Рецензия на методическую пособие по учебной дисциплине ОГСЭ.03
иностранный язык студентов 2 курса специальности Документационное обеспечение
управления и архивоведение
преподавателей английского языка БПОУ Чувашской Республики «Чебоксарский
экономико-технологический
колледж»
Министерства
образования
и
молодежной
политики Чувашской Республики Клочковой Надежды Петровны и Марковой Марины
Вячеславовны
Учебное пособие для студентов II курса специальности 46.02.01 Документационное
обеспечение
управления
и
архивоведение
является
предметно-ориентированной
методической разработкой.
В основе методической разработки лежит идея о развитии коммуникативных
навыков студентов в связи с социокультурным аспектом овладения иноязычной
деятельностью.
Учебное пособие призвано помочь преподавателю в подготовке и проведении
занятий английского языка в колледже, но более важное назначение разработки в том, что
оно способствует развитию кругозора и социокультурной компетенции студентов.
Методическая работа содержит 32 занятия по лексике, грамматике, географии и о
традициях стран изучаемого языка, представленных в виде текстов, схем, рисунков,
таблиц. Пособие дополнено методическими рекомендациями, которые содержат введение,
описание учебного пособия, заданиями по всем разделам пособия и списком
использованной литературы. Данная разработка должна позволить студентам овладеть
различными грамматическими структурами, лексикой и познакомиться с реалиями
англоговорящих стран. Пособие поможет создать положительную мотивацию и будет
способствовать развитию личностных, межпредметных и предметных умений студента.
Разработка представляет собой коммуникативный подход к предъявлению новых знаний,
опирается
на
многочисленные
источники
информации,
побуждая
студентов
к
самостоятельному добыванию знаний по интересующей теме.
Рецензируемая разработка соответствует основным требованиям и может быть
использована в практической деятельности.
Рецензент:
Председатель ЦК иностранных языков
М.В. Маркова
Бюджетное образовательное учреждение Чувашской Республики среднего
профессионального образования «Чебоксарский экономико-технологический колледж»
Министерства образования и молодежной политики Чувашской Республики
МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО УЧЕБНОЙ ДИСЦИПЛИНЕ
ОГСЭ.03 ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК
ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ 2 КУРСА СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ
ДОКУМЕНТАЦИОННОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ И
АРХИВОВЕДЕНИЕ
Чебоксары 2015
Методическое пособие разработано для студентов 2 курса специальности
Документационное обеспечение управления и архивоведение в соответствии с ФГОС.
Темы занятий соответствуют календарно-тематическому плану. Рекомендуется для
использования студентами и преподавателями на занятиях английского языка.
Составители:
преподаватель иностранных языков ЧЭТК – Н.П. Клочкова
преподаватель иностранных языков ЧЭТК - М.В. Маркова
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
CONTENT
Lesson 1-2……………………………………………………………………..……………………
Lesson 3-4……………………………………………………………………………………..……
Lesson 5-7……………………………………………………………..……………………………
Lesson 8-9……………………………………..……………………………………………………
Lesson 10-13…………………………………….………………………………………………….
Lesson 14-16……………………………………..…………………………………………………
Lesson 17-18………………………………………………………..………………………………
Lesson 19-20……………………………………..…………………………………………………
Lesson 21-22……………………………………..…………………………………………………
Lesson 23-24……………………………………..…………………………………………………
Lesson 25-26……………………………………..…………………………………………………
Lesson 27-28……………………………………..…………………………………………………
Lesson 29-30…………………………………….………………………………………………….
Lesson 31-32……………………………………..…………………………………………………
Sources………………………………………………………………………………………….......
Appendix.……………………………………………………..…………………………………….
Lesson 1-2
Theme: The USA
East or West – home is best
(English proverb)
1. Try to interpret this proverb. Find Russian equivalent.
2. Fill in the diagram. Remember what you know about the USA.
Washington D.C.
The USA
Niagara Falls
3. Read and learn these words and word combinations.
total area - общая площадь
border on - граничить с
sea border - морская граница
mountain - гора
be situated - располагаться
freshwater lake - пресноводное озеро
deposits - залежи
non-ferrous metals – цветные металлы
is named after – названо в часть
national language – национальный язык
the House of Representatives – Палата Представителей
Geographical names:
Canada, Mexico, Arctic Ocean, Pacific Ocean , Atlantic Ocean, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan,
Lake Eire, Lake Ontario, Chicago
4. Read and translate the text.
The USA
The USA is the fourth largest country in the
world and it is situated in North America. The total area
of the country is about 9.5 million square kilometres. The USA borders
on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. The south-eastern
coast of the country is washed by the Gulf of Mexico and the US also has coasts on the Arctic,
Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The USA has a sea border with Russia. The population of the
country is about 250 million people.
The highest mountain in the USA is situated in Alaska and it is called Mount McKinley.
The longest river is called the Mississippi river and the largest lake is Lake Superior. It is
found in the north and is part of the Great Lake area (The area includes Lake Huron, Michigan,
Eire and Ontario). It is also the largest freshwater lake in the world.
The USA is rich in mineral resources. It has major deposits of oil and gas, coal, gold,
silver, non-ferrous metals.
The USA consists of 50 states and a federal district called Washington D.C. The capital
city is Washington D.C. It was named after the first president of the USA – George Washington.
The largest cities of the USA are New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia,
Detroit and some others. The national language is American English, but many
people speak Spanish and some people speak French. The nickname for the USA is
Uncle Sam.
In the USA people use American dollar. The national flower is the rose and
the national bird is Bald Eagle.
The USA has 2 political parties: Democratic and Republican. The US Congress consists
of 2 Houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The head of the USA is the President.
5. Answer the questions.
Where is the USA situated?
What is the longest river in the US?
How many people live in the USA?
What countries does the USA border on?
What are the largest cities?
6. Match the words and word combinations.
is rich in mineral resources
омывается
nickname
использовать
американский
доллар
the highest mountain
глава государства
south-eastern coast
богата полезными ископаемыми
the largest lake
самая высокая гора
is washed by
четвертая по величине страна
the fourth largest country
самое большое озеро
use American dollar
прозвище, кличка
the head of the USA
юго-восточное побережье
7. Continue the sentences.
The USA is washed by … .
… on Mexico and Canada.
… Democratic and Republican.
The President is … .
Washington D.C. is … .
Bald Eagle is … .
8. Find out as more word combination as possible with the adjectives:
The largest …
National …
9. Make up the plan with key words to the text.
1) Geographical position
- the fourth largest country;
- the total area;
- borders on;
- is washed by;
- the population.
2) ….
3) ….
10. Retell the text according your plan.
The first …
Страдательный залог простых времен
The Passive Voice: Simple Tenses
Подлежащим в предложениях с пассивом является не действующее лицо или
предмет, а лицо или предмет, на который направлено действие. В этих случаях
действующее лицо часто неизвестно или не представляет интереса для говорящего.
Общее правило образования английских форм пассива таково: вспомогательный
глагол be + причастие прошедшего времени (причастие II). Возьмем предложение:
They speak English well. – (букв. Они) здесь говорят по-английски.
В этом предложении глагол speak употреблен в Present Simple Active.
Подлежащим
соответствующего
пассивного
предложения
станет
прямое
дополнение English, а сказуемое будет состоять из настоящего простого времени глагола
be и 3-ей формы глагола speak-spoken:
English is spoken here. – Здесь говорят по-английски.
English, German and French are spoken here. – Здесь говорят по-английски, понемецки и по-французски.
Форма простого прошедшего будет отличаться только тем, что вместо is будет
употреблена форма was или were.
Если необходимо сообщить, кем или чем было совершено действие, употребляется
предлог by:
War and Рeace was written by Tolstoy. – «Войну и мир» написал Толстой. («Война и
мир» была написана Толстым.)
В вопросе by ставится в конце предложения:
Who was War and Peace written by? – Кем был написан роман «Война и мир»?
Пассивный
залог
используется
в
английском
языке
гораздо
чаще,
чем
страдательный залог в русском. Причина этого заключается в том, что не только прямое
дополнение глагола, но и косвенное дополнение, и предложное могут стать подлежащим в
пассивном предложении. Глаголы, имеющие прямое и косвенное дополнение (to tellсказать, рассказать, to show-показывать, to give-давать, to send-посылать, to promiseобещать, to offer-предлагать (что-л.) и др.), могут иметь две пассивных конструкции.
Например:
They showed us the documents.
We were shown the documents. ( косвенное дополнение – us стало подлежащим we)
The documents were shown to us. (прямое дополнение - the documents стало подлежащим)
Her parents gave her a nice present.
She was given a nice present (by her parents) (her-she)
A nice present was given to her by her parents.
The students listened to their teacher very attentively.
The teacher was listened to very attentively. (предложное дополнение - to their teacher стало
подлежащим, предлог стоит после глагола в пассивной форме)
В английском языке в пассивной конструкции могут употребляться глаголы с
предлогами, такие как to look at смотреть на, to laugh at смеяться над, to send for
посылать за и др. Предлог в таких случаях в пассивной конструкции всегда
присоединяется к глаголу:
The doctor was sent for. - За доктором послали.
She was listened to by everybody. - Все ее слушали.
He was laughed at by his sister. - Его сестра смеялась над ним.
Вот так выглядит спряжение глагола to ask в Present, Past и Future Simple:
Present Indefinite
I am asked
Am I asked?
I am not asked
You are asked
Are you asked?
You are not asked
He is asked
Is he asked?
He is not asked
She is asked
Is she asked?
She is not asked
We are asked
Are we asked?
We are not asked
You are asked
Are you asked?
You are not asked
They are asked
Are they asked?
They are not asked
Past Indefinite
I was asked
Was I asked?
I was not asked
You were asked
Were you asked?
You were not asked
He was asked
Was he asked?
He was not asked
She was asked
Was she asked?
She was not asked
We were asked
Were we asked?
We were not asked
You were asked
Were you asked?
You were not asked
They were asked
Were they asked?
They were not asked
Future Indefinite
I shall be asked
Shall I be asked?
I shall not be asked
You will be asked
Will you be asked?
You will not be asked
He will be asked
Will he be asked?
He will not be asked
She will be asked
Will she be asked?
She will not be asked
We shall be asked
Shall we be asked?
We shall not be asked
You will be asked
Will you be asked?
You will not be asked
They will be asked
Will they be asked?
They will not be asked
Перевод на русский язык пассивных предложений может вызывать определенные
трудности.
Существует несколько способов такого перевода:
Во-первых, возможно использование предложения с глаголом в страдательном
залоге:
The house was built very fast. – Дом был построен очень быстро.
Во-вторых, может использоваться неопределенно-личное предложение с глаголом
в активном залоге (в форме 3-го л. мн. числа):
Is English spoken in this country? – В этой стране говорят по-английски?
В-третьих, при наличии указания на действующее лицо может быть употреблена
активная конструкция:
War and Peace was written by Leo Tolstoy in 1863-69. – Лев Толстой написал «Войну
и мир» в 1863-69 годах.
В-четвертых, возможно использование глаголов на -ся, -сь со страдательным
значением:
The imperial system of units is still widely used. – Имперская (традиционная) система
единиц все еще широко используется.
1. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple Passive.
1. Thousands of calls ___ (make) from mobile phones every day. 2. Stars ___ (see) in the
sky at night. 3. Coffee ___ (grow) in South America. 4. The news ___ (report) every day. 5.
Animals in the zoo ___ (feed) 3 times a day. 6. Milk ___ (produce) by cows. 7. Computers ___
(use) in different spheres of modern life. 8. The Tower of London ___ (visit) by thousands of
tourists every year. 9. This town ___ (situate) in the north of the country. 10. Famous pieces of
art ___ (keep) in museums.
2. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple Passive.
The Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty ___ (create) by a French architect Bartholdi. It ___ (make) in
France. The statue ___ (build) 11 years and when it was ready, it ___ (take) to the USA by ship.
A huge base for the statue ___ (prepare) by Americans on one of the islands 2 miles from
Manhattan. A lift and 390 steps ___ (make) so that the visitors could reach the crown top of
“Lady Liberty” and admire the view of the area. The Statue of Liberty ___ (recognize) as a
symbol of American freedom. Ninety years later the statue ___ (restore) by a team of French and
American experts.
3. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Simple Passive.
1. This experiment ___ (finish) in a week. 2. The play ___ (perform) next Sunday. 3. The
instructions ___ (receive) in an hour. 4. The design of the building ___ (not/complete) next
month. 5. The injured man ___ (operate) on in an hour. 6. All the meetings ___ (arrange) next
week. 7. The document ___ (sign) in some minutes. 8. This bill ___ (not/pay) tomorrow. 9. This
question ___ (not/discuss) at the next conference. 10. The car ___ (not/repair) in 2 days.
4. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple Passive, the Past Simple Passive
or the Future Simple Passive.
1. The room ___ (clean) yesterday. 2. New houses ___ (build) in our city every year. 3.
The book of this writer ___ (publish) in a month. 4. The trees ___ (whitewash) by our pupils
every spring. 5. Tea ___ (grow) in Ceylon and India. 6. America ___ (not/discover) by James
Cook. It ___ (discover) by Christopher Columbus. 7. Pizza ___ (deliver) in half an hour. 8.
Thousands of new cars ___ (produce) at this plant every year. 9. Ink ___ (use) for writing many
years ago. 10. Some new technologies ___ (introduce) to the industrial companies at the end of
the following month.
5. Fill in by or with
1. The note was written ___ a pencil. 2. Dinner will be cooked ___ my aunt. 3. This story
was told ___ famous traveler. 4. Meat is eaten ___ a fork and knife. 5. The report will be
prepared ___ our manager. 6. The carpets are cleaned ___ a vacuum cleaner. 7. The rooms in the
hotel are cleaned ___ maids. 8. The article was written ___ a young journalist. 9. The politicians
were interviewed ___ reporters. 10. This star was discovered ___ our scientists.
Lesson 3-4
Theme: Canada
Everything is good in its season
(English proverb)
1. Try to interpret this proverb. Find Russian equivalent.
2. Fill in the diagram. Remember what you know about Canada.
Toronto
Canada
3. Read and learn these words and word combinations.
on the bank - на берегу
famous for - славится
the city of bridges - город мостов
fur-bearing animals - пушные звери
holds the first place - занимает первое место
non-ferrous metals - цветные металлы
sea vessels - морские суда
snow-removal machines - снегоуборочные машины
agricultural equipment - сельскохозяйственная техника
wheat - пшеница
barley - ячмень
flax - лен
prosperous industry - процветающая отрасль
a founding member- основатель
the United Nations - Организация Объединенных Наций
4. Read and translate the text.
Canada
Canada is an independent federative state. It is one of the most developed countries.
Canada consists of ten provinces and, two territories.
It is situated on the North American continent. In size Canada is the second in the world
after Russia. Its area is almost 10 million square km.
The capital of Canada is Ottawa, which is situated on the bank of the Ottawa River. It is
famous for its beautiful parks. It is also known as the city of bridges.
Canada is very rich in forests, minerals and fur-bearing animals. It holds the first place in
the world in the amount of forests. It is rich in the following natural resources: non-ferrous
metals, uranium, oil, natural gas, coal.
Canadian industries produce cars, airliners, locomotives, sea vessels, snow-removal
machines, and agricultural equipment. The most developed industries are timber, mining,
chemical, meat and milk and food industries. Canada grows wheat, barley, flax, potatoes,
vegetables and fruit. Fishing is also one of the prosperous industries.
Official languages of Canada are English and French. Nearly 60 percent of the population
speaks English and 27 percent speak French. The rest speaks other languages, such as Eskimo,
Indian, German, Ukrainian and Italian.
Canada is a founding member of the United Nations. It has been active in a number of
major UN agencies.
5. True or false?
1. Canada is an independent monarchy.
2. Canada is the second largest country in the world after Russia.
3. The capital of Canada is Ottawa.
4. Canadian industries produce rocket.
5. Fishing is also one of the prosperous industries.
6. It is rich in non-ferrous metals.
7. Canada has 2 official languages.
8. Its area is almost 101 million square km.
9. Canada isn't a founding member of the United Nations.
10. It holds the last place in the world in the amount of forests.
6. Answer the questions.
1. Where is Canada situated?
2. Is Ottawa the capital of Canada?
3. What is its area?
4. Is German the official language of the country?
5. Canada is very rich in forests, minerals and fur-bearing animals, isn't it?
6. What industries are the most developed?
7. How many provinces and territories does Canada have?
7. Match the word combinations.
1. natural resources - А. богата лесами
2. federative state - В. расположена
3. is situated - С. природные ресурсы
4. official languages - D. Североамериканский континент
5. rich in forests - E. федеративное государство
6. the first place - F. официальный язык
7. North American continent - G. первое место
8. Make up the plan with key words to the text and retell the text.
Страдательный залог длительных времен
The Passive Voice: Continuous Tenses
Present Continuous
I am being asked
Am I being asked?
I am not being asked
You are being asked
Are you being asked?
You are not being asked
He is being asked
Is he being asked?
He is not being asked
She is being asked
Is she being asked?
She is not being asked
We are being asked
Are we being asked?
We are not being asked
You are being asked
Are you being asked?
You are not being asked
They are being asked
Are they being asked?
They are not being asked
Past Continuous
I was being asked
Was I being asked?
I was not being asked
You were being asked
Were you being asked?
You were not being asked
He was being asked
Was he being asked?
He was not being asked
She was being asked
Was she being asked?
She was not being asked
We were being asked
Were we being asked?
We were not being asked
You were being asked
Were you being asked?
You were not being asked
They were being asked
Were they being asked?
They were not being asked
Спрягаемый
глагол
стоит
в форме причастия
II,
которая
неизменяема.
Вспомогательный глагол be должен стоять в активной форме времени Present и Past
Continuous. А эти формы, в свою очередь, требуют использования вспомогательного
глагола to be (am, is, are или was, were) и причастия I (being): they are being + asked.
Present и Past Continuous Passive, как и соответствующие времена в активе,
обозначают действия незаконченные, происходящие в какой-то момент в настоящем или
прошедшем.
1. Change the following sentences from Active into Passive Voice.
1. They are repairing the clock now. 2. They are building a new concert hall in our street.
3. At twelve o’clock the workers were loading the trucks. 4. They are building a bridge over the
river. 5. They were playing tennis from four till five. 6. They are selling delicious fruit ice cream
there now. 7. We were looking at the man with great surprise. 8. They are translating this article
now. 9. They were selling new children’s books in that shop when I entered it yesterday.
Lesson 5-7
Theme: New Zealand
The devil is not as black as he is painted
(English proverb)
1. Try to interpret this proverb. Find Russian equivalent.
2. Fill in the diagram. Remember what you know about New Zealand.
Wellington
New Zealand
3. Read and learn these words and word combinations.
island country – островная страна
Maori language - язык маори
discourage - отговаривать
declare - объявлять
dual - двойной
discover - открывать
represent - представлять
anthem - гимн
unique species- уникальные виды
it is estimated – считается
Geographical names:
New Zealand, the South Pacific, Wellington, Auckland, Europeans, Dutch, Maori.
4. Read and translate the text.
New Zealand
New Zealand is an island country that is made
up of two major islands called the North Island and
the South Island. It is situated in the South Pacific.
The capital city is Wellington but the largest city is
Auckland. Most people in New Zealand speak English but the Maori language is also spoken
there by about 4% of the population. After the Second World War, Maori discouraged to speak
their language but in 1987 their language declared as official language too. Many places now
have dual Maori and English names.
Maori were the first people who came to New Zealand from Polynesia. New Zealand was
first discovered by Europeans in 1642 when Dutch sailor Abel Tasman arrived. He left New
Zealand because several members of his crew were killed by Maoris. Then in 1769 English
Captain James Cook arrived and mapped the land.
Queen Elizabeth II is officially Queen of New Zealand. She is represented in New
Zealand by a Governor General. New Zealand is a country that has two official anthems: “God
save the Queen” and “God defend New Zealand”.
In New Zealand there are many unique species of animals. Some of them cannot be found
anywhere else in the world. The reason for this that New Zealand was cut off from the rest of the
land on Earth for 80 million years. The oldest living kind of reptile is the native New Zealand
Tuatara. Tuataras can live up to 300 years. It is estimated that Tuataras can be traced back 190
million years to the Mesozoic era. Another native bird of New Zealand (the Moa) was one of the
largest birds in history – that was up to 3.6 m tall and weighed about 300kg. They don´t live
anymore because they were hunted by the Maoris.
New Zealand's national symbol is a nocturnal flightless bird that is called the kiwi. The
weta is the largest and heaviest insect in the world.
The term ‘Kiwi’ is also used as a nickname for a New Zealander.
5. Match the words with pictures.
the kiwi, the Moa, Queen Elizabeth II, Maori, Tuatara, James Cook
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
6. Find out English equivalents for the following Russian word combinations.
Состоит из 2 основных островов; официальный язык; двойные названия; наносить
землю на карту; больше нигде в мире; самая большая птица в истории; их больше нет (не
живут); ночная нелетающая птица; прозвище для новозеландцев.
7. Complete the table and talk about New Zealand.
Location and geography:
Largest city:
Capital city:
Languages:
History:
Official head:
First people:
First Europeans:
National anthem:
Wildlife in New Zealand:
Species and unique animals:
Nickname for New Zealanders:
8. Retell the text; use the table (ex. 7).
Страдательный залог завершенных времен
The Passive Voice: Perfect Tenses
Present Perfect
I have been asked
Have I been asked?
I have not been asked
You have been asked
Have you been asked?
You have not been asked
He has been asked
Has he been asked?
He has not been asked
She has been asked
Has she been asked?
She has not been asked
We have been asked
Have we been asked?
We have not been asked
You have been asked
Have you been asked?
You have not been asked
They have been asked
Have they been asked?
They have not been asked
Past Perfect
I had been asked
Had I been asked?
I had not been asked
You had been asked
Had you been asked?
You had not been asked
He had been asked
Had he been asked?
He had not been asked
She had been asked
Had she been asked?
She had not been asked
We had been asked
Had we been asked?
We had not been asked
You had been asked
Had you been asked?
You had not been asked
They had been asked
Had they been asked?
They had not been asked
Future Perfect
I shall have been asked
Shall I have been asked?
I shall not have been asked
You will have been asked
Will you have been asked?
You will not have been asked
He will have been asked
Will he have been asked?
He will not have been asked
She will have been asked
Will she have been asked?
She will not have been asked
We shall have been asked
Shall we have been asked?
We shall not have been asked
You will have been asked
Will you have been asked?
You will not have been asked
They will have been asked
Will they have been asked?
They will not have been asked
Настоящее перфектное время в пассиве образуется по общему правилу образования
пассивных форм: соответствующее время вспомогательного глагола be в активе +
причастие II основного глагола:
The letters has just been received. – Письмо только что получено. (только что получили)
The letters have been opened. – Письма кем-то вскрыты. (Кто-то вскрыл письма.)
Present Perfect Passive, как и активная форма настоящего перфектного, обозначает
действие, закончившееся к моменту речи (а), или происходящее в неистекший период
времени (б), или происходившее неоднократно вплоть до момента речи (в):
а) The book has just been published in Moscow. - Книга только что опубликована в Москве.
(Oна только что вышла.)
б) He has been seen by his colleagues today. - Коллеги видели его сегодня. (Cегодня еще не
закончилось.)
в) The Mousetrap, a popular play by Agatha Christie, has been performed over 16,000 times. –
«Мышеловка», популярная пьеса Агаты Кристи, исполнялась на сцене свыше 16000 раз.
(На сегодняшний день было 16000 представлений.)
1. Change the following sentences from Active into Passive Voice.
1. I have translated the whole text. 2. By six o’clock they had finished the work. 3. They
have made a number of important experiments in this laboratory. 4. By three o’clock the workers
had loaded the trucks. 5. They have forgotten the story. 6. When I came home, they had eaten the
sweets. 7. Has anybody explained the rules of the game to you? 8. By the middle of autumn we
had planted all the trees. 9. They haven’t brought back my skates. 10. I haven’t yet translated the
article. 11. They have already discussed the novel. 12. I have just paid all my bills. 13. Have
dogs ever attacked you? 14. He has just written this computer this computer program. 15. The
girl has put all the books into the bookcase.
2. Change the following sentences from Passive into Active Voice.
1. Have all these books been read? 2. The letters has just been typed. 3. He has been told
everything, so he knows what to do now. 4. The door has been left open. 5. She said that the new
timetable had not yet been hung up on the notice board. 6. The light has not yet been turned off.
7. By three o’clock everything had been prepared. 8. The letter has just been sent. 9. The papers
had been looked through and corrected by the next lesson. 10. This mountain has never been
climbed before.
Lesson 8-9
Theme: Australia
Better an egg today than a hen tomorrow
(English proverb)
1. Try to interpret this proverb. Find Russian equivalent.
2. Fill in the diagram. Remember what you know about Australia.
Canberra
Australia
3. Read and learn these words and word combinations.
The Commonwealth of Australia - Содружество Австралии
the Pacific Ocean - Тихий океан
self - governing - по принципу самоуправления
Island - остров
the Southern Hemisphere - Южное полушарие
Government - правительство
climate - климат
Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane - Сидней, Мельбурн, Брисбен
major ports - крупные порты
industrial plant - промышленное предприятие
the Liberal, Labor, and Green parties – Либеральная партия, партия Труда и партия Зеленых
4. Read and translate the text.
Australia
The Commonwealth of Australia is a self- governing federal state. It has six states: New
South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and two internal
territories. It is situated in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. Australia has an area of
nearly 7.7 million square kilometers. Australia is the largest island in the world and the smallest
continent. The Dutch were the first Europeans to visit Australia. In 1770 the English captain
James Cook discovered the east coast of Australia. Nearly 22 million people live in Australia.
The capital of the country is Canberra, but before 1927, the government was located in
Melbourne. There are no industrial plants in Canberra. The population of Canberra is about
300,000 people. Some of the important non-government buildings in Canberra are the buildings
of Australian Academy of Song, the Australian National University and others. There are two
big industrial cities in Australia: Sydney and Melbourne. The Australian climate is dry and
warm. Australia is situated in the Southern Hemisphere and that is why it has summer when we
have winter. January is the hottest month in Australia. Due to Australia's separation from other
countries, the animals in Australia have developed differently. They are interesting. You can see
the dingo, a wild dog which hunts other animals at night, the kangaroo and many parrots.
Australia is an industrial country. It has coal, nickel, zinc and gold. Australia is one of the most
important producers of metals and minerals. It exports wool, meat, fruit and sugar. Melbourne,
Sydney and Brisbane are the major ports of the country. There are many universities, theaters
and museums in Australia. There are several political parties in Australia, including the Liberal,
Labor, and Green parties, as well as two socialist parties.
5. Match the English and Russian words.
The Commonwealth of Australia,
промышленный завод
the Pacific Ocean,
главный порт
the Southern Hemisphere
правительство
Island
климат
government
Тихий океан
self-governing
южное полушарие
climate
самоуправляющийся
mountain
остров
main port
гора
Industrial plant
Австралийский Союз
6. Continue the sentences.
The Australian climate is … .
Australia is situated in … .
… is the smallest continent.
… discovered the east coast of Australia.
… is the largest island in the world.
There are several political parties in Australia: …
7. Answer the questions.
How many states does Australia have?
What area does Australia have?
Who discovered Australia?
How many people live in Australia?
What is the capital of Australia?
What are the big industrial cities?
How is the climate of Australia?
What animals can you see in the country?
8. Make up sentences using the table.
Capital
Canberra
Full name
The Commonwealth of Australia
Largest city
Sydney
Official languages
English
States and territories
6 states, 2 territories
Government
Parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy
Monarch
Queen Elizabeth II
Prime Minister
Kevin Rudd
Population
18 million
Races
Aborigines, Europeans
States
New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia, South
Australia, Tasmania, Victoria
Territories
Northern t, Australian Capital t.
Main cities
Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth, Hobart, Brisbane, Darwin
Discovered by
by Captain Cook in 1770.
Lesson 10-13
Theme: Согласование времен
Sequence of Tenses
Правило согласования времен в английском языке заключается в следующем:
1. Если сказуемое главного предложения выражено одним из настоящих времен, то
и в дополнительном придаточном предложении употребляется соответствующее время по
смыслу:
I know that she is busy now. - Я знаю, что она занята сейчас.
I know that she was busy yesterday. - Я знаю, что она была занята вчера.
I know that she will be busy tomorrow. - Я знаю, что она будет занята завтра.
2. Если сказуемое в главном предложении выражено одним из прошедших времен,
то сказуемое дополнительного придаточного предложения должно также стоять в одном
из прошедших времен. При этом соблюдаются следующие правила:
а)
если
действие,
выраженное
сказуемым
дополнительного придаточного
предложения, одновременно с действием глагола в главном предложении, то глагол в
дополнительном придаточном предложении ставится в Past Indefinite или в Past
Continuous. Однако на русский язык глагол такого придаточного предложения
переводится глаголом в настоящем времени:
I knew that she worked hard. – Я знала, что она много работает.
I knew that she was working at some interesting problem. – Я знала, что она работает
над интересной проблемой.
б) если
действие,
выраженное сказуемым дополнительного придаточного
предложения, предшествует действию, выраженному глаголу главного предложения, то
глагол придаточного предложения употребляется в Past Perfect:
She said that she had worked at the factory some years before. – Она сказала, что
работала на фабрике несколько лет тому назад.
в)
если
действие,
выраженное
сказуемым
дополнительного придаточного
предложения, является последующим по отношению к действию, выраженному глаголом
главного предложения, то глагол придаточного предложения употребляется в Future in the
Past (будущее в прошедшем).
Future in the Past образуется при помощи вспомогательных глаголов should (для 1го лица единственного и множественного числа), would (для всех остальных) и
инфинитива глагола без частицы to:
I knew that she would work this Sunday. – Я знала, что она будет работать в это
воскресенье.
1. Change the verb in the principal clause (главном предложении) from Present to
Past and make the other necessary changes.
1. He says he will leave in the morning. 2. She says that her name is Mary. 3. I don’t
think he has come. 4. She says she cannot understand what I mean. 5. The teacher says that I can
do only the first and the tenth exercises. 6. She asks me what my name is. 7. I ask her if she is
busy in the afternoon. 8. I ask Peter where he has put my book. 9. She asks me to help her to do
the work. 10. She tells me not to go to the cinema on Wednesday.
2. Put the verbs in brackets into the right tense according to the rules of Sequence of
Tenses.
1. My friend asked me who (is playing, was playing) the piano in the sitting room. 2. He
said he (will come, would come) to the station to see me off. 3. I was sure he (posted, had
posted) the letter. 4. I think the weather (will be, would be) fine next week. I hope it (will not
change, would not change) for the worse. 5. I knew that he (is, was) a very clever man. 6. I want
to know what he (has bought, had bought) for her birthday. 7. I asked my sister to tell me what
she (has seen, had seen) at the museum. 8. He said he (is staying, was staying) at the Ritz Hotel.
9. They realized that they (lost, had lost) their way in the dark. 10. He asked me where I (study,
studied). 11. I thought that I (shall finish, should finish) my work at that time. 12. He says he
(works, worked) at school two years ago. 13. Victor said he (is, was) very busy.
3. Put the verbs in brackets into the right tense according to the rules of Sequence of
Tenses.
1. I knew they (to wait) for me at the metro station and I decided to hurry. 2. I didn’t
know that you already (to wind) up the clock. 3. I was afraid that the little girl (not to be) able to
unlock the front door and (to go) upstairs to help her. 4. He says that he (to know) the laws of the
country. 5. Sarie understood why Lanny (not to come) the previous evening. 6. She asked me
whether I (to remember) the legend about a faithful lion. 7. I understood that the soldiers (to
arrest) him. 8. He could not understand why people (not to want) to take water from that well. 9.
I suppose they (to send) a dog after the burglar immediately. 10. He said he (to leave) tomorrow
morning. 11. She says she already (to find) the book. 12. He stopped and listened: the clock (to
strike) five. 13. She said she (can) not tell me the right time, her watch (to be) wrong. 14. I asked
my neighbour if he ever (to travel) by air before. 15. The policeman asked George where he (to
run) so early. 16. The delegates were told that the guide just (to go) out and (to be) back in ten
minutes.
Lesson 14-16
Theme: Outstanding people
Lucky at cards, unlucky in love
(English proverb)
1. Try to interpret this proverb. Find Russian equivalent.
2. Read and learn the words.
merit - достоинство
satellite - приверженец
remarkable - замечательный
genius - гениальность
conquering - завоевывать
applaud - аплодировать
exploration - исследование
3. Read and translate the text.
Outstanding Personalities of Russia
There are many famous people in Russia. Among them you can find the name of
politicians and public figures, intellectuals and scientists, heroes of war and labour, sportsmen
and artists.
Scientists. A lot of discoveries have been made by great scientists in different fields of
science and engineering. But the greatest event of the 20th century was the flight of Man into
Space. Special merit here belongs to Russian scientists. Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky is
one of them.
K. Tsiolkovsky was born in 1879 in a small Russian village near Ryazan. Through all his
life he had been working on the problem of interplanetary travel. He worked out the theory of
cosmic flights. K. Tsiolkovsky believed that mankind will not remain on Earth forever, and he
dreamt to see that day. But he died in 1935.
The man who was standing behind Russian space strategy from the 1930s was Sergei
Pavlovich Korolev. An outstanding scientist, he devoted all his life to rocket research,
constructing artificial satellites. The first artificial sputnik was launched on October 4, 1957. The
Russians have every right to be proud of it. Some years later the most remarkable event in the
history of cosmonautics took place. On April 12, 1961 the spaceship “Vostok”, piloted by Yuri
Gagarin, went up. It is due to Korolev’s genius and some other top engineers’ talent that Russia
became the world leader in conquering space.
Writers. At the first it is necessary to mention the names of outstanding Russian writers
Alexander Pushkin and Michael Lermontov. They created the base of Russian literature and
Russian literature language. These names are followed by a number of other well-known writers
and poets, such as N. Gogol, N. Nekrasov, L. Tolstoi, A. Tolstoi, M. Bulgakov, M. Gorky, C.
Esenin, V/ Mayakovsky, M. Sholohov, A. Solojenitsin, V. Visotsky known both in our country
and abroad. Their books are translated into many foreign languages. Many of Moscow streets are
named after the Russian writers.
Composers. Among well-know composers of over the world are P. Thaikovsky, A.
Borodin, M. Musorgsky, N. Rimsky-Korsakov, M. Glinka. The leading composers of the present
century were C. Prokofyev, D. Shostakovitch, N. Myaskovsky, R. Glier.
Heroes of war. Many prominent names in the history of Russia are connected with a war.
The famous Russian military leaders and generals were A. Nevsky, A. Suvorov, M. Kutuzov, G.
Jukov, K. Rocossovsky. During the Second World War the Russian people fought heroically
defending their Motherland. But we are especially proud of the heroes of the last war: A.
Matrosov, A. Pokrishkin, A. Marasjev, Z. Kosmodemyanskaya, and many others.
Cosmonauts. Now we know more than one hundred Russian cosmonauts. Yuri Gagarin
was the first man who made his historic flight into space. The whole world applauded to this
handsome young man. He orbited the earth once, staying in space for only 108 minutes, but he
was the first to fly to stars. Mankind will always remember him. In commemoration of Gagarin’s
flight April 12th has been made the International Day of Cosmonautics. With Gagarin’s flight to
cosmos Tsiolkovsky’s “utopian” dreams came true. A new age of space exploration began.
At the present day, the time of revolution of value, it is difficult to find heroes, especially
among politicians. Time will put everything in its place and give everybody his due.
4. Answer the following questions about outstanding personalities of Russia.
1) Are there many famous scientists in Russia? 2) Who are the famous scientists in
Russia? 3) What are they? 4) Are any of Moscow streets named after these scientists? 5) Do you
know any outstanding scientists of the world? 6) Which of them made great discoveries? 7) Who
invented the electric candle? 8) Who discovered the Periodic Law of elements? 9) Who is the
man standing behind the rocket industry? 10) What famous invertors do you know? 11) What
famous Russian writers and poets do you know? 12) Who are the leading Russian composers of
our time? 13) Do you know the name of the heroes of Great Patriotic War? 14) Can you give the
name of any political or public figures of Russia?
5. Read and learn the words.
drama - драма
stage – ставить пьесу, сцена
tragedy - трагедия
globe – глобус, земной шар
error - ошибка
playwright - драматург
law - закон
electricity - электричество
scientist - ученый
magnetism – магнитные свойства
discovery - открытие
differential - дифференциальный
calculus - исчисление
parson - священник
learn - учиться
theology - богословие
biologist - биолог
purpose – намерение, цель
these – эти
idea of evolution – идея эволюции
origin – происхождение, источник
engine - паровоз
legendary - легендарный
hero - герой
6. Read and translate the text.
The Famous People of England
The famous writers. Shakespeare, Dickens, Conan Doyle, Jerome Jerome and others.
1. Shakespeare. Shakespeare is well known as a writer of comedies, historical dramas and
tragedies. Among his comedies there are: “A Midsummer Night’s Dream”, “Comedy of Errors”,
“The 12th night”. His tragedies are: “Othello”, “Romeo and Juliet”, “Hamlet”, etc.
William Shakespeare was born in the middle of 16th century. Nobody knows about his
education. When he was 30 (years old) Shakespeare was well known as an actor. Later he
became well known as a playwright. Many of his plays were stages at the London theatre called
“The Globe”.
Shakespeare died in 17th century. He was buried in Stratford church. In Stratford now
there is a big modern theatre, called Shakespeare Memorial Theatre.
2. Arthur Conan Doyle. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Scotland. He was a doctor.
His medical knowledge helped him to write in his detective stories about Sherlock Holmes: “The
Adventure of Sherlock Holmes”, “The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes”, “The Return of Sherlock
Holmes”, “The Hound of the Baskervilles” and many others.
If you go to London, you will not be able to find 221 ‘B’ Baker Street. But you can go to
the pub “The Sherlock Holmes” near Trafalgar Square. Conan Doyle was a famous writer.
The famous scientists. Newton, Darwin, George Stephenson, Michael Faraday.
1. Newton. Isaac Newton, one of the greatest scientists of the world, was born in the
middle of 17th century in a little village. His father was a farmer. Newton studied mathematics at
Cambridge University. Between the ages of 22 and 24 he made three great discoveries – the
discovery of the differential calculuses, the discovery of the components of white light and the
discovery of the low of gravitation.
Newton died when he was 84, and he was buried in Westminster Abbey, where you can
see his monument.
2. Charles Darvin. Charles Darvin was born in the beginning of 19th century in the family
of a doctor. His father wanted his son to become a doctor or a parson. Father sent him to
Edinburgh University and later to Cambridge University to learn a medicine and theology. But
Darvin wanted to become a biologist only.
When he was 22, he sail by the Beagle for South America with scientific purposes and
created a new theory: the theory of evolution.
Once there were only simple organisms living in the sea. Hundreds millions of years,
these have developed to produce all the different kinds of animals and plants we know today.
(He wrote a famous book ‘The origin of Species’.)
The famous painters. Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792). Joshua Reynolds was the most
outstanding English portraitist of the period. He created a whole gallery of portraits of the most
famous of his contemporaries – statesmen, scholars, writers and actors, depicting them usually in
heroic style.
Inventors and their invention. George Stephenson, he made the first engine. Michael
Faraday, he opened many of the laws of electricity and magnetism.
The Legendary heroes. Robin Hood is a legendary hero of England. He lived in the
twelve century in Shrewood Forest with his friends. Robin Hood and his friends took money
from the rich and gave it to the poor.
7. Answer the following questions about famous people of England.
1) What outstanding people of Great Britain do you know? 2) Do you know any
outstanding scientists of England? 3) Which of them made great discoveries? 4) What famous
English inventors do you know? 5) What distinguished English writers lived in the 20 century?
6) Are there any English famous composers of the 19 century? 7) Are there any outstanding
politicians and public figures in England? 8) What people are considered to be outstanding? Who
made the first engine? 10. Who discovered the different calculuses, the components of white
light and of the low of gravitation? 11) What qualities must they possess? 12) Is it enough to be
talented to be called outstanding?
Lesson 17-18
Theme: Прямая и косвенная речь
Direct and indirect speech
При изменении прямой речи в косвенную соблюдается правило согласования
времен, причем соответственно смыслу изменяются личные и притяжательные
местоимения, а также слова и выражения, показывающие время или место действия,
близкое к говорящему, заменяются в косвенной речи словами, показывающими более
отдаленное время или место действия. Например:
this этот, эта, это заменяется на
that тот
these эти
those те
now сейчас
then тогда
here здесь
there там
tomorrow завтра
the next day на следующий день
today сегодня
that day в тот день
yesterday вчера
the day before накануне
ago тому назад
before тому назад
She said, “I made my report yesterday.” – She said that she had made her report the day before.
Ann said, “I shall come to see you tomorrow.” – Ann said that she would come to see me the
next day.
Примечание. Следует обратить внимание на то, что глагол to say может вводить
как косвенную речь, так и прямую речь. При введении прямой речи глагол to say всегда
употребляется с предлогом to. Глагол to tell никогда не вводит прямую речь. Он может
вводить только косвенную речь (без предлога to).
Если в прямой речи употреблен глагол to say без дополнения, то глагол to say
сохраняется и в косвенной речи.
Если после глагола to say, вводящего прямую речь, имеется дополнение, то в
косвенной речи глагол to say заменяется глаголом to tell:
She said, “I have seen a good film this week.” – She said that she had seen a good film
that week.
She said to me, “I have seen a good film this week.” – She told me that she had seen a
good film that week.
Следует помнить, что в косвенном вопросе порядок слов прямой, т.е. такой же, как
и в утвердительном предложении.
1) Общий вопрос в косвенной речи вводится союзами if или whether
соответствующими русской частице ли.
Прямая речь
Косвенная речь
My friend said to me, “Will you go to the My friend asked me if (whether) I should go
skating-rink on Sunday?”
to the skating-rink on Sunday.
I asked him, “Do you skate well?”
I asked him if (whether) he skated well.
Если ответ на общий вопрос утвердительный, то говорят:
Я ответил утвердительно.
I answered in the affirmative.
Если ответ на общий вопрос утвердительный, то говорят:
Я ответил отрицательно.
I answered in the negative.
2)
Специальный
вопрос
в
косвенной
речи
вводится
вопросительным
местоимением:
She asked me, “Where will you go today?”
She asked me where I should go that day.
3) Конструкция приказания или просьбы в косвенной речи соответствует подобной
конструкции в русском языке:
The
teacher
said
to
me,
“Go
to
the The teacher told me to go to the blackboard.
blackboard!”
My friend said to me, “Give me something to My friend asked me to give him something to
read, please.”
read.”
Отрицательная форма приказания или просьбы образуется из частицы not и
инфинитива глагола с частицей to:
She said to me, “Don’t tell my mother about She asked me not to tell her mother about that.
it.”
Из приведенных выше примеров видно, что глагол to say в прямой речи заменяется
глаголом to ask попросить в косвенной речи для выражения просьбы и глаголом to tell
велеть для выражения приказания.
1. Change the following sentences from Direct into Indirect Speech.
a) 1. Jack wrote to his friend: “I am not able to come to see you this summer.” 2. The
worker said: “I have brought all essential equipment.” 3. Ann said: “I went on an excursion last
week.” 4. He said: “I have read this novel and like it very much.” 5. “There are many factories
and plants in our town.”
b) 1. She asked me: “Will you go to the theatre on Sunday?” 2. I asked her: “Did you
finish this book yesterday?” 3. Pete asked his mother: “May I go out?” 4. The mother asked him:
“Have you done your homework?” 5. Pete answered: “Yes, I have.” 6. The teacher asked me: “Is
this text difficult?” 7. My friend asked me: “May I take this book?”
c) 1. Mary said to me: “Why didn’t you come?” 2. Mother asked me “When did Tom go
to bed?” 3. They asked Mary: “When will your husband return home?” 4. The teacher asked me:
“What is your name?” 5. He asked Pete: “Where were you born?” 6. My friend asked me: “What
will you do in summer?” 7. My brother asked me: “Where have you put your bag?”
d) 1. He said to me: “Go this way, please.” 2. The man said to me: “Give me a match,
please.” 3. The teacher said to us: “Open your books on page 11 and read the text.” 4. She said to
the child: “Don’t touch my books.” 5. The teacher said to us: “Stop talking!” 6. My mother said
to me: “Do not forget to learn this poem by heart.” 7. My friend said to me: “Give me your
dictionary, please.”
2. Change the following sentences from Indirect into Direct Speech.
1. I asked my aunt if she was going to her hometown for the holidays. 2. He told me that
he hadn’t been able to ring me up in time. 3. He asked his classmates to wait for him. 4. He
asked her if anyone else knew about his arrival. 5. I asked him when he would take his last exam.
6. He asked me if I had taken part in the football match. 7. She asked me where I lived. 8. He
said that had joined a sports club. 9. He told me that he had seen my brother the day before. 10.
She asked me to hurry up as there was little time left before the beginning of the meeting. 11.
She asked her friend if the rain had stopped. 12. He answered that it was still raining. 13. My
sister told me that she had found the book I was looking for. 14. He said that he didn’t like the
main character of the book but he could not explain why. 15. He asked his brother what he
would do if he did not find the book he needed.
3. Put the verbs in brackets into the right tense and translate the text.
At 12, Laila Ali, Muhammad Ali’s daughter, told her mother she ___ (is, was going) to
move out when she ___ (turns, turned, would turn) 18 and open a nail salon. She did just that.
So when she announced she ___ (would learn, will learn) to box professionally, there was
nothing her parents could say to deter her.
“If I want to do something, I just ___ (do, did) it,” she said. “I really don’t care what
anybody has to say. I ___ (have always done, always do) everything that I wanted to do.”
Laila will fight April Fowler October 8 (1999) in New York. She said her father, who has
Parkinson’s Syndrome, ___ (didn’t decide, hasn’t decided) whether to attend.
She said her parents, who ___ (divorced, had divorced) when Laila was seven, are
skeptical about her new profession.
Laila, who ___ (run, runs) her nail salon in Los Angeles, decided a year ago that she ___
(wants, wanted) to box professionally after picking up the sport as a form of exercise. She said
she just ___ (loves, loved) how it ___ (feels, felt).
Laila’s six-day-a-week training regimen involves running three to four miles, jumping
rope, sparring and working on punching bags.
Laila was too young to see her father fight in person, but she ___ (watched, has watched)
tapes of his bouts and says her favorite ___ (is, was) Ali’s knockout of George Foreman in Zaire
in 1974.
“My footwork is very good, like my father’s. I’m also very strong and very confident,”
said the 5-foot-10 (178-centimeters), 168-pounder (75.6-kilograms) Laila. “My movement in the
ring is just like my dad’s.”
Her coach said he ___ (trans, trained) Laila like he would any male boxer.
“When I get in the gym, I don’t look at her as a lady, I look at her as a fighter,” he said.
“She’s mean and she’s tough. She’s not in it just for the money; she wants to be a champion.”
Lesson 19-20
Lesson 23-24
Theme: Сослагательное наклонение. Условные предложения
Subjunctive Mood. Conditional Clauses
Условные предложения могут быть трех типов:
Тип 1: условие можно выполнить.
Тип 2: условие теоретически можно выполнить.
Тип 3: условие невозможно выполнить (слишком поздно).
Тип
Придаточное предложение с if
Главное предложение
1
Simple Present
Will - future
2
Simple Past
Would + Infinitive
3
Past Perfect
Would + have + Past Participle
Тип
1
2
3
Форма
Пример
утверд.
If I learn, I’ll pass the exam.
отрицат.
If I learn, I won’t fail the exam.
утверд.
If I learnt, I would pass the exam.
отрицат.
If I learnt, I wouldn’t fail the exam.
утверд.
If I had learnt, I would have passed the exam.
отрицат.
If I had learnt, I wouldn’t have failed the exam.
Придаточные предложения реального условия и времени, действие которых
отнесено к будущему (тип 1)
В придаточных предложениях условия и времени с союзами
if – если,
when – когда,
after - после,
before – перед тем, как,
as soon as – как только,
unless – если не,
until – до тех пор, пока не,
будущее время заменяется формой настоящего времени, но на русский язык
переводится будущим, например:
If you help me (придаточное предл. условия), I shall do this work on time (главное
предл.) – Если ты поможешь мне, я сделаю эту работу вовремя.
As soon as I am free, I’ll come to you. – Как только я освобожусь, я приду к тебе.
We shall not begin until you come. – Мы не начнем, пока ты не придешь.
Сослагательное наклонение
Сослагательное
наклонение
выражает
возможность,
нереальность,
предположительность действия.
Предложения нереального условия (тип 2)
Действие относится к настоящему или будущему:
If I knew his address I would write to him. – Если бы я знал его адрес (сейчас), я
написал бы ему (сейчас или в ближайшем будущем).
If the weather were fine he would go to the country. – Если бы погода (сейчас) была
хорошей, он бы поехал за город.
Глагол в придаточном предложении – в форме Past Indefinite, в главном – в форме
Future in the Past.
Предложения нереального условия (тип 3)
If the weather had been fine yesterday he would have gone to the country. – Если бы
погода была вчера хорошей, он бы поехал за город. (Но он не поехал.)
В случае если действие, описываемое сослагательным наклонением, относится к
прошедшему
времени,
в
главном
предложении
используется
форма
будущего
совершенного с точки зрения прошедшего Future in the Past, а в придаточном –
прошедшее совершенное Past Perfect.
If I had known his address I would have written to him. – Если бы я знал его адрес (в
прошлом), я написал бы ему (в прошлом же).
I wish I had lived not far from here (прошедшее время). – Жаль, что я не жил
поблизости.
Сослагательное наклонение после глагола wish
Для выражения сожаления, относящегося к будущему, употребляются сочетания с
глаголом could. Для выражения пожелания на будущее, а также жалобы, просьбы или
раздражения употребляется would.
I wish it were spring now. – Мне бы хотелось, чтобы сейчас была весна.
I wish I knew her address. – Мне бы хотелось знать ее адрес.
I wish I had made decision yesterday. – Жаль, что я не принял решение вчера.
I wish you could drive a car. – Мне бы хотелось, чтобы ты водил машину.
I wish they would stop the noise. – Мне бы хотелось, чтобы они прекратили этот
шум.
1. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form of the Subjunctive Mood.
1. He (go) out when the weather (get) warmer. 2. I (wait) for you until you (come) back
from school. 3. I’m afraid the train (start) before we (come) to the station. 4. We (go) to the
country tomorrow if the weather (be) fine. 5. We (not pass) the examination next year if we not
(work) much harder. 6. If you (not drive) more carefully you (have) an accident. 7. You (be) late
if you (not take) a taxi. 8. I (finish) reading this book before I (go) to bed. 9. You must (send) us
a telegram as soon as you arrive. 10. We (have) a picnic tomorrow if it (be) a fine day. 11. We
(go) out when it (stop) raining. 12. We (not to have) dinner until you (come). 13. I’m sure they
(write) to us when they (know) our new address.
2. Translate into Russian language.
1. I wish you were not late as usual.
2. I wish the letter hadn’t been so long.
3. I wish you wouldn’t be slow.
4. I wish I could go to my work by car.
5. I wish it would stop raining.
3. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian.
1. If I came later I would be late for the lesson. 2. If he had known the time-table he
wouldn’t have missed the train. 3. It would be better if you learned to drive a car. 3. I wish I had
known this before. 4. I would have sent a letter to you if I had known your address. 5. If I had
met you yesterday I would have told you about it. 6. If I were in your place I wouldn’t buy the
tickets beforehand. 7. If I had known that you needed help I would have helped you.
4. Put the verbs in brackets in the right form of the Subjunctive Mood.
1. If Peter (have) more money, he (buy) a new car. 2. What (you do) if you see a road
accident? 3. Where (you live) if you (have) a choice? 4. If Caroline (come) late for dinner, her
mother (be) angry. 5. If Nick (study) hard, he (get) good marks. 6. Where (you go) if you (can
take) a week’s holiday? 7. If Julie (speak) better English, she (find) a better job. 8. If my boss
(invite) me to lunch, I (accept). 9. When I (finish) my work, I (tell) you. 10. What (happen) if
you (miss) your flight?
Lesson 21-22
Theme: Ecology
Better safe than sorry
(English proverb)
1. Try to interpret this proverb. Find Russian equivalent.
2. Read and learn the words.
ancient - древний
source - источник
natural riches – природные богатства
to increase- увеличиваться
harmful interference – вредное воздействие
industrial enterprises – промышленные предприятия
substances - вещества
suffer - страдать
to upset - нарушать
rare - редкий
to dry up - высыхать
pollution - загрязнение
destruction - разрушение
ozone layer – озоновый слой
attitude -отношение
universal concern – всеобщая забота
3. Read and translate the text.
The Protection of Nature
Nature is the source of Man’s life since ancient times. People lived in harmony with
environmental for thousands of years people and thought that natural riches were unlimited. The
development of civilization increased man’s harmful interference in nature.
Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises pollute the air we breathe and
the water we drink. Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1,000 million
tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Beautiful old forests
disappear forever. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species
of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of lakes and river dry up.
The pollution of air and destruction of the ozone layer are the results of man’s attitude
towards Nature.
The protection of the environment is a universal concern. We must be very active to
create a serious system of ecological security.
4. Answer the following questions about protection of nature.
1) What is the main reason of ecological problems?
2) What are the main ecological problems?
3) Why should the ecological problems be a universal concern?
4) What steps are taken to fight ecological problems?
5. Read and learn the words.
greenhouse effect – парниковый эффект
surface - поверхность
transparent - прозрачный
to absorb - поглощать
root - корень
fossil - ископаемый
amount – величина, количество
carbon dioxide – двуокись углерода, углекислый газ
methane- метан
nitrous oxide – окись азота
ozone - озон
halocarbons - хлороуглероды
to contribute – содействовать, способствовать
heating effect – эффект нагревания
to alter - изменять
to estimate - оценивать
net effect – суммарный эффект
to cause- послужить причиной/ поводом для чего-л.
level - уровень
magnitude - величина
to affect - повлиять
to be affected – быть затронутым чем-л.
flood - наводнение
6. Read and translate the text about greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse effect is the term for the role the atmosphere in warming the earth’s surface.
The atmosphere is largely transparent to incoming short-wave solar radiation, which heats the
earth’s surface. Much of this radiation is reflected back by gases such as carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide and ozone in the atmosphere. This heating effect is at the root of the
theories concerning global warming.
The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been increasing by 0,4 per cent a
year because of the use of fossil fuels such as oil, gas, and coal. The cutting of tropical forests
has also been a contributing factor in the carbon cycle. Other gases that contribute to the
greenhouse effect, such as methane and halocarbons, are increasing even faster. The net effect of
these increases could be a worldwide rise in temperature, estimated at 2° to 6°C (4° to 11°F) over
the next 100 years. Warming of this magnitude would alter climates throughout the world, affect
crop production, and cause sea levels to rise significantly. If this happened, millions of people
would be badly affected by flooding.
7. Answer the following questions about the protection of nature.
1) How is the surface of the Earth heated?
2) What gases reflect heat back in the atmosphere?
3) Why is amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increasing?
4) What will be a worldwide rise in temperature in the next 100 years?
8. Read and learn the words.
due to – благодаря; вследствие; в результате
build-up – накопление, увеличение
implications – последствия, результаты
elevated - повышенный
mean - средний
fluctuation - колебание
consequence – (по)следствие
to urge – убеждать, советовать, настаивать
level - уровень
9. Read and translate the text about global warming.
Global Warming
Global warming is an increase in the earth’s temperature due to the use of fossil fuels and
other industrial processes leading to a build-up of “greenhouse gases” (carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide) in the atmosphere. It has been known since 1896 that carbon dioxide helps to stop
the sun’s in fared radiation from escaping into space and thus functions to maintain the Earth’s
relatively warm temperature (this is called the greenhouse effect). The question is whether the
increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will lead to elevated global temperatures,
which could result major climatic changes, and have serious problems for agricultural
productivity.
Since 1850 there has been a mean rise in global temperature of approximately 1°C
(1.8°F), but this rise could just be part of a natural fluctuation. Such fluctuations have been
recorded for tens of thousands of years. The potential consequences of global warming are so
great that many of the world’s top scientists have urged immediate action, and have called for
international cooperation on the problem.
10. Answer the following questions about global warming.
1) What gases are called “greenhouse gases”?
2) What is a “greenhouse effect”?
3) What can be the potential consequences of global warming?
Lesson 25-26
Theme: The nature and technological progress
Money has no smell
(English proverb)
1. Try to interpret this proverb. Find Russian equivalent.
2. Read and learn the words.
to pollute, environmental pollution - загрязнять, загрязнение окружающей среды
smoke - дым
to poison - отравлять
to damage – наносить ущерб, повреждать, портить
fertilizer, pesticide - удобрение, пестициды
to scatter rubbish and litter - разбрасывать мусор и отходы
a vehicle, a motor vehicle – средство передвижения, перевозочное средство, моторное
средство передвижения
noise - шум
to cause – быть причиной, причинять
disastrous - гибельный
to harm – вредить, наносить ущерб
the survival - выживание
an illness - болезнь
to reduce - уменьшать
ugliness - уродство
to benefit – приносить пользу
exhaust – выхлоп, выхлопные газы
a percentage – процентное содержание
to discharge – выбрасывать, выпускать
a crop - урожай
immediately - немедленно
gradually - постепенно
to lessen - уменьшать
to enforce – проводить в жизнь
invisible - невидимый
waste - отходы
weapons, nuclear weapons - оружие, ядерное оружие
X-ray machines - Рентгеновские аппараты
to determine, to influence – определять, оказывать влияние, влиять
cancer - рак
exposure – подвергание, выставление
a cell - клетка
to ban - запрещать
to eliminate – устранять, уничтожать
3. Read and translate the texts.
Environmental Pollution
Environmental pollution is a term that refers to all the ways by which people pollute their
surroundings. People dirty the air with gases and smoke, poison the water with chemicals and
other substances, and damage the soil with too many fertilizers and pesticides. People also
pollute their surroundings in various other ways. They ruin natural beauty by scattering rubbish
and litter on the land and in the water. They operate motor vehicles that fill the air with the noise.
Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems facing humanity today. It
causes global warming, destruction of the ozone layer, and other disastrous processes. Air, water,
and soil – all harmed by pollution – are necessary to the survival of all living things. Badly
polluted air can cause illness, and even death. Polluted water kills fish and other marine life.
Pollution of soil reduces the amount of land available for growing crops. Environmental
pollution also brings ugliness to our naturally beautiful world.
The pollution problem is as complicated as it is serious. It is complicated because much
pollution is caused by things that benefit people. Exhaust from cars causes a large percentage of
all air pollution, but the car provides transportation for millions of people. Factories discharge
much of the material that pollutes air and water, but factories provide jobs for people and
produce goods that people want. Too many fertilizers or pesticides can ruin soil, but they are
important aids for the growing of crops.
Thus, to end or greatly reduce pollution immediately, people would have to stop using
many things that benefit them. But pollution can be gradually reduced. Scientists and engineers
should work hard to find the ways to lessen the amount of pollution that such things as cars and
factories cause. Governments should enforce laws that require enterprises or individuals to stop
or to reduce certain polluting activities.
Radiation
Radiation is an invisible pollutant that can be highly dangerous. Nuclear radiation comes
from radioactive substances, including waste from nuclear weapons testing and from nuclear
power plants. Small amounts of electromagnetic radiation are produced by a variety of electronic
devices including computers, lasers, microwave ovens, TV sets, and X-ray machines.
Scientists have not determined exactly what effects small amounts of radiation influence
people. But exposure to large amounts can cause cancer and harmful changes in reproductive
cells.
International agreements ban most testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. Such
regulations have helped to eliminate the major sources of radiation. However, the amount of
radioactive waste is constantly increasing. Scientists are studying the ways to eliminate these
wastes safely and permanently.
4. Find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations.
Загрязнение окружающей среды, который относится, окружение (окружающие
места), газами и дымом, отравлять вожу химикатами, слишком много удобрений и
пестицидов, разными другими способами, естественная красота, мусор и отбросы, шумом,
с которой сталкивается человечество, он является причиной, разрушение озонового слоя,
разрушительные (гибельные) процессы, выживание всех живых существ, сильно
загрязненный воздух, даже смерть, загрязненная вода, загрязнение почвы, имеющаяся в
распоряжении для выращивания урожаев, первозданно красивый мир, сложный,
приносить пользу, выхлопные газы, процентное содержание, производить товары,
слишком много, важные средства, таким образом, немедленно, вынуждены бы были
остановить, постепенно, должны упорно работать, вводить в силу законы, невидимый
загрязнитель, очень опасный, отходы от испытаний ядерного оружия, атомные
электростанции, микроволновые печи, точно не определили, большие количества,
вредные изменения, репродуктивные клетки, соглашения запрещают, однако, постоянно,
надежно.
5. a) Find in the texts the words which have the similar meanings as the following
words:
to dirty, different, to destroy, to throw, waste, to run, disease, to reduce, complex, to
manufacture, at once, quantity, constantly;
b) Find in the texts the words which have the opposite meanings to the following
words:
to clean, the same, to restore, unnatural, the least, death, to increase, ugly, simple, small,
little, to begin, visible, national.
6. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Add some more information.
1. People do not poison the water with chemicals.
2. People damage the soil with too many pesticides.
3. Badly polluted air cannot cause illness.
4. Polluted water kills fish.
5. The pollution problem is not complicated.
7. Answer the following questions about environmental pollution.
1) What does the term “environmental pollution” mean?
2) How do people pollute the surroundings?
3) What does environmental pollution cause?
4) What can badly polluted air cause?
5) What does polluted water cause?
6) Why is the pollution problem complicated?
7) Where does nuclear radiation come from?
8) Have you a computer of own? How much time do you spend before the display?
9) Do you often watch TV?
10) Does your family prepare food with the help of a microwave oven?
11) Do you know the influence on people of the small amounts of radiation?
12) Do you often go to the seaside? How much time do you spend there?
13) Do you smoke? And what about your friends?
14) Where do you live? Are your surroundings clean?
15) How can we reduce the pollution of the surroundings?
Lesson 27-28
Theme: Mass Media
If you want a thing well done, do it yourself
(English proverb)
1. Try to interpret this proverb. Find Russian equivalent.
2. Read and learn the words.
media, mass media - СМИ, средства массовой информации
a viewer - зритель
a stream, a steady stream - поток, постоянный поток
to entertain, entertainment - развлекать, развлечение
a quiz - викторина
a feature film, a cartoon, a fictional serial - художественный фильм, мультфильм, мыльная
опера
an affair, current affairs - событие, текущие события
to run - управлять
to advertise, advertising, ad, advertiser - разместить объявление, реклама, объявление,
рекламодатель
a profit, to make a profit - прибыль, приносить прибыль
to subscribe - подписываться
a fee, to pay a fee – плата, оплатить взнос
to deliver - доставлять
to broadcast вещать, транслировать
a satellite - спутник
to transmit – передавать, отправлять
to receive, a receiver - получить, приемник
an advantage, a drawback - преимущество, недостаток
average, on average – в среднем
means - средства
to complete – заканчивать, завершать
forecast – прогноз погоды
an ability - способность
3. Read and translate the texts.
Television
Television, also called TV, is one of the most important mass media. People with a
television set can sit at home and can see and learn about people, animals, and things in faraway
lands. Millions of viewers around the world can watch sport events and other events of
worldwide interest.
TV brings its viewers a steady stream of programmes that are designed to give
information and to entertain. In fact, television provides more entertainment programmes than
any other kind of mass media. The programmes include sports events, variety shows, quiz
shows, feature films, cartoons, fictional serials called soap operas, etc.
There are two main kinds of television stations: public stations and commercial stations.
Public television stations are supported by the government. They usually broadcast more
educational programmes and programmes on cultural subjects. News and current affairs
programmes make up an important section of programmes for most public television stations.
People can also subscribe to cable television system. Viewers pay a fee for this this
service. Cable television signals are delivered to home TV sets of their customers by cables.
Some cable systems carry more than one hundred channels – far more than can broadcast even in
the largest urban areas.
Satellite broadcasting is another form of subscription television. The signals are
transmitted to home TV sets from a direct broadcasting satellite in space. The viewer must have
a dish-receiver aerial to receive the programmes.
We may speak about different advantages and drawbacks of television but almost every
home has at least one TV set. On average, a TV set is in use for about 7 hours each day. Thus,
television is the most effective means of mass communication known to mankind. It has become
the people’s eyes and ears on the world.
Radio
Radio is also one of the most important mass media. Radio broadcasts news, discussions,
interviews, description of sport events, drama, religious programmes, music, and advertising.
There is at least one radio station in every country in the world, and altogether there are
more than 25,000 stations all over the world. Radio stations complete with one another.
Radio programmes vary from country to country. But in all countries, programmes
primarily provide information and entertainment. Programmes that provide information include
news and current affairs, live broadcasts of sports events, weather forecasts, talk shows. Many
talk shows allow listeners to take part in the programme by telephoning the radio station to ask
questions or give their opinions about the topic. Such programmes are sometimes called phoneins.
In most countries up to 90 per cent of all programmes are designed for entertainment.
Music is a popular kind of radio entertainment. Most music stations specialize in one kind of
music, such as pop, classical, jazz or folk music. Some stations broadcast several kinds of music.
There are also comedy shows and plays performed “live” or recorded in the studio by actors.
A major reason for the widespread use of radios is their portability, which means the
ability, which means the ability to be carried around easily. People listen to the radios almost
everywhere – at home, in parks, at beaches and picnics, while driving a car, and even while
walking along the street.
4. a) Find in the texts the words which have the similar meanings as the following
words:
to watch, type, to comprise, major, to control, to transmit, various, disadvantage, to differ,
mainly, to let, to call, the theme;
b) Find in the texts the words which have the opposite meanings to the following
words:
the least, without, to stand, less, to buy, near, the smallest, disadvantage, drawback, to
answer.
5. Agree or disagree with the following statements. Add some more information.
1. There are many TV channels on cable television.
2. There is at least one radio station in every country.
3. There are more than 25,000 stations all over the world.
4. Music is not a popular kind of radio entertainment.
5. Radio programmes are designed only for entertainment.
6. Answer the following questions about different kinds of mass media.
1) What kinds of mass media do you know?
2) Why is TV one of the important mass media?
3) What is the reason for the widespread use of radios?
4) What do newspapers provide?
5) What kinds of mass media do you prefer?
6) How many TV sets do you have at home?
7) How much time a day do you watch TV?
8) What is your favourite TV programmes? Why?
9) Do you have a radio at home?
10) What is your favorite radio station? Why?
11) Do you subscribe to any newspapers?
12) Do you buy newspapers? What kind of?
13) Do you have cable or satellite television at home? How much do you pay for these
services?
14) What films do you prefer to watch?
15) Do you like to watch ads?
16) Sometimes advertisements are very annoying, aren’t they?
17) Do you prefer to buy things according to the advertising or not?
18) Do you watch educational programmes?
19) Do you use Internet? For what?
20) Do you have your own computer?
Lesson 29-30
Theme: Объектный инфинитивный оборот
The Objective Infinitive Construction
Объектный инфинитивный оборот состоит из существительного в общем падеже
или местоимения в объектном падеже и инфинитива глагола:
Our teacher wants us to repeat this text once more. – Наш преподаватель хочет, чтобы
мы повторили текст еще раз.
Объектный инфинитивный оборот выполняет в предложении функцию сложного
дополнения (Complex Object) и переводится на русский язык дополнительным
придаточным предложением, вводимым союзами что, чтобы, как:
I should like you to wait for me. – Я хотел (а) бы, чтобы вы подождали меня.
В состав сложного дополнения может входить инфинитив в страдательном залоге:
I want him to be told about it. – Я хочу, чтобы ему рассказали об этом.
Объектный инфинитивный оборот обычно употребляется после следующих
глаголов: want хотеть, wish желать, know знать, believe полагать, like любить, нравиться,
expect предполагать, consider считать, feel чувствовать, see видеть, watch следить,
наблюдать, hear слышать.
После глаголов see, feel, hear, watch, notice, а также после глагола make (в
значении заставить) и let (в значении позволять) инфинитив употребляется без частицы to:
I saw him ran along the street. – Я видел (а), как он бежал по улице.
She heard them say “Good-bye” to her. – Она слышала, как они с ней попрощались.
I watched them play. – Я наблюдал (а), как они играли.
She made him give the book to Ann. – Она заставила его отдать книгу Ане.
You must not let him go out now. – Вы не должны разрешать ему выходить на улицу
сейчас.
Объектный причастный оборот
The Objective Participle Construction
Объектный причастный оборот состоит из существительного в общем падеже (или
личного местоимения в объектном падеже) с причастием. В предложении этот оборот
выполняет функцию сложного дополнения (Complex Object):
I watched the girl playing. – Я наблюдал (а) за тем, как играла девочка.
На русский язык оборот «объектный падеж с причастием» переводится
придаточным предложением с союзом как или что.
Объектный причастный оборот сходен с объектным инфинитивным оборотом.
Разница состоит в том, что причастный оборот показывает действие как процесс, а
инфинитивный оборот выражает факт совершения действия.
Объектный причастный оборот употребляется после глаголов: to hear слышать, to
see видеть, to feel чувствовать, to watch наблюдать, to find обнаруживать, находить, to like
нравиться, любить, to want хотеть и др.
I saw them working in the field. – Я видел (а), как они работали в поле.
1. Translate from English into Russian paying attention to the Objective Infinitive
and Participle Constructions (объектный инфинитивный и причастный обороты).
1. I didn’t expect you to come in time. 2. When I phoned home, I heard my mother say:
“Hallo, is that you, Ann?” 3. Our teacher wants us to study English well. 4. When I heard my
friend whistling I ran out to him. 5. We saw the boy running across the street. 6. I should like
you to help me. 7. The teacher made me rewrite the test. 8. I heard her sing on the radio. 9. I
saw him running across the street.
2. Change the following Object Clauses into constructions with a Complex Object.
1. I heard that she was singing in the garden. 2. Peter’s father saw that the picture had
fallen down. 3. The girl felt that somebody’s hand was touching her cheek. 4. I wish that they
would come to see us the day after tomorrow. 5. Look! Do you see how the storm is coming
near? 6. They did not like that the children went in the yard barefoot. 7. The boy found that the
story was very interesting. 8. We saw how the cars were loaded. 9. The travelers considered that
the island was deserted.
Lesson 31-32
Theme: Advertising
As the fool thinks, so the bell clinks
(English proverb)
1. Try to interpret this proverb. Find Russian equivalent.
2. Match the following brands and slogans.
1. Nike
a) Auto Emotion
2. EA Games
b) Impossible is Nothing
3. McDonalds
c) Leisure & Pleasure
4. L’Oreal
d) Connecting People
5. LG
e) Hello Moto
6. Nokia
f) Just do it!
7. Motorola
g) Because I’m worth it
8. Playstation
h) Challenge Everything
9. Budmil
i) Life’s Good
10. Gillette
j) I’m lovin’ it
11. Adidas
k) Make Believe
12. Panasonic
l) Ideas for Life
13. Seat
m) The best a man can get
3. Read and learn the words.
influence - влияние
catchy jingles- броские джинглы
cute slogans - милые лозунги
cartoon characters - герои мультфильмов
key factors - ключевые факторы
hook - зацепить
television commercial – телевизионная реклама
to change her wardrobe – менять свой гардероб
to keep up with the latest fashion trends - чтобы идти в ногу с последними тенденциями
моды
place – размещать
label – этикетка
the cheapest brand - дешевый бренд
Rugrats' yogurt – йогурт с изображением героев мультфильма «Руграт»
4. Read the text and do exercises.
The power of advertising over kids
(A) Advertising has an (1) influence on everyone in one way or another, but it especially
has had an influence on children. Catchy (2) jingles, cute slogans, and cartoon characters are all
key factors that have hooked children on certain products. Advertising influences the toys they
want, the clothes they wear, and the food they eat.
(B) Advertising influences children's choice of toys. If a television (3) commercial
displays children laughing and playing, children think it must be a great toy, regardless of the
type. For example, my three-year-old desperately wants a skateboard for Christmas. Every time
he sees a skateboard commercial, he gets excited. He believes that if he had a skateboard, he
would instantly have the same fun and skill as the boys on television. He also wants a fingernail
kit. He does not know what a fingernail kit is, but he likes the glitter and stickers the commercial
shows. The more appealing the commercial is, the more he wants the toy.
(C) Another influence advertising has had is on the clothes children want to wear. Clothes
from Wal-Mart and K-Mart are no longer satisfactory.(4) Brand names such as GAP, Tommy
Hilfiger, and American Eagle are much more appealing to them. My teenage daughter is
constantly looking through catalogues and magazines, examining each outfit down to the last
detail. She continuously wants to change her wardrobe to keep up with the latest fashion trends
and most popular brand names.
(D) Last, advertising influences the food children want to eat. Cartoon characters are
placed on boxes of foods such as crackers and cereal to influence young children. For instance, I
was grocery shopping with my young son the other day, and he asked me if I would buy him
some yogurt to have for breakfast. I reached for the cheapest brand off the shelf and was about to
put it in the cart when he said, "I want the Rugrats' yogurt." I had no idea what he was talking
about until he pointed to the shelf behind me. There I saw a six-pack container of yogurt with
pictures of Rugrats' characters on the label. I tried to convince him that the yogurt I had picked
up, which happened to be a dollar cheaper, would taste the same. After arguing back and forth, I
finally gave in and purchased the more expensive Rugrats' yogurt.
(E) As long as companies continue to (5) target our youth with advertising jingles,
slogans, and cartoon characters, children and teenagers will continue to be influenced by the
product with the most advertising appeal.
5. Read the headings. Match paragraphs with the correct topic.
Paragraph A
conclusion
Paragraph B
introduction
Paragraph C
children's choice of toys
Paragraph D
children's choice of clothes
Paragraph E
children's choice of food
6. Read the text. Match the synonyms below to the numbered words from the
passage.
Synonym
Number
a) aim
b) trademark
c) TV advertisement
d) songs
e) power
7. Read the questions and decide if they are True or False.
1. Advertising affects children more than anyone else.
2. Children want to buy products they see in the advertisement even if they don't know
what it is.
3. Teens and children don't care about the latest fashion.
4. Companies use the famous cartoon characters to decrease selling.
8. Read the questions, and then write the answers according to the text.
1. What are the key factors of an advertisement?
2. How does a child believe about the skateboard?
3. Why does a teenage girl want to change her ware drop?
SOURCES
1. Агабекян, И.П. Английский язык для ссузов: учебное пособие. – Москва:
Проспект, 2012. – 288 с.
2. Восковская А.С. Английский язык / А.С. Восковская, Т. А. Карпова. – Изд. 8-е. –
Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2010. – 376, [1] с. – (Среднее профессиональное образование).
3. Голицинский, Ю.Б. Грамматика: Сборник упражнений. – 6-е изд., - СПб.: КАРО,
2010. – 544 с. – (Серия «Английский язык для школьников»).
4. Грузинская, И.А., Черкасская, Е.Б. Грамматика английского языка для старших
классов средней школы. – М.: Государственное учебно-педагогическое издательство
Министерства Просвещения, 1985. – 256 с.
5. Исаева, Л.С., Хорькова, А.М. Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов
II курса ССУЗ. – Чебоксары: «Крона», 2000. – 144 с.
6. Кравцова, Л.И. Английский язык для средних профессиональных учебных
заведений: Учебник/ Л.И. Кравцова. – М.: Высшая школа, 2004. – 463 с.
7. Трофимов, В.Н. Пособие по английскому языку для поступающих в вузы, часть
вторая: - М.: «Издательство Рученьки - на», Мн.: «Современное слово», 1997. – 240 с.
APPENDIX
Неправильные глаголы английского языка, 65 самых употребляемых, в
группах по способу образования II и III форм
Способы
образования
основных форм
неправильных
глаголов
Все три формы
одинаковы
Вторая и третья
форма
одинаковы и
содержат
краткий
гласный звук [e]
Вторая и третья
формы
одинаковы и
заканчиваются
на –ght
Вторая и третья
формы
одинаковы,
переход -d в -t
Вторая и третья
формы
одинаковы
Все три формы
Infinitive
Past
Indefinite
Past
Participle
Перевод
cost
cost
cost
cut
hit
let
put
feel
keep
lead
cut
hit
let
put
felt
kept
led
cut
hit
let
put
felt
kept
led
leave
mean
meet
read
sleep
bring
buy
catch
teach
think
build
send
spend
left
meant
met
read
slept
brought
bought
caught
taught
thought
built
sent
spent
left
meant
met
read
slept
brought
bought
caught
taught
thought
built
sent
spent
стоить, обходиться (в к-л
сум)
резать, разрезать
ударять, поражать
позволять, предполагать
класть, ставить, размещать
чувствовать
держать, хранить
вести, руководить,
управлять
покидать, оставлять
значить, иметь ввиду
встречать
читать
спать
приносить
покупать
ловить, хватать, успеть
учить, обучать
думать
строить
посылать
тратить, расходовать
burn
find
have, has
hear
hold
learn
lose
make
pay
say
sell
sit
stand
tell
understand
win
be
burnt
found
had
heard
held
learnt
lost
made
paid
said
sold
sat
stood
told
understood
won
was, were
burnt
found
had
heard
held
learnt
lost
made
paid
said
sold
sat
stood
told
understood
won
been
жечь, гореть
находить
иметь
слышать
держать, удерживать,
учить
терять
делать, производить,
платить
сказать, заявить
продавать
сидеть
стоять
рассказать
понимать, постигать
победить, выиграть
быть, находиться
различны
Все три формы
различны,
изменение
корневой
гласной
Все три формы
различны,
изменение
корневой
гласной и
добавление -en
в III-й форме
Все три формы
различны,
изменение
корневой
гласной и
добавление -n в
III-й форме
do
go
become
to begin
come
drink
ring
run
to swim
break
drive
eat
fall
forget
freeze
get
give
speak
take
write
draw
fly
know
did
went
became
began
came
drank
rang
ran
swam
broke
drove
ate
fell
forgot
froze
got
gave
spoke
took
wrote
drew
flew
knew
done
gone
become
begun
come
drunk
rung
run
swum
broken
driven
eaten
fallen
forgotten
frozen
gotten
given
spoken
taken
written
drawn
flown
known
see
show
throw
wear
saw
showed
threw
wore
seen
shown
thrown
worn
делать, выполнять
идти, ехать
становиться, делаться
начать
приходить
пить, выпить
звонить
бегать
плыть
ломать
управлять (авто)
есть, кушать
падать
забывать
замерзать
получать, достигать
давать
говорить
брать, взять
писать
рисовать, чертить
летать
знать, иметь представление
о
видеть
показывать
кидать, бросать
носить (одежду),
снашиваться
Страдательный залог
The Passive Voice (to be + V 3)
Present
Indefinite Tense I am shown
he, she, it is shown
we, you, they are shown
Continuous
Tense
Perfect Tense
The book is read.
I am being shown
he, she, it is being shown
we, you, they are being
shown
The book is being read to
the children now.
I have been shown
he, she, it has been shown
we, you, they have been
shown
The book has just been
read.
Perfect
Continuous
Tense
-
Past
I was shown
he, she, it was shown
we, you, they were
shown
The book was read.
I was being shown
he, she, it was being
shown
we, you, they were
being shown
The book was being
read to the children
then I came.
I had been shown
he, she, it had been
shown
we, you, they had
been shown
The book had been
read before you came.
-
Future
I shall/will be shown
he, she, it will be
shown
we, you, they will be
shown
The book will be read.
-
I shall/will have been
shown
he, she, it will have
been shown
we, you, they will
have been shown
The book will have
been read by Monday.
-