though due to
intermarriage with ethnic Thais there can be no precise figure.
• The majority of the Thai Chinese trace their ancestry to the Chaozhou prefecture
in northern Guangdong.
• Thus they speak the Minnan Chaozhou dialect. A minority trace their ancestry to
Hakka and Hainanese immigrants.
• As of 1987, there were approximately six million Thais of Chinese descent.
• They are found at all levels of Thai society and play a leading role in business and
politics. Even the revered monarch, His Majesty King Bhumipol Adulyadej, is of
part-Chinese ancestry on his mother's side.
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History
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Chinese traders in Thailand, mostly from Fujian and Guangdong, began arriving in
Ayutthaya by at least the thirteenth century.
Ayutthaya fell to the Burmese in 1767. The Chinese efforts diverted the attention of
Burma's Siam army, and the Thai Chinese General Taksin, took advantage of the situation
by organizing his force and attacking them. Taksin actively encouraged Chinese
immigration and trade. Settlers came principally from Chaozhou prefecture in large
numbers.
The Chinese population in Thailand jumped from 230,000 in 1825 to 792,000 by 1910.
By 1932, approximately 12.2% of the population of Thailand was Chinese.
The corruption of the Qing dynasty and the massive population increase in China, along
with very high taxes, caused many men to leave China for Thailand in search of work.
In the late 1800's, when Thailand was busy defending its independence from the colonial
powers, Chinese bandits from Yunnan Province began raids into the country in the Haw
wars (Thai: ปราบกบฏฮ่อ). Thai nationalist attitudes at all levels were accordingly colored by
anti-Chinese sentiment. Members of the Chinese community had long dominated domestic
commerce and had served as agents for the royal trade monopolies. Chinese millers and
rice traders were blamed for an economic recession that gripped Siam for nearly a decade
after 1905. Accusations of bribery of officials, wars between the Chinese secret societies,
and use of violent tactics to collect taxes served to turn foster Thai resentment against
the Chinese at a time when the community was expanding rapidly due to immigration.
• By 1910, nearly 10 percent of Thailand's population was Chinese. Moreover, the
new arrivals frequently came in families and resisted assimilation. The Chinese
community even supported a separate school system for its children.
• Legislation by King Rama VI (1910-1925) that required the adoption of Thai
surnames was largely directed at easing tensions with Chinese community by
encouraging assimilation. Thai Chinese had to choose between forsaking their
Chinese identity or being regarded as foreigners. Most opted to become Thai
• The Chinese in Thailand also suffered discrimination in the 1930s under the
military dictatorship of Prime Minister Plaek Pibulsonggram. State corporations
took over commodities such as rice, tobacco and petroleum, and Chinese
businesses found themselves subject to a range of new taxes and controls.
• Nevertheless, the Chinese were still encouraged to become Thai citizens, and by
1970 it was estimated that more than 90 percent of the Chinese born in Thailand
had done so. When diplomatic relations were established with China in the 1970s,
resident Chinese not born in Thailand were offered the chance of becoming Thai
citizens. The remaining permanent resident Chinese alien population was then
estimated at less than 200,000.
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Language
• The Thai language has largely supplanted Chinese amongst Thai Chinese, although Teochew
is sometimes used as a commercial lingua franca, principally in Bangkok.
• However, the wide usage and revival of Mandarin Chinese is gradually making it the second
language of the younger Thai Chinese for business purposes, as well as a tool to identify
with their heritage.
Surnames
• A Thai Chinese can often be recognized by having a surname containing the original
Chinese name or its translation. In former prime minister Banharn Silpa-Archa‘s name,
Archa (horse) is the translation of the Chinese surname Ma (馬).
• Another example is Sondhi Limthongkul, where Lim is the Hainanese dialect of the Chinese
surname Lin.
• Many Thai Chinese adopted long surnames to mimic the royal names formerly given to high
officials by the kings. Ethnic Thais tend to have shorter surnames, though many have now
changed them to longer ones. Thai Chinese generally adopted
• Thai surnames to avoid persecution by assimilating into society. When choosing a surname,
they would often combine auspicious Thai words with their original Chinese surname.
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Dialect groups
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The vast majority of the Thai Chinese belong to various southern Chinese dialect groups.
Of these, 56% are Teochew, 16% Hakka and 11% Hainanese. The Cantonese and Hokkien each
constitute 7% of the Chinese population, and 3% belong to other Chinese dialect groups.
The Teochew Chinese mainly settled around Chao Phraya River in Bangkok. Many of them worked in
government sectors, while others were involved in trade. During the reign of King Taksin, some
influential Teochew traders were granted enjoyed certain privileges. These traders were called "Royal
Chinese" (Jin-luang in Thai).
The Hakka Chinese are mostly in Songkhla and Phuket. The Hakka own many private banks in Thailand,
including both the Bangkok Bank and Kasikorn.
A significant number of Thai Chinese are descendants of the offsprings of Chinese immigrants and
Thais, while there are also groups who are of pure Chinese orgin. Groups of pure Chinese orgin mostly
are descendants of immigrants who relocated to Thailand as well as other parts of Nanyang (the
Chinese term used at the time for calling Southeast Asia) in the early to mid 20th century due to
famine and civil war in the southern Chinese provinces of Guangdong (Teochew, Cantonese, Hainan
groups) and Fujian (Hokkien).
In the southern Thai provinces, especially those bordering Malaysia, the assimilated group is known as
Peranakans. These people share a common culture and identity with the Peranakan Chinese in
neighboring Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia.
Substantial numbers of Chinese people of (mainly) Yunnanese descent can be found in villages around
Chiang Rai Province. These are descendants of Kuomintang soldiers who fought against the Chinese
Communist soldiers in the 1940s, before fleeing to the northern regions and settling among the local
people.
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Malaysian Chinese
马来西亚唐人 - Orang Cina Malaysia
Malaysia Population
Malaysian Chinese, Peranakan
7.0 million (2006)
24.5% (population)
Global Oberseas
Chimese Population
12.1%
Most Chinese immigrants of Malaya came from southern China, mostly
from the province of Fujian and Guangdong. In the nineteenth
century, many came as indentured labourers, known as coolies
(Chinese: 苦力). Others came freely to work, and were supported
by Clan Associations.
By 1911, the Chinese population in Malaya had reached 269,854, and
around a million circa 1949.
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Dialect groups
• The ethnic Chinese in Malaysia belongs to several Chinese dialect groups. There
are four major dialect groups: Hokkien, Hakka, Cantonese and Teochew. Other
dialects include Hainanese, Hokchiu and Hinghwa. Hokkien, Teochew, Hainanese
are also known as Min Nan language. It is evident that people belonging to certain
dialect groups are populated in different parts of communities in Malaysia.
DialectPopulation
• Hokkien
speakers
2,020,868
• Hakka
speakers
1,092,754
• Cantonese
speakers
1,067,994
• Teochew
peakers
497,280
• Hokchiu
speakers
251,554
• Hainanese
speakers
141,045
• Kwongsai
speakers
51,674
• Others (including Hunanese and Hinghwa speakers) 243,046
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Education
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There are several types of schools available for Malaysians to choose from to be educated from
primary levels up to tertiary levels. There are known to be three types of schools with their language
of instructions where education is delivered: Malay, Mandarin (Chinese), and Tamil.
The Chinese Malaysian communities, therefore, usually have a choice to send their children to either
Chinese schools or Malay schools. Whichever schools they went to, the Malay language must be taught
as a compulsory subject, if the language of instruction is not already in Malay.
A large segment of the Chinese population living in Malaysia is predominantly Chinese-speaking, they
are commonly known as the "Chinese-educated". Malaysia is also the only country outside mainland
China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, to have a completely Chinese-medium education system.
A sizeable group of Malaysian Chinese speak English as a first language (something carried over from
the British colonial days). Most of these "English-educated" Chinese are unable to read and write in
Chinese.
Religion
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A majority of the Chinese in Malaysia claim to be Buddhist or Taoist, though the lines between them
are often blurred and, typically, a syncretic Chinese religion incorporating elements of Buddhism,
Taoism, Confucianism and traditional ancestor-worship is practised, with the fact that each individual
follows it in varying degrees.
About 9.6% are Christian (Mainstream Protestants, Catholics and other denominations including a
fast-growing number of Evangelicals and Charismatics) and a small number (0.7%) profess Islam as
their faith. There is quite a significant number of Christians among the Chinese population in East
Malaysia.
Culture differences
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There exist some degrees of differences in the Malaysian Chinese culture compared to that
of China. Some traditional festivals celebrated by the Chinese community in Malaysia are
no longer celebrated in China after the Chinese Cultural Revolution. This is especially true
of regional rites and rituals that are still celebrated by the Malaysian descendants of the
peasant migrants from China. Some have attributed the traditional practices of Malaysian
Chinese to "a little backwater of Chinese culture as it was in China 80 years ago" .
There are also significant differences in the way the Chinese language is spoken among the
Chinese community in Malaysia. One notable example is how the Minnan or Hokkien dialect
is spoken in Penang and even in parts of Indonesia like Medan. The variant spoken is
influenced by Malay and English vocabulary and forms and is commonly referred to as
Penang Hokkien.
1971 National Culture Policy
• Malaysian Chinese Culture is intimately linked to the "1971 National Culture Policy" of
Malaysia. It defines 3 principles as guidelines for 'national culture':
• The National Culture must be based on the indigenous [Malay] culture
• Suitable elements from the other cultures may be accepted as part of the national culture
• Islam is an important component in the moulding of the National Culture.
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Chinese in Singapore
• Chinatown was an enclave for the early Chinese immigrants in Singapore in the
19th and early 20th centuries.
• The Chinese in Singapore are people of Chinese descent who are born in or
immigrated to Singapore and have attained citizenship or permanent residence
status.
• As of 2000, Chinese Singaporeans constitute 78% of Singapore's population, or
three out of four Singaporeans.
• Chinese in Singapore today commonly recognize themselves as Singaporeans
rather than Chinese.
• Many Chinese have married Peranakans, who are Chinese who have married
ethnic Malays and have adopted a mix of Chinese and Malay culture, and
increasing numbers are marrying outside their ethnic group.
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Dialect Groups
• The Chinese in Singapore are Han Chinese with the exception of the Peranakans. The
Peranakans are classified as a separate ethnic group whose ancestry is not directly
traceable to China. The Chinese forms 76.8% of the population in Singapore.
• They belong to several linguistic-cultural dialect groups, originating from mainly the
southern parts of China. The Hokkien, Teochew and Hainanese, all of whom belong to the
Min-nan group, jointly form more than three-quarters of the Chinese population. The
Cantonese and Hakka account for most of the remainder.
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Among Chinese Singaporean population :
The Hokkiens 41%, The Teochew ( Teochiu) 21%, The Cantonese 15% , The Hakkas 8%,
Hainanese and Northern Min 5%, Mandarin speakers from Beijing and other northern
provinces, and Wu speakers from Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, constitute only 2% of
the Chinese Singaporean population.
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Government policies targeted at narrowing dialect-culture and eradicating the subunit
orientation differences within the Chinese community, was spearheaded by the Speak
Mandarin campaign together with the banning of dialect-medium subjects in schools and
the media, have resulted in an entire generation of young Singaporeans distanced from
their respective mother tongues and therefore their respective culture and heritage.
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Religion
• According the 2000 census, 42.5% of Singapore's population declare themselves to be
Buddhist 8.5%, Taoist 4.6%
Christian 14.8%. non-religious 13%
The Chinese form the vast majority in these four groups, due in part to their dominance in
Singapore.
• The majority of the Chinese in Singapore register themselves as Buddhist, and a smaller
number claimed to be Taoist.
• Many Chinese have retained the belief of so called Chinese folk traditions or folk Taoism,
an age-old Chinese tradition.
• Taoism was once the dominant belief system, but younger generations have either
switched to Buddhism, Christianity or have become non-religious.
• Another 13% of the Chinese Singaporean are non-religious adherents and they call
themselves "free thinkers". In Singapore, this term simply means that the person does not
adhere to any single religion. However, most perpetuate the Chinese traditions and
practices.
• A small minority of the Singapore Chinese follow either Islam or Hinduism. Most are
converts who have married Malay Muslims or Indian Hindus. Some may be raised by Malays
or Indians whilst some are simply a matter of personal choice.
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Peranakan (Ethnic Group)
• The Peranakan, also known as Baba-Nonya are early Chinese immigrants from Malacca, of
which many of them later migrated to Singapore. As they contain mix blood of the Chinese
and the Malays, the Peranakans are classified as a separate ethnic group from the Han
Chinese in Singapore. The men are known as Baba while the women are known as Bibiks or
Nonyas. Peranakans in Singapore were once concentrated in the Geylang and Katong
areas.
• This is because the Peranakans were often intermediaries for businesses and social groups
during colonial Singapore owing to their ability to speak English, Malay and Hokkien.
• However, they have since dispersed off to other parts of Singapore after 1965. Peranakans
in Singapore generally belong to the Hokkien and Teochew dialect groups and spoke Baba
Malay and Chinese dialects as mother tongues. Many of them converted to Roman
Catholicism during the 18th-century Portuguese colonisation into South-East Asia.
Missionaries set up posts in Batavia (Indonesia), Malaya (Malaysia) of which Malacca, Kuala
Lumpur and Singapore were parts of before the 1965 independent and separation
movement of Singapore city from its Malayan hinterland.
• The Peranakans were a transcultural mix of races that blended colonial English style with
indigenous Malay languages with Hokkien Chinese customs.
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History
• There are records of the Chinese presence in Singapore as early as the 14th-century.
Imperial Chinese sources state that there was a significant amount of Chinese inhabitants
in the region. According to the Chinese explorer Wang Dayuan, the Chinese inhabitants of
Singapore were dressed in local traditional costume and were largely intermarried with the
local South-East Asian women, following an amalgam of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Taoism.
These were the earliest Peranakans of Singapore.
• After Singapore became the capital of the British Straits Settlements in 1832, the free
trade policy attracted many Chinese from mainland China to trade, and many settled down
in Singapore. The large influx of Chinese to Singapore led to the establishment of a large
number of Chinese associations, schools, and temples in Singapore and within a century,
the Chinese immigrants exceeded the population of the Malays. During this period,
Christian missionaries from Europe began to evangelize the Asians, especially the Chinese.
By 1849, the Chinese formed half of Singapore's population.
Racial Tensions
• Race riots were common during the early post-war period, predominantly the period
between self-governance and independence in 1965. One major riot took place during
Prophet Muhammad's birthday celebrations, on 21 July 1964. There were records of high
casualties (23 killed and 454 injured). There were claims that the riot was politically
motivated to oust then Prime Minister (Lee Kuan Yew) and his cabinet, to prevent the
ideology of a Malaysian Malaysia to spread north towards Peninsular Malaysia.
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Chinese Filipino
(华菲 Huáfēi )
• Total population 9.8 million (11.5% of the Philippine population)
• Regions with significant populations Philippines
(Metro Cebu, Metro Manila, Angeles, Bacolod, Davao, Iligan, Iloilo, Lucena,
Tarlac, Vigan, Zamboanga) United States elsewhere
• Languages
Lan-nang, Hokkien, Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Standard Mandarin,
Standard Cantonese, Filipino, English,
other Chinese languages,
other Philippine languages
• Religions:
Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Buddhism, Chinese folk religion,
Confucianism, Taoism
• Related ethnic groups : Han Chinese
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HISTORY
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Presence of peoples from the Chinese mainland in the Philippines have been evident since
during the Ice Age, when a land bridge enabled many people from southern China to settle
in the Philippines. But they are not to be confused for the later Sinitic-speaking peoples
(ethnic Chinese) who came long after the land bridge subsided. These ethnic Chinese sailed
down and frequently interacted with the local natives, and this is evidenced by a collection
of priceless Chinese artifacts found in the Philippines, dating back right up to the 10th
century. Prehistoric evidences attest to the fact that many datus and rajahs (native rulers)
in the Philippines were of mixed Filipino and Chinese ancestry. They formed the group
which is to be called principalia during the Spanish period, and are given privileges by the
Spanish colonial government.
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The arrival of the Spaniards to the Philippines attracted many male Chinese traders from
China, and maritime trade flourished during the Spanish occupation. The Spanish era
restricted the activities of the Chinese. With low chances of employment and prohibited
from owning land, most of them engage in trading and other businesses. Many of the
Chinese who arrived during the Spanish period were Cantonese, who worked as stevedores
and porters, but there were also Fujianese, who entered retail trade. Most of the Chinese
who came to the Philippines intermarried with Filipinos or Spaniards. The children of
unions between Filipinos and Chinese are called Chinese mestizos, while those between
Spaniards and Chinese are called Tornatras and are classified as Spanish mestizos,
together with the Spanish-Filipinos.
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assimilation is gradually taking place in the Philippines but integration without losing
Chinese culture is advantageous for the Philippines and for the Chinese Filipino ethnic
group.
The Chinese in the Philippines cannot be simplistically classified. But generally, some
observers claim they can be classified into three types, based on when their ancestors
first migrated.
Most of the Chinese mestizos, especially the landed gentry trace their ancestry to the
Spanish era. They are the "First Chinese," whose descendants nowadays are mostly either
the Chinese mestizos or have integrated into the local population.
The largest group of Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines are the "Second Chinese," who are
descendants of migrants in the first half of the 20th century, between the Manchu
revolution in China and the Chinese Civil War. This group accounts for most of the "fullblooded" Chinese.
The "Third Chinese" are the recent immigrants from mainland China, after the Chinese
economic reform of the 1980s. Generally, the "Third Chinese" are the most entrepreneurial
and had not totally lost their Chinese cultural heritage in its purest form and therefore are
paradoxically misunderstood or feared by the "Second Chinese" and "First Chinese," most
of whom have lost their entrepreneurial drive and have adopted much of the laid-back
Spanish cultural values of Philippine society.
• Ethnic Groups Mestizos
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Chinese mestizos are those in the Philippines of mixed Chinese and either Filipino or
Spanish (or both) ancestry. They make up about 11.5% of the country's total population
(those who are pure Chinese make up 2% of the population) The Chinese Filipinos have
always been one of the largest Filipino ethnic groups, making up about 11.5% (9.8 million)
of the country's total population.
The rate of intermarriage between Filipinos and Chinese is among the highest in Southeast
Asia, exceeded only by Thailand.
However, intermarriages happened mostly in the Spanish colonial eras because Chinese
immigrants to the Philippines up to the 19th century were predominantly male. It was only
in the 20th century that Chinese women and children came in comparable numbers.
These Chinese mestizos, products of intermarriages in the Spanish colonial era, then often
opted to marry other Chinese mestizos (as was the case with the ancestors of national
hero Dr. Jose Rizal).
Some studies have shown that at least 40% of the Filipino population has some Chinese
ancestry - mostly comprising the Filipino social and political elite, and that 50% of Filipino
genes are of Chinese origin.
Generally, the term Chinese mestizo is reserved for those who have more recent Chinese
ancestry; those who still retain, in full or in part, the surnames of their Chinese ancestors;
or those who have "Chinese eyes" or fairer complexion compared to the general populace
which can be attributed to their Chinese ancestry. By this definition, the Chinese Filipinos,
along with the Chinese mestizos, number about 9.8 million.
Language
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As many as 98.5% of the Chinese in the Philippines trace their ancestry to the southern
part of Fujian province. The Lan-nang variant of Min Nan, also locally known as Fukien or
Lán-lâng-oē (咱人話; "our people's language"), is the lingua franca of the Chinese-Filipino
community.
Most of the other 10% are descendants of migrants from Guangdong, Hong Kong, or
Taiwan. The other Chinese dialects that can be heard in the Chinese-Filipino communities
are Mandarin Chinese (which is taught in Chinese schools in the Philippines and spoken in
varying degrees of fluency by Chinese Filipinos), Taiwanese (which is mutually intelligible
with the Chuanchew and Amoy dialects), and Cantonese.
The vast majority of the Chinese in the Philippines, however, are fluent in English as well as
Tagalog, and for those residing outside of Metro Manila, the local language of the region,
like Ilokano, Cebuano (Cebu, Davao, Iligan, and Zamboanga), and Chabacano.
Mandarin Chinese used to be the medium of instruction in Chinese schools prior to the
Filipinization policy of Former President Ferdinand Marcos. Partly as a result of Marcos'
measures, Tagalog and English are gradually supplanting Chinese (Minnan and Mandarin) as
the preferred medium of communication among the younger generation.
CULTURAL
• As with other Southeast Asian nations, the Chinese community in the Philippines
has become a repository of traditional Chinese culture. Whereas in Mainland China
many cultural traditions and customs have been suppressed by the Cultural
Revolution or simply regarded as old-fashioned and obsolete, these traditions
have remained largely untouched in the Philippines.
• Many new cultural twists have evolved within the Chinese community in the
Philippines, distinguishing it from other overseas Chinese communities in
Southeast Asia. These cultural variations are highly evident during festivals such
as Chinese New Year, Chap Goh Mei (pronounced as Tzap), and Ching Ming
Festival.
• The Chinese Filipinos have developed unique funerary and wedding customs as
well.
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Religion
• The Chinese Filipinos are unique in Southeast Asia in being overwhelmingly
Christian.
• However, many of Chinese-Filipino Catholics still tend to practice the traditional
Chinese religions side by side with Catholicism, although a small number of people
practising solely traditional Chinese religions do exist as well. Mahayana
Buddhism, Taoism and ancestor worship (including Confucianism) are the
traditional Chinese beliefs that continue to have adherents among the Chinese
Filipinos. Some may even have Jesus Christ as well as Buddha statues or Taoist
gods in their altars. It is not unheard of to venerate the blessed Virgin Mary using
joss sticks and Buddhist offerings, much as one would have done for Mazu.
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Surnames
• Most of the Chinese Filipinos today have Chinese surnames, the most common of
which are Tan (陳), Ong (王), Lim (林), Go/Ngo (吳), Ng/Uy (黃), Chua (蔡), and
Lee/Dy（李), though there are also some who have inherited or chosen Filipino
or Spanish surnames, like Gatchalian, Chavez, and Ramos, among such others.
• Chinese Filipinos as well as Chinese mestizos who trace their roots back to
Chinese immigrants to the Philippines during the Spanish colonization usually
have Chinese-sounding surnames that have Hispanicized spellings, such as Lacson,
Biazon, Tuazon, Ongpin, Yuchengco, Quebengco, Cojuangco, Yupangco, and
Tanbengco, among such others. Many Chinese mestizos (as well as SpanishChinese and Tornatras) have also either inherited or took on Spanish or Filipino
surnames, like Bautista, Madrigal, or Santos.
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