Hospitals push green building standards
By Erik Siemers
Business Journal Staff Writer
Kaiser Permanente is designing its new $360 million westside hospital
complex to meet some of the world’s strictest environmental standards.
Officials with the health care system believe the Kaiser Westside
Medical Center in Tanasbourne will qualify for LEED Gold status,
making it one of just 36 health care facilities in the world to earn that
designation.
"That's no small undertaking," said Susan Mullaney, chief administrator
of Kaiser's Sunnyside Medical Center in Clackamas who is overseeing
the westside project. "We felt it was the important thing to do."
LEED — an acronym for Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design — is a system of sustainable design administered by the U.S.
Green Building Council.
While LEED-certified buildings are becoming more common, few
hospitals have been designed to meet the standard.
Worldwide, just 128 health care projects are LEED certified, and only 36
of those have met the LEED gold standard that Kaiser expects to reach,
said Ashley Katz, a spokeswoman for the U.S. Green Building Council
in Washington, D.C.
The problematic issue is that hospitals never close.
"We're energy intensive and 24/7," said Dan Green, a Kaiser project
director overseeing the environmental aspects of the Tanasbourne
development.
The dearth of LEED hospitals could come to an end starting early next
year when the U.S. Green Building Council expects to release a new
LEED standard specific to health care facilities.
Under the LEED system, buildings are awarded points divided among
categories such as sustainable site selection, water efficiency, material
sourcing, and energy use.
While that won’t change under the LEED health care standard, certain
categories will receive more emphasis than others.
Sumber: http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com/articles/2010/11/hospitals-push-greenbuilding-standards.html ….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
Hospitals push green building standards
By Erik Siemers
Business Journal Staff Writer
The new standard is designed to account for a hospital’s round-the-clock operation, its
distinct water needs and a host of other health care-specific functions.
"If you have a bank building only open during the day hours vs. a hospital open around
the clock, it's different energy use, water use, infection control requirements, those are
all different," said Kumkum M. Dilwali, senior director of the Green Guide for Health
Care, a sustainable design toolkit for the health care sector that serves as the
foundation for the new LEED standard. "You can't hold hospitals to the same standard."
The new Kaiser hospital, however, is being built to meet the current LEED standard for
new construction.
The combined project, including the hospital and adjacent eight-level parking structure,
will use high-efficiency water boilers and heating, ventilation and air conditioning units.
It will use nontoxic carpet, paint and rubber flooring and building materials free of
dioxins, lead, cadmium and mercury. Its insulation will be made from recycled denim. It
will generate on-site renewable power from solar panels, utilize occupancy sensors in
certain areas to preserve electricity and use windows designed to provided natural
lighting.
The development will provide easy access to public transit, offer electric charging
stations and priority parking for low-emissions vehicles, and will set aside a designated
area for a farmers market.
LEED
The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating
System® encourages and accelerates global adoption of sustainable green building and
development practices through the creation and implementation of universally understood
and accepted tools and performance criteria.
LEED is a third-party certification program and an internationally accepted benchmark for
the design, construction and operation of high performance green buildings. It provides
building owners and operators the tools they need to have an immediate and measurable
impact on their buildings’ performance.
LEED promotes a whole-building approach to sustainability by recognizing performance in
five key areas of human and environmental health:
1. sustainable site development
2. water efficiency
3. energy efficiency
4. materials selection
5. indoor environmental quality
Sumber: http://www.sustainablebusinessoregon.com/articles/2010/11/hospitals-push-greenbuilding-standards.html ….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
THE GREEN HEALTH CARE
The Green Health Care help the leaders and managers of health care
institutions, promoting the health of patients, visitors, employees, community
members, and the global community, while operating economically and
efficiently. Hope that every medical center, hospital and clinic in the nation
gets a knowledge of the Green concept, takes its lessons to heart, and joins
the growing movement toward healthier, more environmentally friendly
environments in the health care sector. (Howard Frumkin).
Green health care is likely to be most compelling because of its
potential to protect and promote health, both directly and indirectly.
These health benefits may operate on at least three scales: local,
community, and global. On the local scale, within the walls of a
hospital, research facility, or clinic, green construction and
operation can protect patients, workers, and visitors.
Global warming has become the most important environmental
issue due to its detrimental health effects. Institutional
comprehension and involvement which may minimize its
detrimental effects is considered insufficient. Based on recent data,
there are lot of health care facilities in Indonesia which need the
policy to apply the Green concept into management.
There is a large and growing body of evidence demonstrating the
role of the physical environment in achieving health care quality
and safety. For example, associations between the physical
environment and patient and staff outcomes in four areas: reduced
staff stress and fatigue and increased effectiveness in delivering
care; improved patient safety; reduced patient stress and improved
health outcomes; and improved overall healthcare quality.
Sumber: http://www.depkes.go.id/downloads/seminar_rs_persahabatan.pdf ….. Diunduh
6/4/2012
The Green Hospital: from centres of sickness to centres of wellness.
(Sources: In part – recycled from Planet Green)
Graeme Booth 02 01 2012
Recycling:
We all should recycle, but hospitals even more so that others! Hospitals
with an environmental bent are recycling alcohol, batteries, light
bulbs, old linens, computers, paper, cardboard, packing peanuts and
more. They are also saving kitchen oil for bio-diesel processing.
Reusing Materials:
Hospitals should make a concerted effort to reuse packing materials,
wheelchairs and crutches, envelopes for internal communication, and
medical equipment. I used crutches when I tore my ACL ? the hospital
never asked for them back, or told me about a recycling opportunity.
I'd gladly give them in, rather than keeping them in my closet,
taking up space.
Reducing Waste:
It isn't enough to recycle and reuse. After all, it is 2008, and the
basics aren't good enough! Hospitals must also rethink the types of
products they purchase. Green hospitals are using energy efficient
light bulbs and reusable silverware. Some are even composting and
using cloth nappies/diapers.
Cleaner Air:
Going green also means better air quality. To that end, some
hospitals are installing systems that provide better ventilation.
They are also using cleaning materials with fewer hazardous materials
and paints with fewer VOCs. And to reduce pollution outdoors, some
offer electric car charging stations..
Sumber: http://pt.wiserearth.org/forum/view/e4a444c778f8f37c9b71687a4175fb62 …..
Diunduh 6/4/2012
Using Plants as an Alternative to Air Purifiers
Posted on June 3, 2011
How to Use House Plants as Air Purifiers in the Home
Expanded concept, further criteria for the creation of the truly "Green Hospital"
The green hospital movement is a positive development towards sustainable medical
institutions. But to succeed with such an ambition, the green-hospital concept needs to
be broadened. The following criteria need to be explored: living-systems design.
equitable work-places, socially just/ democratic legitimacy, -the transition to alternative
medical and therapeutic practices.
Energy autonomous buildings
Economising of water use, including the collection and reuse of rain and snow.
Ecologically sustainable materials.
Ecological and locally produced food.
Renewable and energy efficient hospital operation
Incorporating natural, - light design, material use in furnishing and décor.
The greening of interiors (indoor-planting) and landscaping (with high indoor visibility)
around the hospital.
Houseplants Do Purify the Air
The effectiveness of using green plants for this purpose
has even been documented by independent studies
conducted by NASA officials. The simple use of
houseplants can remove carbon dioxide, ammonia
fumes, benzene and even eliminate formaldehyde
odors from an enclosed environment. You can refresh
the air in a home, garage or other enclosed environment
by placing a few green plants on shelves or on the floor.
Hanging some plants from the ceiling is another option
to consider.
How Plants Filter and Clean Indoor Air
The leaves, roots and stems of a green plant can serve
as air filters. Polluting odors, toxic substances and other
contaminating agents can be absorbed into the plant
and in return the plant will release clean oxygen into the
air. Many people have found that common allergies and
breathing ailments are reduced or even resolved once a
few green plants are placed in the home.
Making Space for Air Purifying Plants
It really does not require a lot of extra room for the placement of some houseplants. You can arrange a
few plants on a desk, coffee table, kitchen window sill or set them on a shelf. Larger plants can be put
into attractive containers and placed in a corner of the room where they will even add visual impact
along with those air purifying benefits.
Any room can house at least one or two green plants. You should consider placing some plants in the
bedrooms, family room, kitchen and workshop. These are all rooms that are prone to the highest
amount of toxins and pollutants.
Sumber: http://www.easywaystogogreen.com/green-homes/using-plants-as-an-alternative-to-airpurifiers/ ….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
KRITERIA LANJUT GREEN HOSPITAL
Another area in the hospitals transition to that of becoming in my mind truly
green, must be the adoption and incorporation of alternative diagnosis,
therapies and medicine into standard hospital practice. To be truly green
requires a shift from treatments that are chiefly pharmaceutically based,
destructive to the environment, with benefits
that are short-term, focused on symptom suppression, to that of
whole-person diagnosis and treatments, strengthening and aiding the
individuals own capacity for healing.
Placing a larger emphasis on and parallel to the treatment of 'sickness'
should be prevention-consultation, with a focus on lifestyle, stress and the
environmentally-related, negative side-effects that occur to the
psychic/somatic functions of the individual.
With the introduction of alternative
therapies into hospitals, structural changes
would have to follow. One change that I
deem advantageous and even necessary
would be the introduction of the roll of
diagnostic-guide for patients. His/her roll
(a jack of all therapies) would be to assess
through certain initial verbal analysis and
diagnosis, the patients situation and
needs, be they in need of acute, chronic or
prevention orientated treatments, and
guiding said patient to departments within
the “traditional” or the many different
alternative treatments.
Sumber:
….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
GREEN HOSPITAL --- SOCIAL CHANGE
The green hospital that is seriously engaged in helping individual patients and catering
fully to their possibility for recovery and future wellness, needs even to empower each
and everyone of it's co-workers/ practitioners. The function and development of the
green hospital must be determined by it's members/staff. Every hospital would develop
from the unique combination and gestation of its practitioners/co-workers, communityinterdependence and vision.
This would call for a foundation of not-for-profit enterprise, an enterprise based on
respect, the democratic workplace, individual engagement and responsibility.
Cooperation, equality and the possibility for all to learn and grow would need to be a
priority.
Close interaction and a supportive relationship with the local community would create
new possibilities for both. The exploring of new funding and financing systems that
would allow all citizens access to help irrespective of their financial situation.
The right to help for all who seek a healthier and higher quality of life.]
I envisage the new green hospitals as centres for healing and wellness. A part of that
roll would be research, inform and educate the community on the multi-faceted area of
life-quality from a whole-person perspective.
TANAMAN DALAM RUANGAN YANG
MEMBERSIHKAN UDARA
Anthuriums make lovely gifts because of
their exotic-looking blooms, but they ain’t
just a pretty face! Their large, dark leaves
suck up ammonia, formaldehyde, toluene
and xylene, so they’re a thoughtful
present for a workplace (especially
around copiers, printers or adhesives).
Sumber:
http://inhabitat.com/7-indoor-plants-that-purify-the-air-around-you-naturally/2/…..
Diunduh 6/4/2012
Analisis Kenyamanan Spasial Di Ruang Publik Rumah Sakit
Untuk Ibu Hamil
Putri, Natalia Gunawan (0663042) (2006) Analisis Kenyamanan Spasial Di Ruang Publik Rumah
Sakit Untuk Ibu Hamil. Thesis, Universitas Kristen Maranatha.
Rumah sakit pada dasarnya merupakan sebuah institusi pelayanan yang bergerak di
bidang kesehatan. Citra dari rumah sakit terlihat dari cara pelayanan dan fasilitas yang
tersedia, terutama pada ruang tunggu. Ruang tunggu yang baik harus bisa
menghindarkan pasien dari stres dan dapat memberi pengaruh positif bagi pasien.
Sekarang ini masih banyak ruang tunggu yang tidak memperhatikan beberapa hal yang
berhubungan dengan kenyamanan terutama kenyamanan spasial.
Kenyamanan spasial merupakan kenyamanan antara pengguna itu sendiri yang
berhubungan dengan aktifitas dan skala dalam ruang, termasuk ukuran.
Penelitian ini membahas kenyamanan spasial ruang tunggu khusus ibu hamil yang
mempunyai kondisi fisik dan psikologis berbeda dengan kondisi orang sakit atau pasien
biasa dengan studi kasus adalah area ruang tunggu rumah sakit yang tidak didesain
khusus untuk ibu hamil yaitu Rumah Sakit Immanuel dan area ruang tunggu rumah sakit
yang didesain khusus untuk ibu hamil yaitu rumah sakit bersalin Melinda Hospital.
Eco-House Decoration Ideas
Using Garden Plants as Air Filters
Simultaneously
Whether you are planning adorn the
pergola, gazebo or gate with your
garden plants? Do not hesitate to
launch garden plants design concept
for the house has many
environmentally friendly and
healthier profits. Aside from being a
decoration, plants are also useful to
filter the dust around the house. If
observed, the plants in front of the
house must be appropriate leaves
coated with dust. Plants also
produce oxygen that is also very
useful for our breathing.
(sumber:
http://homedesign2you.com/eco-housedecoration-ideas-using-garden-plantsas-air-filters-simultaneously)
Sumber: http://repository.maranatha.edu/776/ ….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
PELAYANAN UMUM = PELAYANAN PUBLIK
Pelayanan publik atau pelayanan umum dapat didefinisikan sebagai segala
bentuk jasa pelayanan, baik dalam bentuk barang publik maupun jasa publik
yang pada prinsipnya menjadi tanggung jawab dan dilaksanakan oleh
Instansi Pemerintah di Pusat, di Daerah, dan di lingkungan Badan Usaha
Milik Negara atau Badan Usaha Milik Daerah, dalam rangka upaya
pemenuhan kebutuhan masyarakat maupun dalam rangka pelaksanaan
ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan.
Berdasarkan organisasi yang menyelenggarakannya, pelayanan
publik atau pelayanan umum dapat dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu:
Pelayanan publik atau pelayanan umum yang diselenggarakan oleh
organisasi privat, adalah semua penyediaan barang atau jasa publik
yang diselenggarakan oleh swasta, seperti misalnya rumah sakit
swasta, PTS, perusahaan pengangkutan milik swasta.
Pelayanan publik atau pelayanan umum yang diselenggarakan oleh
organisasi publik. Hal ini dapat dibedakan lagi menjadi :
1. Yang bersifat primer dan,adalah semua penye¬diaan
barang/jasa publik yang diselenggarakan oleh pemerintah
yang di dalamnya pemerintah merupakan satu-satunya
penyelenggara dan pengguna/klien mau tidak mau harus
memanfaatkannya. Misalnya adalah pelayanan di kantor
imigrasi, pelayanan penjara dan pelayanan perizinan.
2.
Yang bersifat sekunder, adalah segala bentuk penyediaan
barang/jasa publik yang diselenggarakan oleh pemerintah,
tetapi yang di dalamnya pengguna/klien tidak harus
mempergunakannya karena adanya beberapa
penyelenggara pelayanan.
Sumber:
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelayanan_publik….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
PENGERTIAN PELAYANAN PUBLIK
Pelayanan publik merupakan kegiatan atau rangkaian kegiatan dalam rangka
pemenuhan kebutuhan pelayanan sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan
bagi setiap warga negara dan penduduk atas barang, jasa, dan/atau pelayanan
administratif yang disediakan oleh penyelenggara pelayanan publik, Penyelenggara
pelayanan publik atau Penyelenggara merupakan setiap institusi penyelenggara
negara, korporasi, lembaga independen yang dibentuk berdasarkan undangundang untuk kegiatan pelayanan publik, dan badan hukum lain yang dibentuk
semata-mata untuk kegiatan pelayanan publik, Atasan satuan kerja Penyelenggara
merupakan pimpinan satuan kerja yang membawahi secara langsung satu atau
lebih satuan kerja yang melaksanakan pelayanan publik, Organisasi penyelenggara
pelayanan publik atau Organisasi Penyelenggara merupakan satuan kerja
penyelenggara pelayanan publik yang berada di lingkungan institusi penyelenggara
negara, korporasi, lembaga independen yang dibentuk berdasarkan undangundang untuk kegiatan pelayanan publik, dan badan hukum lain yang dibentuk
semata-mata untuk kegiatan pelayanan publik, Pelaksana pelayanan publik atau
Pelaksana merupakan pejabat, pegawai, petugas, dan setiap orang yang bekerja di
dalam Organisasi Penyelenggara yang bertugas melaksanakan tindakan atau
serangkaian tindakan pelayanan publik, Masyarakat merupakan seluruh pihak, baik
warga negara maupun penduduk sebagai orang-perseorangan, kelompok, maupun
badan hukum yang berkedudukan sebagai penerima manfaat pelayanan publik,
baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung, Standar pelayanan merupakan tolak
ukur yang dipergunakan sebagai pedoman penyelenggaraan pelayanan dan acuan
penilaian kualitas pelayanan sebagai kewajiban dan janji Penyelenggara kepada
masyarakat dalam rangka pelayanan yang berkualitas, cepat, mudah, terjangkau,
dan terukur.
Maklumat pelayanan merupakan pernyataan tertulis yang berisi keseluruhan rincian
kewajiban dan janji yang terdapat dalam standar pelayanan.
Sistem informasi pelayanan publik atau Sistem Informasi merupakan rangkaian
kegiatan yang meliputi penyimpanan dan pengelolaan informasi serta mekanisme
penyampaian informasi dari Penyelenggara kepada masyarakat dan sebaliknya
dalam bentuk lisan, tulisan Latin, tulisan dalam huruf Braile, bahasa gambar,
dan/atau bahasa lokal, serta disajikan secara manual ataupun elektronik.
Mediasi merupakan penyelesaian sengketa pelayanan publik antarpara pihak
melalui bantuan, baik oleh ombudsman sendiri maupun melalui mediator yang
dibentuk oleh ombudsman.
Ajudikasi merupakan proses penyelesaian sengketa pelayanan publik antarpara
pihak yang diputus oleh ombudsman.
KARAKTERISTIK LAYANAN PUBLIK
Ada lima karakteristik yang dapat dipakai untuk membedakan ketiga jenis
penyelenggaraan pelayanan publik tersebut, yaitu:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Adaptabilitas layanan. Ini berarti derajat perubahan layanan sesuai
dengan tuntutan perubahan yang diminta oleh pengguna.
Posisi tawar pengguna/klien. Semakin tinggi posisi tawar
pengguna/klien, maka akan semakin tinggi pula peluang pengguna
untuk meminta pelayanan yang lebih baik.
Type pasar. Karakteristik ini menggambarkan jumlah penyelenggara
pelayanan yang ada, dan hubungannya dengan pengguna/klien.
Locus kontrol. Karakteristik ini menjelaskan siapa yang memegang
kontrol atas transaksi, apakah pengguna ataukah penyelenggara
pelayanan.
Sifat pelayanan. Hal ini menunjukkan kepentingan pengguna atau
penyelenggara pelayanan yang lebih dominan.
Undang-Undang Pelayanan Publik (secara resmi bernama
Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 2009 tentang Pelayanan
Publik) adalah undang-undang yang mengatur tentang prinsipprinsip pemerintahan yang baik yang merupakan efektifitas fungsifungsi pemerintahan itu sendiri. perlayanan publik yang dilakukan
oleh pemerintahan atau koporasi yang efektif dapat memperkuat
demokrasi dan hak asasi manusia, mempromosikan kemakmuran
ekonomi, kohesi sosial, mengurangi kemiskinan, meningkatkan
perlindungan lingkungan, bijak dalam pemanfaatan sumber daya
alam, memperdalam kepercayaan pada pemerintahan dan
administrasi publik.
Sumber:
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelayanan_publik ….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
. Pengaruh Desain Pencahayaan Terhadap Kenyamanan Dan Pembentukkan
Suasana Pada Koridor Dan Ruang Tunggu Rumah Sakit Gallery
Hendrawan, Jeremia (0663173) (2006) Pengaruh Desain Pencahayaan Terhadap Kenyamanan
Dan Pembentukkan Suasana Pada Koridor Dan Ruang Tunggu Rumah Sakit Gallery. Other thesis,
Universitas Kristen Maranatha.
Melinda Hospital adalah rumah sakit bersalin dengan konsep mix-use (koridor
gallery) yang terdapat di kota Bandung. Menurut hasil kuesioner, Melinda Hospital
merupakan rumah sakit yang memiliki suasana paling menarik dibandingkan
dengan rumah sakit lain yang ada di Bandung. Melinda Hospital memakai gaya
modern tradisional dalam mendesain interior dan eksterior bangunannya. Dengan
memakai konsep fungsi mix-use, Melinda Hospital membuat terobosan baru dalam
perancangan desain rumah sakit di Indonesia, terutama di Bandung. Jika melihat
pada masa sebelumnya, koridor rumah sakit merupakan suatu tempat ataupun
ruang yang berkesan menyeramkan. Dengan suasana yang gelap, kotor, dan
sempit, membuat koridor dianggap ruang yang angker pada bagian rumah sakit.
Melinda Hospital membuat konsep yang berbeda dengan rumah sakit sebelumnya,
dengan memasukkan fungsi mix-use dengan gaya modern, sehingga membuat
masyarakat dapat merubah pola pikirnya mengenai koridor rumah sakit. Dengan
teknik pencahayaan buatannya yang memasang lampu hanya pada bagian pinggir
tembok, Melinda Hospital memberikan kesan yang berbeda pada koridor dan ruang
tunggunya. Tetapi jika diteliti, terdapat beberapa kekurangan dari penyeimbangan
fungsi mix-use yang dipakainya. Karena itu penulis melakukan penelitian mengenai
pengaruh desain pencahayaan terhadap kenyamanan dan pembentukkan suasana
pada koridor dan ruang tunggu rumah sakit gallery dengan objek studi Melinda
Hospital. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui dua metode yaitu kuantitatif dan kualitatif.
Penelitian dengan metode kualitatif dilakukan melalui wawancara tak terstruktur
dengan pengelola rumah sakit dan pengunjung, dan membandingkan objek studi
dengan teori yang ada.
Penelitian kuantitatif dilakukan melalui pengukuran kuat cahaya dengan
menggunakan lux meter, penghitungan jumlah titik lampu dengan metode DPMB,
menghitung penyebaran cahaya dengan perangkat lunak Dialux, dan penyebaran
kuesioner.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Melinda Hospital memiliki kekurangan
pencahayaan pada koridor dan ruang tunggu gallerynya. Dari pengukuran kuat
cahaya pun terdapat kekurangan pada Melinda Hospital jika dibandingkan dengan
standar lux yang ada. Setelah melakukan penelitian di Melinda Hospital,
pencahayaan yang ada tidak dapat menunjang fungsi mix-use yang selama ini
dipakai, baik itu dari sisi jenis lampu yang dipakai, kuat cahaya yang ada, dan
jumlah lampunya. Namun para pengunjung Melinda Hospital dapat merasakan
suatu suasana yang berbeda dari rumah sakit lain yang ada di Bandung, karena
Melinda Hospital telah mendesain interiornya sedemikian rupa, baik itu dari sisi
pemilihan warna, material, desain bentukan, dan bukaan-bukaan yang dibuatnya.
Sumber:
http://repository.maranatha.edu/824/ ….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
Mengukur Kenyamanan Bangunan Berdasarkan Kondisi
Tubuh dan Suhu
Rumah yang ideal merupakan rumah yang dapat memberikan kenyamanan bagi
penghuninya. Kenyamanan yang Anda dan keluarga rasakan tentunya berimbas
pada kondisi tubuh dan suhunya. Selain itu bisa juga kenyamanan rumah
berdampak pada mood Anda melakukan aktivitas apapun di rumah, contohnya
membaca buku, memasak, dan bersantai di rumah. Dengan demikian rumah
memiliki efek psikologis bagi penghuninya.
Kondisi tubuh akan dengan mudah merespon atmosfer keadaan rumah, jika rumah
tersebut bersih dan wangi maka akan memberikan respon yang positif bagi tubuh
Anda. Anda akan merasakan kenyamanan di rumah yang seperti itu. Kondisi tubuh
akan berada pada titik ketenangan menikmati suasana rumah yang teratur rapi dan
sejuk. Demikian pula dengan suhu tubuh akan berjalan stabil karena berada pada
kondisi ruangan rumah yang memberikan sugesti yang menyejukkan pikiran dan
hati apalagi jika rumah Anda dihiasi dengan desain interior yang indah dan
menawan pasti Anda dan keluarga akan betah tinggal di sana terlebih lagi tamutamu yang berkunjung akan merasa nyaman sekali bertamu ke rumah Anda.
Dengan demikian, indikator kenyamanan sebuah rumah dapat diukur dari kondisi
dan suhu tubuh para penghuninya. Secara biologis, tubuh manusia mempunyai
tingkat adaptasi dan respon terhadap lingkungan sekitarnya, maka kondisi tubuh
dengan suhu manusia akan berbanding seimbang dengan keadaan lingkungannya
termasuk rumah.
Berbeda halnya jika rumah kurang terawat dan sangat berantakan, maka
kenyamanan pun akan hilang. Anda mungkin akan segera keluar dari kondisi rumah
yang seperti itu. Dengan rumah yang tidak sehat maka kondisi tubuh pun akan
rentan terhadap penyakit dan suhu tubuh akan tidak normal, misalnya demam yang
tinggi, atau malah dingin yang sangat menggigil. Rumah seperti itu dipastikan
karena kurangnya fasilitas sanitasi sehingga menimbulkan rumah yang kumuh dan
sirkulasi udara tidak lancar. Ditambah pengadaan air bersih yang kurang akan
mengakibatkan kesehatan tubuh memburuk.
Setelah melihat perbandingan di atas, maka kenyamanan bangunan dapat
diindikasikan dari tata letak ruangan yang akan menghasilkan kerapihan, dan
sanitasi serta sirkulasi yang membuat kesehatan penghuni terjaga. Dengan struktur
bangunan yang rapi dan bersih, maka akan menstabilkan kondisi dan suhu tubuh.
Sumber:
http://www.imagebali.net/detail-artikel/263-mengukur-kenyamanan-bangunanberdasarkan-kondisi-tubuh-dan-suhu.php….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
Mengukur Kenyamanan Bangunan Berdasarkan Kondisi
Tubuh dan Suhu
Sirkulasi udara yang lancar melalui ventilasi ruangan yang cukup akan menciptakan
kondisi sejuk di dalam ruangan tanpa harus menggunakan air conditioner (AC) dan
pencahayaan dari matahari yang masuk ke dalam bangunan membuat kondisi
ruangan terang dan tidak lembab.
Itulah salah satu yang membuat rumah menjadi nyaman, yakni dari tata ruang dan
letak bangunan. Maka tidak ada salahnya jika Anda menghubungi arsitektur untuk
mewujudkan bangunan yang nyaman. Berdasarkan kondisi lingkungan tempat
bangunan Anda akan berdiri, pihak arsitektur bisa merancang bangunan seperti apa
yang cocok dan nyaman bagi Anda dan keluarga, di samping Anda pun punya
rancangan sendiri yang nantinya dikolaborasikan dengan ketentuan-ketentuan
arsitektur sehingga tercipta bangunan yang memberikan kenyamanan bagi Anda.
Jika bangunan rumah Anda sudah ada tetapi Anda kurang merasa nyaman tinggal
di dalamnya berdasarkan kondisi tubuh dan suhu Anda dan keluarga yang sangat
rentan sakit, seperti flu, pusing, dan gangguan pencernaan semacam dia. Maka
Anda harus melakukan tata letak dan ruang ulang yang benar melalui renovasi kecil
misalnya membuat ventilasi udara yang cukup bagi ukuran ruangan rumah Anda,
ingatlah prinsip renovasi yang mengutamakan asas prioritas jadi jangan merenovasi
bagian rumah yang dipAndang tidak terlalu penting untuk dirombak.
Akan tetapi jika finansial belum memungkinkan Anda melakukan renovasi, jalan lain
yang sebenarnya tidak mengeluarkan biaya adalah Anda melakukan perawatan dan
menjaga kebersihan banguanan rumah Anda.
Dengan membersihkan rumah seperti menyapu dan mengepel lantai memakai
pewangi, membuka jendela setiap pagi, merapikan barang-barang, menguras bak,
dan rajin membuang sampah ke tempat penampungan sampah di luar rumah setiap
hari agar sampah tidak menumpuk di dalam rumah dan udara menjadi segar.
Kenyamanan bangunan tidak diukur diukur dari kemewahan rumah, tetapi dari
perawatan lanjutan setelah mempunyai rumah yang membuat kondisi dan suhu
tubuh Anda dan keluarga stabil.
Sumber:
http://www.imagebali.net/detail-artikel/263-mengukur-kenyamanan-bangunanberdasarkan-kondisi-tubuh-dan-suhu.php….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
Konsep Green Architecture / Arsitektur Hijau Secara Umum
. Konsep green architecture atau arsitektur hijau saat ini menjadi topik yang ramai
diperbincangkan, selain kesadaran masyarakat yang makin tinggi akan pentingnya
melestarikan alam hal ini juga untuk menghemat sumber daya alam yang tak
terbarukan. Berbagai pemikiran tentang green arsitektur pun bermunculan seiring
persaingan di dunia arsitek. Green architecture ialah sebuah konsep arsitektur yang
berusaha meminimalkan pengaruh buruk terhadap lingkungan alam maupun
manusia dan menghasilkan tempat hidup yang lebih baik dan lebih sehat, yang
dilakukan dengan cara memanfaatkan sumber energi dan sumber daya alam
secara efisien. Konsep arsitektur ini pada dasarnya lebih bertanggung jawab
terhadap lingkungan sekitar, penggunaan bahan daur ulang dan juga ramah
lingkungan. Green architecture diharapkan akan digunakan di masa kini dan masa
yang akan datang, demi kelangsungan hidup yang lebih baik, di bawah ini beberapa
prinsip dari green architecture :
1. Hemat energi, Pengoperasian bangunan meminimalkan penggunaan bahan
baker dan energi listrik.
2. Memperhatikan kondisi iklim, mendesain bangunan harus disesuaikan dengan
kondisi iklim setempat.
3. Meminimalkan pemakaian sumber daya baru, seperti menggunakan bahan daur
ulang atau penggunaan material bangunan yang tidak berbahaya bagi
ekosistem dan sumber daya alam.
4. Tidak berdampak negative bagi kesehatan dan kenyamanan penghuni
bangunan tersebut, bangunan yang akan dibuat nantinya tidak merusak alam
sekitarnya sehingga pada saat bangunan tersebut sudah tidak digunakan,
lingkunagn sekitar akan tetap tampak aslinya
5. Merespon keadaan tapak dari bangunan, dalam merancang bangunan harus
memperhatikan semua pengguna bangunan dan memenuhi semua
kebutuhannya.
6. Menetapkan seluruh prinsip – prinsip green architecture secara keseluruhan,
ketentuan di atas tidak baku dan kita dapat menyesuaikannya dengan
kebutuhan.
Green architecture (arsitektur hijau) mulai tumbuh sejalan dengan kesadaran dari
para arsitek akan keterbatasan alam dalam menyuplai material yang mulai
menipis.Alasan lain digunakannya arsitektur hijau adalah untuk memaksimalkan
potensi alam.
Penggunaan material-material yang bisa didaur-ulang juga mendukung konsep
arsitektur hijau, sehingga penggunaan material dapat dihemat.
Sumber:
http://www.imagebali.net/detail-artikel/159-konsep-green-architecture-arsitektur-hijausecara-umum.php….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
Konsep Green Architecture / Arsitektur Hijau Secara Umum
Green dapat diinterpretasikan sebagai sustainable (berkelanjutan), earthfriendly
(ramah lingkungan), dan high performance building (bangunan dengan performa
sangat baik).
A.Sustainable ( Berkelanjutan ).
Yang berarti bangunan green architecture tetap bertahan dan berfungsi seiring
zaman, konsisten terhadap konsepnya yang menyatu dengan alam tanpa adanya
perubahan – perubuhan yang signifikan tanpa merusak alam sekitar.
B. Earthfriendly ( Ramah lingkungan ).
Suatu bangunan belum bisa dianggap sebagai bangunan berkonsep green
architecture apabila bangunan tersebut tidak bersifat ramah lingkungan, artinya
bukan hanya desain tetapi juga dalam implementasinya dalam penggunaan bahan
atau material untuk bangunan.
C. High performance building.
Bangunan yang disebut green arsitektur juga harus memiliki sifat ini, artinya
memanfaatkan tenaga alam dengan didukung teknologi tinggi .
Contohnya :
1.Penggunaan panel surya ( Solar cell ) untuk memanfaatkan energi panas
matahari sebagai sumber pembangkit tenaga listrik rumahan.
2.Penggunaan material – material yang dapat di daur ulang.
Secara sederhana konsep green architecture ini bisa kita terapkan di dalam
rancangan rumah sederhana sekalipun, hanya saja semua kembali pada kesadaran
diri kita sendiri, apakah ada niat baik untuk menuju ke sana, demi kelangsungan
hidup anak cucu kita di masa depan yang lebih baik
Sumber:
http://www.imagebali.net/detail-artikel/159-konsep-green-architecture-arsitekturhijau-secara-umum.php….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
Menggunakan Tanaman Gantung Untuk Memperindah Teras
. anaman gantung bisa digunakan untuk mempercantik tampilan teras. Selain itu
juga bisa dijadikan sebagai alternatif untuk memunculkan suasana sejuk jika tidak
punya lahan yang cukup untuk membuat taman.
Apalagi tanaman gantug dengan susunan daunnya yang menjuntai ke arah bawah
juga bisa dijadikan media untuk mengatur sistem pencahayaan yang masuk ke
dalam ruang serta sistem sirkulasi udara. Sehingga bukan hanya mendapat
tampilan teras makin cantik, namun suasana sejuk dan segar bisa diperoleh
sekaligus.
Jenis tanaman gantung yang bisa digunakan atau dipasang diteras ada dua macam
yaitu jenis tanaman yang membutuhkan banyak sinar matahari serta tanaman lain
yang tidak begitu membutuhkan. Jenis tanaman yang tahan dan butuh banyak sinar
matahari ditempatkan di teras secara langsung. Lokasinya berada di bagian pinggir
bawah atap atau plafon. Di tempat seperti ini matahari bisa memberikan sinarnya
secara langsung kepada tanaman tersebut.
Sedangkan untuk jenis tanaman yang tidak tahan dengan sinar matahari bisa
diletakan pada ranting atau cabang pohon yang besar. Jika mau menggunakannya
untuk mempercantik tampilan teras alat yang digunakan untuk menanam adalah
pot tempel yang dipasang di bagian dinding dalam teras. Jadi tanaman tidak tidak
akan terkena sinar matahari secara langsung.
Jenis pot untuk tempat tanaman juga bermacam-macam terutama dari bahan yang
digunakan. Ada yang terbuat dari plastik, keramik, tanah liat, besi dan kayu.
Masing-masing punya kelebihan dan kekurangan tersendiri.
Untuk yang menggunakan plastik, kelebihannya adalah bahan tersebut ringan, awet
dan mudah dibersihkan. Pada umumnya warna yang digunakan adalah hitam dan
merah marun. Kekurangan dari pot jenis ini adalah bentuk desain yang tersedia
tidak begitu banyak sehingga kurang dapat menambah nilai estetika.
Sedangkan untuk keramik dan tanah liat punya kelebihan banyak desain, model
dan bentuk. Bahkan jika kita pergi ke tempat pembuatannya langsung dapat
memesan bentuk dan ukuran yang disesuaikan dengan konsep desain rumah atau
teras. Demikian pula dengan modelnya. Khusus tanah liat, warnanya juga bisa
dipilih sesuka hati dengan menggunakan cat warna. Adapun kelemahan dari kedua
bahan ini adalah lebih berat dari plastik dan mudah pecah.
Sumber:
http://www.imagebali.net/detail-artikel/360-menggunakan-tanaman-gantunguntuk-memperindah-teras.php….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
Menggunakan Tanaman Gantung Untuk Memperindah Teras
Untuk kayu dan besi punya kelebihan yang sama dengan bahan tanah liat dan keramik.
Adapun kekurangannya adalah untuk kayu mudah keropos dan berjamur sedang untuk
besi gampang berkarat. Dua kelemahan ini punya efek yang sama yaitu pot menjadi
cepat rusak dan tidak kuat menahan beban tanah yang digunakan sebagai media
tanam. Akibatnya tanah bisa ambrol atau jatuh keluar.
Bahan untuk tali yang digunakan sebagai gantungan juga ada beberapa macam yaitu
kawat, tali plastik, rantai besi dan sebagainya. Khusus untuk yang menggunakan pot
besi, keramik dan tanah liat gunakan tali yang ukurannya lebih besar dan kuat sehingga
bisa menanggung beban yang berat pula.
Sebaiknya tali yang digunakan juga memilih jenis tali yang memang dibuat khusus untuk
menempatkan pot gantung. Karena tali seperti ini teknik pembuatannya juga
menggunakan desain dan gaya yang menarik. Bukan sekedar di pasangkan pada pot
gantung begitu saja. Sehingga tampilan ruang dan tanaman gantung beserta potnya ini
bisa makin menarik. Di toko-toko tanaman hias tali gantung seperti ini sudah banyak
dijual.
Hanging Plants
Hanging plants are a smart choice for apartments
and generally for small spaces.
The idea is that you can bring the green inside it
without wasting your apartment space.
What can you grow in hanging baskets?
You can actually, cultivate any plant adaptable to
the atmosphere and low light of an enclosed
space such as “Philodendron” , “English Ivy” or
“Pothos”. Options are more numerous in case of a
bright apartment with an opening to the South.
However, you can plant even, vegetables and
fruits in these hanging baskets such as “cherry
tomatoes” or “strawberries”.
On the other hand, if you prefer an exotic
atmosphere, consider plants such as “Hoya
plants”
(http://howtobuildahouseblog.com/?p=11695 )
Sumber:
http://www.imagebali.net/detail-artikel/360-menggunakan-tanaman-gantung-untukmemperindah-teras.php….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
TRIK MEMBUAT TAMAN DI DALAM RUANG
. Selain di luar ruang, sebuah taman juga bisa dibuat di dalam ruang untuk
menambah keanggunan tampilan ruang tersebut. Selain itu dengan menempatkan
taman di dalam ruang akan membuat penghuni rumah akan merasa satu dengan
alam.
Untuk membuat taman di dalam ruang, pertama kali yang harus dilakukan adalah
mencari lokasi yang cocok. Pilihlah lokasi yang bisa terkena sinar matahari secara
langsung. Sehingga meski berada di dalam ruang, kebutuhan sinar tanaman bisa
tetap terpenuhi. Jika sinar yang masuk kedalam ruang tidak maksimal, ketika
memilih tanaman pilihlah jenis tanaman yang tidak begitu membutuhkan sinar
matahari.
Lokasi taman juga perlu memperhitungkan apakah letak taman tesebut benar-benar
aman. Maksudnya adalah, pada waktu siang hari tanaman akan menguluarkan zat
oksigen yang sangat berguna bagi tubuh. Namun pada malam hari pada umumnya
tanaman akan mengeluarkan zat lain yang justru akan membahayakan tubuh. Jadi
pilihlah lokasi taman yang tidak begitu dekat dengan tempat istirahat malam
terutama ruang tidur.
Sirkulasi udara dan kelembaban juga perlu dicermati agar tanaman tidak terlalu
kepanasan atau justru terlalu kedinginan. Jika terlalu panas tanaman akan mudah
kering dan jika terlalu dingin akan menyebabkan busuk.
Untuk pemilihan jenis tanaman, pilihlah jenis tanaman yang lebih mudah
beradaptasi dalam segala kondisi dan cuaca.
Kemudian untuk media penempatan, yang terbaik tentu saja adalah pot. Karena
dengan menggunakan pot perawatan akan lebih mudah dilakukan dan
kemungkinan untuk memunculkan kotoran pada lantai juga lebih kecil. Disarankan
pula pada bagian bawah pot tersebut diberi wadah untuk menampung air siraman
yang tersisa atau tanah yang larut terkena air siraman.
Agar nampak indah pilihlah jenis pot yang sesuai dengan jenis tanaman yang
digunakan. Beri juga pewarnaan pada pot tersebut yang diselaraskan dengan
nuansa yang ada pada ruangan. Kemudian agar nampak lebih bersih pada media
tanah dalam pot bisa ditutup dengan batu-batuan, terutama jenis batu koral. Selain
memperindah tampilan, batu koral juga berfungsi untuk memperkecil kemungkinan
tanah didalam pot akan keluar dan membuat kotor lantai.
Sumber:
http://www.imagebali.net/detail-artikel/291-trik-membuat-taman-di-dalamruang.php….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
TRIK MEMBUAT TAMAN DI DALAM RUANG
Batu koral juga bisa ditempatkan pada lantai di sekitar tanaman pot. Hal ini sangat
bagus dilakukan jika tanaman dikumpulkan menjadi satu secara bergerombol, namun
dengan penataan yang rapi dan seksama.
Jika menginginkan media tanam tanpa menggunakan pot, maka perhitungkan jaminan
kebersihan dari taman tersebut. Jangan sampai terjadi taman tersebut justru
menimbulkan kesan yang kotor dan tidak rapi. Tempat yang paling bagus untuk
menempatkan taman jenis ini adalah di bagian pinggir atau pojok ruang. Agar tetap
terlihat bersih, pada bagian luar taman tersebut juga ditutup dengan bahan yang sama
yaitu batu koral atau batu alam yang lain.
Perhitungkan pula dengan cermat arah aliran air ketika melakukan penyiraman.
Jangan sampai air meluber hingga masuk ke lantai.
Perhatikan dengan seksama terutaman pada bagian daun suatu tanaman. Jika
warnanya berubah menjadi pucat atau kusam, itu pertanda jika tanaman tersebut
sudah mulai tidak sehat sehingga perlu mendapat kesegaran yang baru. Keluarkan
tanaman dan biarkan selama dua atau tiga hari di luar ruang. Jika warna daunnya
sudah kembali cerah, tanaman bisa dibawa masuk kembali.
Untuk tanaman yang ditanam secara langsung dalam ruang, tentu pekerjaan ini sulit
dilakukan. Maka jalan terbaiknya adalah lebih sering membuka jendela atau pintu
kamar , terutama yang secara langsung bisa memasukan sinar matahari dan udara ke
dalam ruang.
Factors In Choosing The Best Indoor
Plants:
1. Lighting
2. Temperature
3. Humidity
4. Space availability
5. Time availability
When searching for the best indoor
plants for low light conditions, find a
plant with a light but expansive root
system and stem structure.
Possibilities include the Ficus and
Chinese Evergreen. Both of these
plants grow well with limited or indirect
lighting. They are also very easy to
maintain. Simply keep the soil moist
and enjoy the benefits.
Sumber:
http://bestindoorplants.net/
http://www.imagebali.net/detail-artikel/291-trik-membuat-taman-di-dalam-ruang.php…..
Diunduh 6/4/2012
TIPS MEMILIH CAT RUMAH
. Apa pentingnya memilih cat rumah? Jangan anggap sepele cat rumah . Cat atau
polesan terhadap dinding rumah bukan hanya berfungsi untuk menjaga keawetan
bangunan rumah, namun yang lebih penting adalah fungsi estetika yang akan
muncul dari ketangkasan Anda dalam memilih cat warna rumah yang sesuai.
Banyak rumah yang dibangun dengan harga cukup mahal namun pada akhirnya
terlihat sebagai bangunan kuno yang tidak menarik, hal ini salah satunya
disebabkan oleh ketidak tahuan Anda mengenai tips memilih cat rumah yang
sesuai. Atau terkadang sebuah bangunan rumah mungil sederhana, namun tampak
indah dan asri hanya karena kepintaran si pemilik rumah dalam memilih cat rumah
yang sesuai untuk tempat huniannya. Oleh karenanya, jika Anda ingin mendirikan
sebuah rumah, hal yang cukup penting untuk dipikirkan adalah soal warna cat yang
akan Anda pilih seperti apa, bagus atau tidak kualitasnya.
Untuk bisa menghasilkan sebuah bangunan rumah dengan warna cat yang baik,
tentunya diperlukan tips memilih cat rumah agar Anda tidak salah pilih cat. Pada
bahan-bahan alami bangunan rumah seperti papan, bambu, atau bahkan besi, cat
digunakan untuk menjaga keawetan bahan, oleh karenanya Anda juga harus
cerdas memilih cat rumah dengan beragam fungsinya. Nah, berikut disajikan
beberapa tips memilih cat rumah yang sesuai untuk rumah Anda:
1. Memilih warna-warna senada
Perbedaan yang mencolok antara bangunan rumah di daerah perkotaan dengan
pedesaan, atau bangunan rumah yang dirancang oleh seorang arsitek dengan
rancangan pribadi pemilik rumah terkadang soal memilih cat. Rumah-rumah di
pedesaan cenderung memilih warna serabutan yang tidak saling berhubungan satu
sama lain alias tabrak warna. Misalnya warna hijau dikombinasikan dengan biru.
Hal ini jelas sangat merusak pemandangan. Lain halnya jika pemilihan warna tak
selaras tersebut dimunculkan pada gaya desain ruangan minimalis modern . Itu pun
biasanya perpaduan warna mencolok diletakkan pada warna asesoris atau furniture
ruangan, bukan pada dinding. Pilih lah warna dinding yang senada satu sama lain,
sehingga kesan yang muncul cukup memberi kenyamanan pada mata.
Sumber:
http://www.imagebali.net/detail-artikel/38-Tips-Memilih-Cat-Rumah.php…..
Diunduh 6/4/2012
TIPS MEMILIH CAT RUMAH
2. Pilih lah cat warna dinding yang lebih muda dari lantai ruangan
Sama hal nya dengan memilih baju, memilih cat rumah juga diusahakan untuk bagian
atas lebih muda dari pada bagian bawah. Pilih lah warna lantai rumah yang lebih tua di
banding warna dinding rumah, atau carilah warna cat dinding rumah yang lebih muda
dibanding warna lantai. Misalnya jika Anda memilih warna ubin coklat, maka pilih lah
cat dinding rumah warna coklat muda yang lebih muda dibandingkan warna lantai.
Penggunaan warna ini akan lebih memberi kesan indah dibanding jika Anda
memposisikan warna cat sebaliknya, yakni warna lantai jauh lebih muda dari pada
dinding, maka nuansa ruangan akan terasa gelap.
3. Carilah kualitas cat terbaik
Memilih cat rumah juga tidak terlepas dari soal kualitas. Carilah kualitas cat terbaik
yang sesuai dengan kondisi keuangan Anda. Namun memiliki cat dengan kualitas
yang bagus akan membuat dinding rumah lebih awet dan Anda juga akan bertahan
cukup lama tidak melakukan pengecatan ulang. Apabila Anda memilih cat rumah
dengan kualitas rendah maka warna cat akan cepat rusak dan Anda diharuskan
mengecat ulang. Hal ini justru jauh lebih sulit bukan dibanding dengan Anda langsung
saja memilih cat rumah dengan kualitas terbaik.
Deluxe Indoor Flowering
Plant
For the best seasonal
selection, such as an azalea,
hydrangea, or cyclamen.
The seasonal varieties may
include kalanchoes, gloxinias,
persion violets.
(https://www.800florals.com/or
der.asp?item=P420X)
Sumber:
http://www.imagebali.net/detail-artikel/38-Tips-Memilih-Cat-Rumah.php….. Diunduh
6/4/2012
BEBERAPA PRINSIP PEMBANGUNAN RUMAH SEHAT
Rumah sehat, tentunya menjadi harapan kita semua, baik bagi pemilik dan
penghuninya ataupun bagi lingkungan dan masyarakat di sekitarnya. Apa saja kah
yang perlu kita perhatikan untuk mewujudkan rumah sehat yang akan kita tinggali,
berikut ini 5 prinsip dari rumah sehat :
1. Pencahayaan Alami
Posisi bangunan sangat berpengaruh pada pencahayaan alami ini, karena satusatunya sumber cahaya alami adalah matahari, jadi kita tidak bisa menentukannya
sendiri tetapi posisi bangunan atau rumah yang akan kita bangun lah yang harus
menyesuaikan pada cahaya matahari yang nantinya akan masuk, atau jika anda
terlanjur membangun rumah dengan posisi yang tidak memungkinkan masuknya
cahaya matahari, anda bisa mengakalinya dengan membuat skylight, misalnya
buatlah kaca transparan di langit-langit rumah anda., bisa juga dengan memasang
kaca jendela transparan, ruang tanpa sekat massif dan cat ruangan berwarna putih
untuk memantulkan cahaya lampu sehingga bisa menerangi ruangan dengan
maksimal. Selain untuk alas an kesehatan, pencahayaan alami yang cukup juga
akan banyak bermanfaat untuk menghemat listrik, kita tidak perlu menyalakan
lampu untuk menerangi bagian dalam rumah, karena semuanya sudah terpenuhi
oleh cahaya matahari yang masuk. Cahaya matahari bisa dimanfaatkan dengan
optimal sebagai sumber cahaya alami untuk rumah sehat, dengan pedoman:
a. Orientasi Bangunan
Bangunan sebaiknya menghadap Utara-Selatan agar terhindar dari panas langsung
matahari, karena bagaimanapun pentingnya sinar matahari jika terkena langsung
dalam waktu terus-menerus akan berakibat kurang baik.
b. Ukuran Ruangan dan Bukaan
Agar cahaya matahari yang masuk mencukupi, dan dapat menerangi ruangan
dengan maksimal, sebaiknya ukuran lebar ruangan dibuat 2 kali ukuran tinggi
bukaannya.
Sumber:
http://www.imagebali.net/detail-artikel/157-prinsip-pembangunan-rumahsehat.php….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
BEBERAPA PRINSIP PEMBANGUNAN RUMAH SEHAT
2. Ventilasi Alami
Pada prinsipnya ventilasi alami adalah menciptakan sirkulasi udara dengan
membuat lubang-lubang pada bagian dinding bangunan untuk memasukan udara
segar dari luar sehingga udara panas yang ada di dalam bisa digantikan dengan
baik.
3. Sistem Manajemen Limbah
Sistem manajemen limbah yang baik sangat penting demi terciptanya lingkungan
rumah yang bersih dan sehat, untuk dapat menangani limbah tentu saja kita harus
mengetahui terlebih dahulu jenis-jenis smpah itu sendiri, agar memudahkan kita
melakukan pembersihan, penyortiran, pengemasan serta melakukan pembuangan
akhir. Kenapa harus seperti itu? Karena untuk setiap jenih limbah yang berbeda
akan memerlukan penanganan yang berbeda juga, seperti adanya sampah organik
dan non organic yang perlu kita pilah dan pisah ketika ingin membuangnya, dan
lingkungan kita pun akan lebih sehat.
4. Penampungan Air Hujan
Untuk memanfaatkan air hujan, bisa kita tampung ke dalam kolam atau tong besar.
Tentunya air hujan yang kita tampung tadi bisa kita manfaatkan untuk kebutuhan
sehari-hari, seperti menyiram tanaman mencuci mobil atau menyiram toilet, tapi
perlu diperhatikan juga ketika air hujan dalam penampungan tersebut terlalu lama
tersimpan biasanya akan jadi rumah nyamuk untuk bertelur dan akan sangat
berbahaya bagi kesehatan anda dan keluarga, jadi solusinya anda bisa
menggunakan abate ke dalam bak penampungan, atau jika media penampungan
tersebut berupa kolam, anda bisa memelihara ikan di sana sebagai predator dari
jentik-jentik nyamuk yang mungkin ada.
5. Lapisan Tembus Air
Halaman rumah sebaiknya tidak kita buat dengan menutupinya dengan tembok
atau cor beton seluruhnya, daerah resapan air pun sangat perlu kita buat di sekitar
rumah, selain untuk menghindari genangan air juga sebagai media seni sehingga
rumah kita akan terlihat lebih cantik jika kita bisa mengaturnya sedemikian rupa.
Kita bisa menanami rumput, grass block ataupun tanaman lain di halaman rumah,
agar air dapat mengalir dan proses peresapan ke dalam tanah bisa lancar,
sehingga bila semua rumah menerapkannya, maka akan tercipta lingkungan yang
bebas banjir.
Sumber:
http://www.imagebali.net/detail-artikel/157-prinsip-pembangunan-rumah-sehat.php…..
Diunduh 6/4/2012
MERANCANG RUANGAN PENANGKAL STRES
Stres pada masa kini seringkali menjadi masalah yang serius dalam kehidupan
manusia modern yang semakin sibuk dan penuh tekanan. Selain menghindari
polusi, atau situasi yang membuat stres rumah pun merupakan tempat yang paling
tepat untuk membantu menanggulangi stres.
Rapi dan Terorganisasi
Rumah yang rapi dapat mengurangi stres. Kurangilah benda-benda yang tidak
trepakai agar rumah tidak tampak penuh dan berantakan. Rumah yang acakacakan menggambarkan kemalasan, tidak bersih, dan kurang mencintai diri sendri.
Anda tidak perlu memajang semua benda kesayangan sekaligus, tetapi simpanlah
beberapa diantaranya dan tukarlah selang setiap waktu tertentu. Kegiatan ini akan
membantu Anda dalam menanggulangi stres karena kegiatan Anda akan terpaku
pada hal-hal yang Anda senangi.
Warna kuning muda atau kuning emas pada dinding dapat merangsang otak untuk
berpikir jernih dan mengurangi stres. Berilah ruang gerak yang cukup dalam rumah
untuk memastikan Anda menyimpan barang-barang di tempat alternatif, misalnya
dengan menyimpan di bawah tempat tidur, atau gudang bawah atap.
Mengatasi Sulit Tidur
Sulit tidur adalah salah satu akibat yang paling umum dari stres. Untuk
menguranginya pastikan ruang tidur, berada jauh dari kebisingan seperti jalan, dan
sebaiknya dekat dengan taman belakang. Beri warna dinding yang membuat pikiran
menjadi rileks seperti warna pink, oranye paste muda, biru atau hijau lembut.
Lampu tidur berwarna hijau juga akan menenangkan pikiran.
Bakarlah lilin wangi atau minyak esensial sebelum tidur. Terlevisi, atau benda-beda
elektronik sebaiknya tidak berada dalam kamar tidur . Terpaku menonton semua
program justru akan menambah stres, mengurangi motivasi hidup, dan vitalitas fisik
Anda. Selain itu ruang tidur sebaiknya terpisah dari ruang kerja.
Benda-Benda Kecil yang Penting
Seringkali kita kehilangan benda-benda kecil yang penting di dalam rumah, seperti
kunci, kacamata, dompet, dan lain-lain. Oleh karena itu Anda dapat mensiasatinya
dengan membeli rak unik dan letakkan di depan dekat pintu, dan biasakanlah untuk
menyimpan semua benda-benda kecil tadi di dalamnya.
Sumber:
http://www.imagebali.net/detail-artikel/18-Merancang-Rumah-Penangkal-Stres.php…..
Diunduh 6/4/2012
MERANCANG RUANGAN PENANGKAL STRES
Sosialisasi
Hal yang sangat disayangkan bila saat ini menjamu tamu di rumah sudah sangat jarang
dilakukan, sebaliknya menjamu tamu di restoran tampaknya menjadi favorit banyak
orang. Padahal bersosialisasi dengan menjamu tamu di rumah sendiri ini lebih rileks,
akrab, dan menciptakan kehangatan bagi penghuni maupun tamu yang Anda jamu.
Sekali-sekali undanglah sahabat untuk makan malam di rumah Anda.
Menjamu tamu di rumah akan membuat Anda terpacu untuk lebih memperhatikan
tatanan interior rumah . Anda juga jadi alasan untuk membeli alat-alat baru, dan
kegiatan ini akan terasa menenangkan. Ciptakan kegiatan yang santai setelah makan,
misalnya nonton video bersama, melakukan permainan, atau mendengarkan musik
untuk mengobrol.
Tatalah rumah dengan atmosfer yang menyenangkan dan hangat seperti penerangan
lilin-lilin, serta bunga segar. Warna cerah akan menambah kehangatan jamuan. Tata
furniture dengan lay out yang akrab, kursi, dan sofa hendaknya dalam posisi
berdekatan.
Indoor plant = Filtering the Air
Perpustakaan Mini
Membaca buku akan membuat
hidup Anda lebih berarti. Selain
menambah pengetahuan, dan
kekayaan pikiran, buku-buku yang
tersusun rapi di rumah Anda akan
memberikan kesan bersahabat dan
hangat dalam rumah Anda. Rumah
tanpa buku akan terasa kosong,
dan terasa kaku serta kurang
bersahabat. Oleh karena itu bila
memungkinkan ciptakanlah taman
membaca di salah satu sudut pada
rumah Anda.
Membaca beberapa lembar buku
sebelum tidur juga akan
merangsang imajinasi serta
kreatifitas Anda. Letakkan
beberapa buku di meja sisi, tempat
tidur sehingga Anda selalu ingat
untuk membaca sebelum tidur.
Sumber:
Any lingering volatile organic compounds can be filtered
from the air to improve indoor air quality.
In studies intended to find ways to purify air for
extended stays on space stations, NASA discovered
that many common household plants also remove toxic
volatile organic compounds such as trichloroethylene,
benzene and formaldehyde from the air.
The study also showed that some plants are better at
removing chemicals from the air. Below is a list of plants
and the volatile organic compounds, and other indoor
toxins they remove.
Philodendrons, Spider plants, Pothos and Money
plants remove formaldehyde present in carpets, and
furniture (particularly flat pack particleboard furniture
and foam insulation).
English Ivy and Boston Ferns remove airborne mold.
The Areca palm removes indoor chemicals and acts as
a humidifier.
Gerbera Daisies and Chrysanthemums clear
benzene and trichloroethylene found in plastics,
synthetic fibers, detergents, varnishes, adhesives and
dry cleaning from indoor air.
http://www.imagebali.net/detail-artikel/18-Merancang-Rumah-PenangkalStres.php….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
PERANCANGAN SANITASI RUMAH
Sanitasi merupakan bagian penting dalam pembangunan sebuah bangunan atau
rumah, tapi kadang banyak dari kita yang kurang menyadarinya, karena melihat
begitu pentingnya sanitasi bahkan tokoh dunia sekelas Mahatma Ghandi pernah
berkata ‘sanitation is more important than independence’, bagi bangunan atau
rumah tinggal modern sat ini mungkin kata-kata itu ada benarnya, sanitasi yang
baik bisa lebih berharga dari kemerdekaan, bayangkan ketika kita memasuki
sebuah bangunan modern tiba-tiba saja tercium aroma kurang sedap dari toilet atau
bau busuk dari saluran pembuangan limbah yang tersendat, tentu saja citra si
pemilik bangunan akan langsung jelek di mata kita, sepertinya memang hal sepele,
tetapi jika kita abaikan itu bisa jadi sebuah bencana bagi sang pemilik.
Ada beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan dalam merancang sebuah system
sanitasi di rumah, di antaranya penyediaan air bersih dan pengolahan limbah.
1.Instalasi Air Bersih
Tersedianya air bersih yang cukup tentu saja menjadi factor utama dalam sanitasi
pada rumah, apapun kegiatan sanitasi yang kita lakukan di rumah biasanya
memakai air bersih, baik itu penggunaan secara langsung maupun sebagai
pelengkap saja.
Untuk itu perlu diperhatikan dalam membuat instalasi untuk air bersih, paling tidak
ada 2 model instalasi yang dapat diterapkan untuk rumah :
a.Instalasi Terbuka
Saluran utama mengalir lurus dari tangki utama ke titik-titik disepanjang pipa dan
berakhir pada satu titik.
b.Instalasi tertutup
Saluran utama mengalir dari pompa atau tangki air ke titik-titik percabangan saluran
anak, ujung saluran utama ini berakhir di dekat pompa atau tangki air.
2.Instalasi Limbah
Saluran pipa ganda di sisi kanan dan kiri rumah adalah alternative terbaik untuk
system pembuangan air limbah, tapi system ini juga tetap memiliki untung dan rugi.
Keuntungannya, jika salah satu saluran pipa pembuangan mampet atau tersendat
maka saluran pembuangan lainnya masih bisa berfungsi, hanya saja untuk saluran
pipa ganda pemakaian pipa PVC menjadi boros karena memakai pipa dengan
jumlah 2 kali lebih banyak daripada memakai saluran pipa tunggal.
Jika ingin hemat, anda bisa menggunakan system saluran pipa tunggal, pipa utama
bisa di tempatkan di salah satu sisi bangunan atau rumah, untuk menghindari
mampet sebaiknya pipa yang digunakan berukuran tidak kurang dari 4 inchi.
Sumber:
http://www.imagebali.net/detail-artikel/162-hal-penting-dalam-perancangan-sanitasirumah.php….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
PERANCANGAN SANITASI RUMAH
3.Septic Tank
Untuk pembuatan septic tank pun sebenarnya ada Standar Nasional Indonesia nya..
Standar ini mencakup sistem, ukuran, dan prosedur pembuatannya.
Dalam SNI, ukuran dimensi septic tank ditetapkan berdasar jumlah penghuni rumah.
Untuk rumah dengan lima penghuni, volume septic tank bisa dihitung berikut ini :
ruang basah 1,2m3, ruang lumpur 0,45m3, dan ruang ambang batas bebas 0,4m3.
Jika dibuat dalam rumus panjang x lebar x tinggi yaitu : 1,6m, x 0,8m, x 1,6m. Dengan
volume tersebut, septic tank bisa bertahan selama 3 tahun tanpa pengurasan.
Dalam membuat atau memilih tangki yang sudah jadi, kita juga harus memperhatikan
kekuatannya. Tangki harus tahan terhadap asam, dan kedap air, tidak boleh ada
rembesan dari tangki sehingga dapat mencemari lingkungan sekitar. Untuk itu, tangki
dapat dibuat dari batu kali, bata merah, batako, atau beton. Bisa juga menggunakan
tangki dari keramik, pvc, plastik, atau besi.
Jarak tangki ke bangunan juga perlu diperhatikan, yaitu 1,5m, sedangkan jaran tangki
ke sumur air bersih 10m, dan 5m untuk jarak tangki ke sumur resapan air hujan.
Aneka tanaman hias
yang cocok untuk
lingkungan di luar
ruangan
http://greenmall.tradeindia.c
om/Exporters_Suppliers/Ex
porter25805.670510/LiveOutdoor-Plant.html
Sumber:
http://www.imagebali.net/detail-artikel/162-hal-penting-dalam-perancangan-sanitasirumah.php….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
Green Hospital and Inspiring Action
In RSJ Dr.Radjiman Wediodiningrat Lawang
Intruksi Menteri Dalam Negeri No. 14 Tahun 1988 mengemukakan bahwa ruang
terbuka hijau memberikan manfaat sebagai berikut :
1. Memberikan kesegaran, kenyamanan dan keindahan lingkungan
2. Memberikan lingkungan bersih dan sehat
3. Memberikan hasil produksi berupa kayu, daun bunga, biji, serta buah atau hasil
lainnya.
Udara alami yang bersih sering dikotori oleh debu, baik yang dihasilkan oleh
kegiatan alami maupun kegiatan manusia. Langkah nyata dan kongkret
mewujudkan Green Hospital sedang dirintis RSJ Dr. Radjiman Wediodiningrat
Lawang. Salah satu dari konsep yang sedang digagas adalah rencana
memaksimalkan lahan tidur milik RSJ Dr. Radjiman Wediodiningrat Lawang yang
jumlah total luasnya mencapai 295 hektare, dan sementara ini yang termanfaatkan
hanya 20 persennya saja.
Konsep Green Hospital adalah lingkungan untuk mewujudkan kenyamanan
ekologis bagi pasien serta warga masyarakat yang tinggal di sekitar lingkungan
RSJ. Green Hospital adalah Rumah Sakit yang berwawasan lingkungan dan
merupakan jawaban atas tuntutan kebutuhan pelayanan dari pelanggan Rumah
Sakit yang telah bergeser ke arah pelayanan paripurna serta berbasis kenyamanan
dan keamanan lingkungan rumah sakit.
Penghijauan adalah salah satu kegiatan penting yang harus dilaksanakan secara
konseptual dalam menangani krisis lingkungan. Kegiatan menambah ruang terbuka
hijau dengan penanaman 6.500 bibit tanaman di seluruh lahan milik RSJ dan di
area sekitar mata air yang berlokasi ± 5 km dari RSJ Dr. Radjiman Wediodiningrat
Lawang pada hari Rabu, 25 Januari 2012 dilakukan Dr. Bambang Eko Sunaryanto,
Sp.KJ selaku Direktur Utama, bersama pasien yang masuk masa pemulihan,
dokter, perawat, dan anggota dewan pengawas RSJ dilakukan sebagai upaya untuk
menyongsong penerapan konsep Green Hospital di RSJ Dr. Radjiman
Wediodiningrat Lawang untuk mewujudkan lingkungan yang sehat dan aman,
disamping itu terpenuhinya unsur kenyamanan ekologis dan estetika juga
merupakan salah satu pertimbangan pasien dalam pemilihan rumah sakit.
Semoga melalui konsep Green Hospital di RSJ Dr. Radjiman Wediodiningrat
Lawang dapat menginspirasi lebih banyak orang untuk lebih tergugah sebagai
wujud keperdulian lingkungan. Let’s keep our world green forever. (srs)
Lawang, 9 Februari 2012
Sumber:
http://www.rsjlawang.com/berita_120229a.html….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
MUTU PELAYANAN RUMAH SAKIT
Mutu pelayanan rumah sakit dapat dilihat dari segi aspek yang berpengaruh. Aspek
berarti hal-hal yang secara langsung atau tidak berpengaruh terhadap penilaian.
Keempat aspek tersebut adalah seperti berikut :
a. Aspek klinis
Menyangkut pelayanan dokter, perawat dan terkait dengan teknis
medis. (Indikator klinis terdiri dari :
1. Angka infeki nosokomial;
2. Angka kematian rumah sakit;
3. Kasus kelainan neurology yang timbul selama pasien dirawat;
4. Timbulnya dekubitus selama perawatan;
5. Indikasi operasi tidak tepat;
6. Salah yang dioperasi;
7. Kesalahan teknik operasi;
8. Komplikasi pembedahan;
9. Perbedaan antara diagosa pra bedah dengan penemuan patologi
anatomi pasca bedah;
10. Operasi ulang untuk menanggulangi penyulit;
11. Infeksi pasca bedah;
12. Kematian karena operasi;
13. Reaksi obat;
14. Komplikasi pengobatan intravena;
15. Reaksi tranfusi;
16. Angka section Caesar yang tidak wajar tingginya;
17. Angka kematian ibu melahirkan.
b. Aspek efisiensi dan efektifitas
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Pelayanan yang murah, tepat guna, tak ada diagnosa dan terapi
berlebihan. (Indicator aspek efisiensi dan efektifitas terdiri dari :
Pasien menunggu terlalu lama di kamar operasi, kamar rontgen dan lainlain sebelum ditolong;
Persiapan dikamar bedah, kamar bersalin tidak baik;
Masalah dengan logistik kamar bedah, ruang perawatan, kamar bersalin;
Masalah pemakaian obat;
Masalah lamanya pasien dirawat;
Masalah dengan prasarana (listrik, air, instalasi gas);
Masalah teknis dengan alat-alat dan perlengkapan;
Masalah dengan sumber daya manusia;
Prosedur administrasi yang rumit.
Sumber: http://digilib.unimus.ac.id/files/disk1/108/jtptunimus-gdl-yudaayutim-5369-2-bab2.pdf …..
Diunduh 6/4/2012
MUTU PELAYANAN RUMAH SAKIT
Mutu pelayanan rumah sakit dapat dilihat dari segi aspek yang berpengaruh. Aspek
berarti hal-hal yang secara langsung atau tidak berpengaruh terhadap penilaian.
Keempat aspek tersebut adalah seperti berikut :
c. Aspek keselamatan pasien
Upaya perlindungan terhadap pasien, misalnya perlindungan jatuh dari
tempat tidur, kebakaran. (Indicator keselamatan pasien terdiri dari :
1. Pasien terjatuh dari tempat tidur, dikamar mandi, toilet;
2. Pasien diberi obat yang salah;
3. Pasien lupa diberi obat;
4. Tidak ada alat atau obat emergency ketika dibutuhkan;
5. Tidak dilakukan cross match pada pasien yang ditranfusi;
6. Tidak ada oksigen ketika dibutuhkan;
7. Infeksi nosokomial;
8. Alat penyedot lendir yang tidak berfungsi dengan baik;
9. Alat anesthesia tidak berfungsi baik;
10. Alat pemadam kebakaran tidak tersedia;
11. Tidak ada rencana penanggulangan bencana.
d. Aspek kepuasan pasien
Berhubungan dengan kenyamanan, keramahan dan kecepatan pelayanan.
(Indikator aspek kepuasan pasien terdiri dari :
1. Jumlah keluhan dari pasien dan keluarga;
2. Hasil penilaian dengan kuisener atau survay tentang derajat kepuasan
pasien;
3. Kritik dalam kolom surat pembaca Koran;
4. Pengaduan mal praktek;
5. Laporan dari staf medik dan perawatan tentang kepuasan pasien)
Sumber: http://digilib.unimus.ac.id/files/disk1/108/jtptunimus-gdl-yudaayutim-5369-2-bab2.pdf …..
Diunduh 6/4/2012
KUALITAS PELAYANAN KEPERAWATAN
Pelayanan keperawatan merupakan bagian integral dari pelayanan
kesehatan. Di rumah sakit, keperawatn menjadi salah satu profesi yang
berperan dalam quality assurance (Aditama, 2003) yang dilakukan dengan
pengelolaan asuhan keperawatan secara professional yang memfokuskan
pada kebutuhan pasien dan keluarganya (klien) dengan intervensi yang
melandaskan pada ilmu keperawatan (Nurachmah, 2001).
Asuhan keperawatan yang berkualitas merupakan asuhan manusiawi yang
diberikan kepada klien, memenuhi standart dan criteria profesi keperawatan, sesuai
dengan standart biaya dan kualitas yang diharapkan rumah sakit serta mampu
mencapai tingkat kepuasan dan memenuhi harapan klien. Kualitas tersebut
dipengaruhi oleh kondisi pasien, tenaga keperawatan, system manajerial,
kemampuan rumah sakit dalam memenuhi sarana dan prasarana, serta harapan
masyarakat terhadap pelayanan kesehatan/ keperawatan rumah sakit. Untuk
menciptakan kualitas tersebut diatas, perlu diperhatikan komponen berikut :
1. Terlihat sikap caring ketika memberikan asuhan keperawatan kepada klien.
Sikap ini diyakini sebagai esensi keperawatan. Merupakan tindakan yang
bertujuan memberikan asuhan fisik dan memperhatikan emosi sambil
meningkatkan rasa aman dan keselamatan klien (Carruth et al. cit. Nurachmah,
2001). Perawat menawarkan sebuah kejujuran, kepercayaan dan niat baik untuk
meningkatkan perubahan positif klien dalam aspek fisik, psikologis, spiritual dan
social (Nurachmah, 2001).
2. Hubungan perawat-klien yang terapeutik dan timbal balik agar efektifitas
intervensi meningkat. Hubungan dibentuk melalui proses pembinaan dan
pemahaman dua belah pihak. Perawat memprakarsai sikap empati dan
keinginan berespon serta keinginan menolong klien. Keberhasilan ini
menentukan keberhasilan hasil tindakan yang diharapkan (Nurachmah,2001).
3. Kemampuan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan klien, karena rangkaian kegiatan
keperawatan diorientasikan kepada klien. Hal ini dipengaruhi kemampuan
perawat dalam berrespon terhadap keluhan dan masalah klien serta upaya
menanganinya sesuai kebutuhan klien (Nurachmah, 2001).
4. Kolaborasi dengan anggota tim kesehatan lain.
5. Quality assurance, yaitu membandingkan antara standart yang telah ditetapkan
dengan hasil yang dicapai yang dilakukan dengan menilai, memantau,atau
mengatur pelayanan yang berorientasi pada klien meliputi aspek struktur,
proses dan outcome (Nurachmah, 2001).
KEPUASAN PASIEN
1. Pengertian Kepuasan Pasien
Tingkat kepuasan merupakan evaluasi purnabeli dimana alternatif
yang dipilih minimal memberikan hasil sama atau melampaui harapan
(Engel et al., 1990 Tjiptono, 2000). Kotler (1994) mengungkapkan
kepuasan sebagai tingkat perasaan seseorang setelah embandingkan
kinerja (hasil) yang dirasakan dengan harapannya. Sehingga dapat
dinyatakan bahwa harapan dan kinerja yang dirasakan merupakan
komponen pokok kepuasan konsumen/ pelanggan.
Harapan merupakan perkiraan atau keyakinan konsumen tentang apa
yang akan diterimanya bila ia membeli atau mengkonsumsi barang atau
jasa. Sedangkan kinerja yang dirasakan merupakan persepsi
konsumen terhadap apa yang ia terima setelah mengkonsumsi produk
atau jasa yang dibeli.
Dalam menggunakan suatu jasa (pelayanan), konsumen seringkali
mempunyai skenario tentang apa yang akan diterimanya, berupa :
(1) Jasa ideal, (2) jasa yang diantisipasi atau harapan, (3) Jasa yang
selayaknya diterima, (4) Jasa minimum yang dapat ditoleransi.
Apabila jasa minimal yang diharapkan adalah ”jasa yang dapat
ditoleransi”, lalu yang terjadi sama dengan atau bahkan melampaui
harapan tersebut, maka konsumen akan merasakan kepuasan.
Sedangkan apabila jasa yang diharapkan adalah ”jasa ideal”, tetapi
yang terjadi kurang dari harapan tersebut, maka konsumen akan
merasakan ketidakpuasan. Dari penjelasan tersebut terlihat jelas
bahwa konsumen memiliki peran besar sebagai standart
perbandingan evaluasi kualitas maupun kepuasan.
Kepuasan pasien adalah nilai subyektif terhadap kualitas pelayanan
yang diberikan. Walaupun subyektif tetap ada dasar obyektifnya,
artinya walaupun penilaian itu dilandasi oleh hal dibawah ini :
1. Pengalaman masa lalu;
2. Pendidikan;
3. Situasi psikis waktu itu;
4. Pengaruh lingkungan waktu itu.
ASPEK KEPUASAN PASIEN
Kepuasan pasien meliputi empat aspek dibawah ini :
a. Kenyamanan meliputi ; Lokasi rumah sakit, kebersihan rumah sakit,
kenyamanan ruangan, makanan dan peralatan ruangan.
b. Hubungan pasien dengan petugas rumah sakit meliputi ;
Keramahan, informasi, komunikatif, responatif, suportif dan
cekatan.
c. Kompetensi teknis petugas meliputi ; Keberanian bertindak,
pengalaman, gelar dan terkenal.
d. Biaya meliputi ; Mahalnya pelayanan, sebandingnya, terjangkau
tidaknya dan ada tidaknya keringanan.
Walaupun demikian keempat hal ini tidak selamanya mudah dinilai dan
dipertanyakan dalam quisoner.
A lot of people count us lucky to
always have flowers in the
house. And we are. But today, we
would like to highlight plants as well.
There’s something delightful about
going inside a home filled with plants.
The air’s a little bouncier, and you can
actually breathe easy. And since you
spend most of your time indoors, it
helps to have a breath of fresh air
especially when you live right smack
in the middle of smoke city. In fact,
indoor plants not only produce
oxygen, they also absorb benzene,
formaldehyde, xylene, toluene and
trichlor.
Mother In Law's Tongue
Sumber:
http://flowerdepot.wordpress.com/2011/08/05/indoor-plants-as-air-filters/ …..
Diunduh 6/4/2012
PENGUKURAN TINGKAT KEPUASAN
Salah satu metode yang digunakan untuk mengukur kepuasan
konsumen adalah mengajukan pertanyaan kepada pelanggan menyangkut
dua hal utama, yaitu harapan dan persepsi (kinerja) yang dirasakan
(Kotler, 1994). Metode lain yang dapat digunakan adalah dengan
pendekatan hipotesis bahwa pelayanan ditentukan oleh perbedaan harapan
dan persepsi (Hart, 1999).
Rubber Plant
You supposedly need 1 plant for every 1 square meter of floor space.
You need not keep these plants near the window all the time nor do they
need direct sun. Bi-weekly by the window with some filtered sun does
the trick. I also water only once or twice a week.
Sumber:
http://flowerdepot.wordpress.com/2011/08/05/indoor-plants-as-air-filters/…..
Diunduh 6/4/2012
Evaluasi kenyamanan pada beberapa taman kota di Jakarta Pusat
Putra, Priambudi Trie.
http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/46755 . Date: 2011
. Keberadaan taman kota merupakan hal mutlak untuk menjamin
kelangsungan ekologis kota serta menjadi ruang interaksi sosial bagi
warga kota. Fungsi taman kota adalah untuk ameliorasi iklim serta
merekayasa lingkungan. Fungsi ameliorasi iklim yaitu berupa
menurunkan suhu dan memodifikasi kelembaban iklim mikro kota.
Fungsi rekayasa lingkungan yaitu berupa mengurangi erosi,
meningkatkan kualitas udara kota, menjadi tempat habitat satwa liar,
dan mengurangi kebisingan. Kenyamanan merupakan hal yang ingin
dicapai dengan adanya taman kota. Selain menyajikan kenyamanan,
taman kota sebagai bagian dari ruang terbuka hijau (RTH) akan mampu
meningkatkan kualitas kehidupan lingkungan perkotaan yang umumnya
didominasi oleh struktur bangunan Kawasan Menteng di Jakarta Pusat
merupakan kota taman pertama di Indonesia yang memiliki beberapa
taman kota seperti Taman Menteng, Taman Suropati, dan Taman Situ
Lembang. Kawasan Menteng merupakan model dari kota taman yang
mengharmonisasikan penggunaan ruang sehingga dapat menciptakan
lanskap kota yang nyaman. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi
kenyamanan Taman Menteng, Taman Suropati, dan Taman Situ
Lembang berdasarkan pengambilan data langsung (suhu dan
kelembaban) serta responden dari masing-masing taman. Metode yang
digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode grid berukuran 20 meter x
20 meter untuk mengetahui sebaran suhu dan kelembaban di masingmasing taman. Di tiap grid dilakukan pengambilan data suhu dan
kelembaban aktual dengan tiga kali ulangan. Pengambilan data
dilakukan pada siang hari terik pukul 12.30-13.00 di bulan April-Mei
2010. Data berupa luas tutupan kanopi pohon dilakukan dengan
melakukan digitasi citra taman menggunakan Google Earth 2010.
Digitasi kanopi pohon menggunakan software AutoCAD 2007. Dari data
luas tutupan kanopi pohon dicari hubungannya dengan data suhu dan
kelembaban menggunakan persamaan regresi linier.
Sumber:
http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/46755….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
Kelembaban Udara Di Ruangan
. Berdasarkan data suhu udara dan kelembaban rata-rata pengamatan, dilakukan
analisis menggunakan persamaan regresi linier. Analisis regresi linier digunakan untuk
menilai hubungan antara faktor suhu udara maupun faktor kelembaban dengan luas
kanopi pohon tiap grid dalam taman yang menghasilkan persamaan y = ax + b serta
R2. Koefisien regresi yang dilambangkan dengan a, menunjukkan pengaruh luas
tutupan kanopi pohon terhadap perubahan nilai suhu udara atau kelembaban dalam
taman. R2 (koefisien determinasi) menunjukkan besarnya pengaruh luas tutupan
kanopi pohon terhadap perubahan suhu udara atau kelembaban dalam taman. Nilai
suhu udara dan kelembaban yang didapat kemudian dianalisis dengan rumus
Temperature Humidity Index (THI):
THI = 0,8T + (RH x T)/500
RH = kelembaban rata-rata harian (%) T = suhu udara rata-rata harian (°C) Nilai THI
yang didapat dari setiap taman kemudian dianalisis menggunakan standar dari Laurie
(1990) yang menyatakan bahwa lingkungan ideal memiliki suhu udara 27 – 28°C dan
kelembaban 40 – 75%. Data suhu udara dan kelembaban dari tiap taman juga
dispasialkan menjadi peta isoterm dan peta isohigro untuk memudahkan interpretasi
mengenai sebaran titik suhu udara dan kelembaban dalam taman.
Most of the commonly
available indoor plants
are commonly available
because they have
proven their ability to
adapt to the very dry
environments found
indoors in winter.
Although most indoor
plants, succulents
excepted, come from
naturally humid
habitats, many can
survive quite well in low
humidity, as long as
they receive adequate
moisture through their
roots.
(http://foliageconcepts.w
ordpress.com/)
Sumber:
http://repository.ipb.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/46755/A11ptp_BAB%20III%20Metodol
olgi%20Penelitian.pdf?sequence=7 ….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
Iklim Mikro
Keberadaan bukaan pada lanskap kota dalam bentuk Ruang Terbuka Hijau secara
langsung akan memengaruhi iklim mikro pada lokasi di sekitar tapak itu berada.
Pengertian iklim mikro sendiri adalah iklim disekitar ruang antara perakaran hingga
sekitar pucuk tajuk tanaman. Unsur-unsur iklim mikro terdiri dari suhu udara,
kelembaban udara, angin, dan radiasi matahari. Unsur-unsur iklim tersebut akan
mudah terpengaruh oleh perubahan pemanasan dan pendinginan permukaan tanah
dan benda atau tumbuhan setempat. Dengan adanya tanaman, akan terbentuk iklim
mikro dengan gejala penurunan suhu udara sekitar, kelembaban yang cukup, dan
kadar oksigen yang bertambah. Hal ini terjadi karena adanya proses
evapotranspirasi dari tanaman. Kondisi iklim mikro taman dapat dimodifikasi salah
satunya adalah dengan melakukan penempatan vegetasi yang memerhatikan arah
angin dan radiasi matahari.
Kenyamanan
Menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (Depdiknas, 2008),
kenyamanan berarti suatu keadaan yang nyaman, sejuk, dan segar.
Kenyamanan suatu taman kota ditunjukkan dengan kemampuan taman
untuk dapat mengurangi pencemaran udara, menjaga kestabilan suhu
udara kota, dan menjaga ketersediaan air (DPU, 2008).
Dengan adanya taman kota diharapkan dapat membantu meningkatkan
kenyamanan lingkungan kota dan mencegah kenaikan suhu udara kota
(Frick dan Suskiyanto, 2007).
Kenyamanan dapat dihadirkan dengan penggunaan jenis vegetasi
seperti pohon sebagai pengontrol iklim mikro (Carpenter, Walker, dan
Lanphear, 1975).
[DPU] Dinas Pekerjaan Umum. 2008. Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan
Umum No: 05/PRT/M/2008 tentang Pedoman Penyediaan Ruang
Terbuka Hijau di Kawasan Perkotaan. Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal
Penataan Ruang Departemen Pekerjaan Umum.
Frick H dan Suskiyanto FXB. 2007. Dasar-dasar Arsitektur Ekologis.
Bandung: Penerbit ITB.
Carpenter PL, Walker TD, dan Lanphear FO. 1975. Plants in the
Landscape. San Francisco: WH Freeman and Company.
. Sabtu, 7 April 2012
Taman Menambah Keindahan dan Kenyamanan Rumah
Ditulis oleh admin pada 19 Oct 2010 - 16:04
. Kehadiran taman dalam rumah dapat menjadi tempat bersantai bagi penghuni
rumah. Taman dapat membuat sebuah rumah tampak lebih sejuk, indah dan
nyaman. Terlebih lagi di daerah perkotaan yang marak dengan pembangunan
rumah atau gedung, semakin sedikit daerah hijau yang masih ada.
Tingkat kesibukan yang tinggi dan polusi udara dari asap kendaraan pada daerah
perkotaan akan membuat kehadiran taman di rumah sebagai oasis untuk
melepaskan lelah setiap hari. Apa saja yang harus diperhatikan ketika akan
membuat taman?
Dalam membuat sebuah taman, ada beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan agar
taman yang tercipta terlihat indah dan teratur. Berikut ini beberapa hal yang harus
diperhatikan saat Anda akan membuat taman.
Tentukan Tema Taman
Sebelum menentukan jenis tanaman yang akan dibeli, Anda harus menentukan
tema keseluruhan taman. Tema taman yang dapat dipilih misalnya taman dengan
tema Bali, Paris, Jepang, tropis, minimalis atau tema lainnya.
Tema yang dipilih sebaiknya disesuaikan dengan luas lahan taman. Jika luas tidak
terlalu besar, sebaiknya dipilih tema yang lebih sederhana, misalnya tema minimalis
yang sedikit detail pada desainnya. Setelah tema ditentukan, Anda dapat memilih
tanaman-tanaman, bunga atau ornamen lainnya yang mendukung tema taman.
Persiapkan Instalasi Taman dan Lahan
Pada awal pembuatan taman, jangan lupakan untuk membuat instalasi terlebih
dahulu. Instalasi dan penempatan posisi listrik dan air harus diperhatikan agar ada
pada tempat yang aman dan tidak mengganggu aktivitas saat berada di taman.
Instalasi listrik dan air khususnya perlu mendapat perhatian apabila Anda berniat
untuk membuat sebuah kolam dengan pancuran air.
Hal yang tidak boleh ketinggalan untuk dipersiapkan adalah persiapan lahan.
Sebagai media tanam, lahan yang akan dijadikan taman harus dibersihkan dari
tanaman pengganggu atau gulma. Tanah juga perlu digemburkan dan dipupuk agar
tanaman bisa tumbuh subur.
Sumber:
http://www.metrogaya.com/home/taman-menambah-keindahan-dankenyamanan-rumah….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
. Sabtu, 7 April 2012
Taman Menambah Keindahan dan Kenyamanan Rumah
Ditulis oleh admin pada 19 Oct 2010 - 16:04
Ciptakan Harmonisasi Tanaman
Agar terlihat menarik, pilih tanaman yang bervariasi. Pilih tanaman yang berbeda
ukuran, jenis, atau warna sehingga taman tidak monoton. Warna pada tanaman
bisa didapat dari warna bunga atau warna daunnya. Tetapi, penting untuk tetap
memperhatikan keserasian taman agar taman terlihat rapi dan menarik. Keserasian
taman akan tercipta dengan menentukan tanaman yang akan ditanam dan
posisinya.
Tanaman secara umum terbagi atas pohon yang berukuran tinggi, semak atau
perdu yang lebih rendah, rumput-rumputan dan tanaman penutup tanah. Biasanya,
pohon diletakkan di bagian belakang, disusul dengan tanaman perdu kemudian
penanaman rumput-rumputan dan tanaman penutup tanah pada bagian depan.
Atau untuk desain taman terpusat, pohon diletakkan pada bagian tengah, disusul
dengan tanaman perdu yang mengitarinya dan tanaman yang lebih rendah yaitu
rumput-rumputan di bagian terluar. Harmonisasi tanaman penting untuk keindahan
dan kerapian taman.
Pemilihan Material Taman
Taman tidak hanya terdiri dari tanaman saja. Taman yang indah perlu juga didukung
oleh benda-benda keras seperti pot tanaman, kolam, batu-batuan, pasir, atau
benda pendukung lainnya Bagian pendukung ini disebut sebagai hardscape yang
akan memberi kesan lebih dalam pada taman. Sedangkan tanaman sendiri disebut
sebagai softscape.
Anda perlu menyesuaikan hardscape apa saja yang akan digunakan dan seberapa
banyak. Ini berkaitan dengan desain taman. Anda juga bisa menambahkan kursi
taman, ayunan atau hal lain untuk menambah kenyamanan saat berada di taman.
Setelah menentukan model taman, penggunaan softscape dan hardscape akan
lebih mudah ditentukan.
Pemilihan Tanaman
Agar tanaman dapat tumbuh dengan baik, harus disesuaikan dengan keadaan dan
kondisi lahan taman sendiri. Apakah tempat yang akan dijadikan tanaman akan
banyak terkena matahari atau tidak? Sesuaikan juga dengan kondisi lingkungan.
Apakah rumah Anda berada di daerah yang sejuk atau panas? Jika taman akan
banyak terkena sinar matahari, maka dapat dipilih tanaman-tanaman yang kuat
terhadap sinar matahari karena jika tanaman cocok akan menyebabkan tanaman
tidak berkembang atau mati. Berdasarkan kondisi taman, Anda dapat menentukan
jenis tanaman apa saja yang akan menghuni taman Anda.
Sumber:
http://www.metrogaya.com/home/taman-menambah-keindahan-dankenyamanan-rumah….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
Sabtu, 7 April 2012
Taman Menambah Keindahan dan Kenyamanan Rumah
Ditulis oleh admin pada 19 Oct 2010 - 16:04
Pencahayaan
Untuk menambah keindahan taman, tambahan pencahayaan yang baik pada taman
menjadi hal yang diperlukan. Misalnya dengan memasang lampu taman atau lampu sorot
taman yang mengeksploitasi suatu tanaman sebagai fokusnya. Lampu-lampu ini sangat
berperan pada malam hari,sehingga pada malam hari Anda tetap dapat menikmati
keindahan taman Anda dengan suasana yang romantis. Selain itu, kehadiran lampu
taman dengan berbagai model akan menjadi aksesoris pemanis taman Anda.
Kehadiran taman dapat menjadi hal yang penting terutama di tengah issue pemanasan
global. Taman dapat membantu mengurangi polusi udara, mengurangi panas dan
meningkatkan persediaan oksigen sehingga Anda dapat menikmati udara yang segar.
Jika terawat dengan baik, Anda juga akan dimanjakan pemandangan yang indah di
rumah sendiri. Menghabiskan waktu di taman tentu akan menyenangkan.
What Kind of Lighting Should
Be Used for Indoor Growng?
Sunlight contains the full spectrum
of light that plants need to grow,
but plants growing indoors need
lighting supplements to provide
the energy for photosynthesis.
Blue and red light waves are the
two primary colors that your
indoor plants need to thrive;
different plants require different
levels of each. Select your indoor
lighting based on the types of
plants you are growing in
combination with the amount of
daily sunlight your plants receive.
Fluorescent
Fluorescent grow lights are the most common options for homeowners growing plants indoors.
You can purchase different types of fluorescent bulbs that are higher in red output for growing
flowers or full spectrum with a blue emphasis for promoting foliage. Fluorescent lighting works
best for indoor plants when they are placed no more than two feet away from the plant.
(http://www.gardenguides.com/77098-kind-lighting-should-used-indoor-growng.html)
Sumber:
http://www.metrogaya.com/home/taman-menambah-keindahan-dan-kenyamanan-rumah…..
Diunduh 6/4/2012
TAMAN KOTA (SURABAYA)
Taman-taman kota Surabaya kian dipercantik. Kondisi ruang terbuka hijau makin bisa
dirasakan manfaatnya oleh warga kota. Taman-taman itu menyuguhkan keindahan
sekaligus kenyaman buat rekreasi keluarga warga kota. Nyaris tak ada taman kota yang
dibiarkan terbengkalai. Bahkan, sebagian besar taman itu dilengkapi bermacam fasilitas
untuk kenyamanan wisata keluarga, seperti jogging track, taman bermain anak, air
mancur, dan lampu-lampu hias.
Bahkan taman kota ini tidak saja nyaman bagi yang normal secara fisik, tapi juga bagi
mereka para penyandang cacat. Tidak saja orang dewasa tapi juga anak-anak. Termasuk
tidak hanya di siang hari, tapi juga malam hari tetap bisa dirasakan kenyamanan dan
keelokannya. Cengkerama dan rekreasi keluarga warga kota makin memiliki banyak
alternatif. Bahkan, sederet taman itu bakal dilengkapi fasilitas Hot Spot Wi-Fi untuk
rekreasi dunia maya.
Sejak diresmikan tanggal 21 Maret 2007, Taman Bungkul dilengkapi fasilitas skateboard &
BMX track, jogging track, serta akses internet nirkabel
Fungsi taman kota Surabaya sebagai tempat olahraga, rekreasi warga kota, hang out, dan
menghirup udara segar jauh dari polusi, makin banyak alternatif. Surabaya bahkan telah
memiliki taman lanjut usia atau taman lansia. Area yang dimanfaatkan sebagai taman
alternatif untuk para lanjut usia itu berlokasi di Jalan Kalimantan. Area seluas sekira 2.000 m2
eks SPBU Kalimantan itu, di set up menjadi taman yang cantik sekaligus segar.
Beragam tanaman dan bunga cantik menghiasi. Di sela warna-warni tanaman indah itu
tersedia track yang khusus dibuat untuk kenyamanan kursi roda para lansia. Ada pula tempat
duduk untuk pengantar saat menemani para lansia menikmati suasana kota di pagi atau sore
hari. Kesejukan suasana di taman ini kian segar oleh keberadaan air mancur di tengah
taman. Kesegaran itu tentu bisa memecah kepekatan polusi udara dari kendaran bermotor
yang cukup padat melewati bilangan ini.
Sumber:
http://repoebliek.wordpress.com/2011/07/16/taman-kota-surabaya/….. Diunduh
TAMAN PRESTASI SURABAYA
. Berada di Taman Prestasi bagai menemukan sebuah oase di tengah kota. Taman seluas
6.000 m2 ini dihiasi sekitar 21 jenis tanaman sehingga terasa nyaman untuk melepas
penat. Anak-anak pun dapat bermain sambil belajar mengenal lingkungannya. Area ini
dilengkapi panggung terbuka, panggung teater, dan sarana permainan anak. Di sini, kita
juga dapat menyaksikan replika penghargaan yang pernah diraih Kota Surabaya, seperti
Wahana Tata Nugraha, Adipura Kencana, dan lain-lain. Obyek wisata ini juga
menawarkan petualangan lain, seperti menyusuri Kalimas dengan perahu naga atau
perahu dayung. Bahkan, bagi keluarga yang ingin menikmati suasana asri taman dengan
menunggang kuda, telah tersedia kuda-kuda anak-anak. kekar yang siap mengantar.
Interiorscapes
and Indoor Plant Services
David J. Frank Interiorscapes is division
dedicated to the design, installation and
maintenance of green and blooming
plants for indoor environments. Adding
indoors plants has an immediate positive
impact, making it one of the easiest ways
to create a more vibrant atmosphere
within your professional, retail or
residential property.
Sumber:
http://repoebliek.wordpress.com/2011/07/16/taman-kota-surabaya/….. Diunduh
6/4/2012
Pengantar arsitektur Lanskap Taman Kota Malang
Standar Taman Kota yang berlaku di Dunia.
Taman merupakan salah satu obyek yang terpenting bagi orang- orang yang merasa
sangat jenuh akan kesibukan kesehariannya. Kehidupan masyarakat dikota-kota besar
saat ini sangat menguras tenaga dan pikiran. Masyarakat kota tersebut dipusingkan
dengan keadaan yang terjadi saat ini, seperti padatnya lalu lintas akibat pengguna
kendaraan meningkat sedangkan jalan yang dilalui tidak ada pelebaran, ditambah
dengan pekerjaan yang terkadang membuat pikiran terkuras. Hal tersebutlah yang
membuat masyarakat kota menjadi jenuh dengan rutinitas seperti itu, yang hampir
setiap hari mereka hadapi. Hal tersebut akan membuat masyarakat menjadi stres dan
jenuh, yang berdampak pada produktivitas mereka.
Tempat terbuka dapat membantu mereka untuk santai dan sejenak melupakan
permasalahan. Tempat terbuka dalam hal ini berupa taman kota. Tempat tersebut
adalah taman. Taman yang ditumbuhi dengan berbagai jenis tanaman yang memiliki
berbagai macam warna, hamparan rumput seperti permadani-permadani yang dapat
diinjak dan ditiduri, kolam-kolam ikan yang bersih, air mancur yang indah, dan lain-lain
dapat membuat kita menjadi santai, tenang, fresh, dan kembali bersemangat membuat
kita siap kembali menghadapi dunia luar.
Sumber:
http://blog.ub.ac.id/idhayanapd/2010/11/01/pengantar-arsitektur-lanskap-tamankota-malang/….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
STANDAR TAMAN KOTA BERDASARKAN FUNGSINYA
1. Fungsi Hidrologi
Taman kotaa merupakan lahan terbuka hijau yang dapat berperan dalam membantu
fungsi hidrologi dalam hal penyerapan air agar pasokan air dalam tanah (water saving)
semakin meningkat dan mereduksi potensi banjir dengan megurangi jumlah aliran
limpasan air. Pepohonan yang ada di taman, mampu meresapkan air ke dalam tanah
melalui perakarannya. Diperkirakan untuk setiap hektar ruang terbuka hijau, mampu
menyimpan 900 m3 air tanah per tahun, sehingga kekeringan sumur penduduk di
musim kemarau dapat diatasi.
2. Fungsi Pengaturan Iklim (Klimatologis)
Taman dapat melindungi dari panas matahari dan tekanan suhu panas serta sebagai
peneduh. Taman mampu menyerap panas dari atmosfer yang dekat dengan
permukaan tanah disekitar tanaman, sehingga daerah disekitarnya menjadi nyaman.
Penghijauan dapat memperkecil amplitudo variasi yang lebih besar dari kondisi udara
panas ke kondisi udara sejuk.
3. Fungsi Psikis (Kejiwaan)
Taman kota dapat membawa dan memberikan suasana sejuk dan tentram,serta damai
bagi jiwa manusia. Hal ini dapat mengurangi gangguan syaraf dan kejiwaan manusia,
sehingga dengan adanya taman tersebut dapat mengalihkan perhatian kita dari
suasana tegang serta pengaruh kejiwaan kita menjadi tenang, karena adanya sirkulasi
udara dalam kota.
4. Fungsi Kesehatan
Tanaman sebagai jantungnya paru-paru kota merupakan penghasil oksigen (O2)
terbesar dan penyerap karbon dioksida (CO2) dan zat pencemar udara lain, khusus di
siang hari, merupakan pembersih udara yang sangat efektif melalui mekanisme
penyerapan (absorbsi) dan penjerapan (adsorbsi) dalam proses fisiologis, yang terjadi
terutama pada daun, dan permukaan tumbuhan (batang, bunga, dan buah). Setiap 1
hektar ruang terbuka hijau , yang ditanami pepohonan, perdu, semak dan penutup
tanah, dengan jumlah permukaan daun seluas 5 hektar, maka sekitar 900 Kg CO2
akan dihisap dari udara, dan melepaskan sekitar 600 Kg O2 dalam waktu 12 jam
5. Fungsi Ekologis dan Penyeimbang Alam
Secara ekologis taman kota berfungsi sebagai penjaga kualitas lingkungan kota.
Dengan rindangnya taman serta banyak buah dan biji-bijian merupakan habitat yang
baik bagi burung-burung untuk tinggal dan serangga untuk berkembang mambantu
keseimbangan alam. Taman kota juga dapat berfungsi sebagai filter berbagai gas
pencemar dan debu, pengikat karbon, pengatur iklim mikro.
Sumber:
….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
COMFORT NOISE
Comfort noise (or comfort tone) is synthetic background noise used in radio and
wireless communications to fill the artificial silence in a transmission resulting from
voice activity detection or from the audio clarity of modern digital lines.
Some modern telephone systems (such as wireless and VoIP) use voice activity
detection (VAD), a form of squelching where low volume levels are ignored by the
transmitting device. In digital audio transmissions, this saves bandwidth of the
communications channel by transmitting nothing when the source volume is under a
certain threshold, leaving only louder sounds (such as the speaker's voice) to be
sent. However, improvements in background noise reduction technologies can
occasionally result in the complete removal of all noise. Although maximizing call
quality is a primary importance, exhaustive removal of noise may not properly
simulate the typical behavior of terminals on the PSTN system.
The result of receiving total silence, especially for a prolonged period, has a number
of unwanted effects on the listener, including the following:
1. the listener may believe that the transmission has been lost, and therefore
hang up prematurely.
2. the speech may sound "choppy" (see noise gate) and difficult to
understand.
3. the sudden change in sound level can be jarring to the listener.
To counteract these effects, comfort noise is added, usually on the receiving end in
wireless or VoIP systems, to fill in the silent portions of transmissions with artificial
noise. The noise generated is at a low but audible volume level, and can vary based
on the average volume level of received signals to minimize jarring transitions.
In modern VoIP products, users may control whether they want comfort noise
enabled or disabled.
As part of the RTP audio video profile, RFC 3389 defines a standard for distributing
comfort noise information in VoIP systems.
A similar concept is that of sidetone, the effect of sound that is picked up by a
telephone's mouthpiece and introduced (at low level) into the earpiece of the same
handset, acting as feedback.
During the siege of Leningrad, the beat of a metronome was used as comfort noise
on the Leningrad radio network, indicating that the network was still functioning.[1]
Many radio stations broadcast birdsong, city-traffic or other atmospheric comfort
noise during periods of deliberate silence. For example, in the United Kingdom,
silence is observed on Remembrance Sunday, and London's quiet city ambiance is
used. This is to reassure the listener that the station is still on-air, but primarily to
prevent silence detection systems at transmitters from automatically starting backup
tapes of music (designed to be broadcast in the case of transmission link failure).
Sumber:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_noise ….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
BACKGROUND NOISE
In acoustics and specifically in acoustical engineering, background
noise or ambient noise is any sound other than the sound being
monitored(primary sound). Background noise is a form of noise
pollution or interference. Background noise is an important concept in
setting noise regulations.
Examples of background noises are environmental noises such as
waves, traffic noise, alarms, people talking, bioacoustic noise from
animals or birds and mechanical noise from devices such as
refrigerators or air conditioning, power supplies or motors.
The prevention or reduction of background noise is important in the field
of active noise control. It is an important consideration with the use of
ultrasound (e.g. for medical diagnosis or imaging), sonar and sound
reproduction.
1. In astronomy, background noise or cosmic background radiation is
electromagnetic radiation from the sky with no discernible source.
2. In information architecture, irrelevant, duplicate or incorrect
information may be called background noise.
3. In physics and telecommunication, background signal noise can be
detrimental or in some cases beneficial. The study of avoiding,
reducing or using signal noise is information theory.
4. In telephony, artificial comfort noise is used as a substitute for
natural background noise, to fill in artificial silence created by
discontinuous transmission systems using voice activity detection.
Background noise cam also affect concentration
Sumber: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_noise ….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
NOISE POLLUTION
Noise pollution is excessive, displeasing human, animal, or machine-created
environmental noise that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life.
The word noise may be from the Latin word nauseas, metaphorically meaning
disgust or discomfort .
The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is mainly construction and
transportation systems, including motor vehicle noise, aircraft noise, and rail noise.
Poor urban planning may give rise to noise pollution, since side-by-side industrial
and residential buildings can result in noise pollution in the residential area.
Human health
Noise health effects describe problems in both health and behavior. Unwanted
sound (noise) can damage physiological and psychological health. Noise pollution
can cause annoyance and aggression, hypertension, high stress levels, tinnitus,
hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects. Furthermore, stress
and hypertension are the leading causes to health problems, whereas tinnitus can
lead to forgetfulness, severe depression and at times panic attacks.
Chronic exposure to noise may cause noise-induced hearing loss. Older males
exposed to significant occupational noise demonstrate significantly reduced hearing
sensitivity than their non-exposed peers, though differences in hearing sensitivity
decrease with time and the two groups are indistinguishable by age 79.
A comparison of Maaban tribesmen, who were insignificantly exposed to
transportation or industrial noise, to a typical U.S. population showed that chronic
exposure to moderately high levels of environmental noise contributes to hearing
loss.
High noise levels can contribute to cardiovascular effects and exposure to
moderately high levels during a single eight hour period causes a statistical rise in
blood pressure of five to ten points and an increase in stress and vasoconstriction
leading to the increased blood pressure noted above as well as to increased
incidence of coronary artery disease.
Noise pollution is also a cause of annoyance. A study by Spanish researchers
found that in urban areas households are willing to pay approximately four Euros
per decibel per year for noise reduction.
Sumber:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
HEALTH EFFECTS FROM NOISE
Noise health effects are the health consequences of elevated sound
levels. Elevated workplace or other noise can cause hearing
impairment, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, annoyance and
sleep disturbance. Changes in the immune system and birth defects
have been attributed to noise exposure.
Although some presbycusis may occur naturally with age, in many
developed nations the cumulative impact of noise is sufficient to impair
the hearing of a large fraction of the population over the course of a
lifetime.
Noise exposure has also been known to induce tinnitus, hypertension,
vasoconstriction and other cardiovascular impacts.
Beyond these effects, elevated noise levels can create stress, increase
workplace accident rates, and stimulate aggression and other antisocial behaviors. The most significant causes are vehicle and aircraft
noise, prolonged exposure to loud music, and industrial noise. Road
traffic causes almost 80% of the noise annoyances in Norway.
There may be psychological definitions of noise as well. Firecrackers
may upset some animals or noise-traumatized individuals. The most
common noise traumatized persons are those exposed to military
conflicts, but often loud groups of people can trigger complaints and
other behaviors about noise.
The social costs of traffic noise in EU22 are over €40 billion per year,
and passenger cars and lorries (trucks) are responsible for bulk of
costs.
Traffic noise alone is harming the health of almost every third person in
the WHO European Region. One in five Europeans is regularly exposed
to sound levels at night that could significantly damage health.
Sumber:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
NOISE CONTROL
Noise control is an active or passive means of reducing sound emissions, often
incentivised by personal comfort, environmental considerations or legal compliance.
Practical and efficient noise control is wholly reliant on an accurate diagnosis of what is
causing the noise, which first involves finding the source of noise. Once the source of
noise has been found, the focus is reducing the noise at source by engineering means.
The most common noise sources can be divided into aerodynamic (fans, pneumatics,
combustion, etc) and mechanical (impacts, friction, etc). Effective noise control focuses
on reducing the noise from these sources as close to the source as possible. Noise
control for aerodynamic sources include quiet air nozzles, pneumatic silencers and
quiet fan technology.
In architectural acoustics and environmental acoustics, noise control refers to the set
of practices employed for noise mitigation. Within architectural acoustics these
practices include: interior sound reverberation reduction, inter-room noise transfer
mitigation and exterior building skin augmentation. “More specific architectural noise
control methods include the installation of thicker and/ or double-glazed windows,”
acoustical gypsum, ceiling tiles, ceiling panels, carpet and draperies. In the field of
environmental sound, common noise control practices include: design of noise barriers,
development and enforcement of noise abatement legal codes and urban design.
Types of noise control
There are four basic principles of noise control:
1. Sound insulation: prevent the transmission of noise by the introduction of a mass
barrier. Common materials have high-density properties such as brick, thick glass,
concrete, metal etc.
2. Sound absorption: a porous material which acts as a ‘noise sponge’ by converting
the sound energy into heat within the material. Common sound absorption materials
include decoupled lead-based tiles, open cell foams and fiberglass
3. Vibration damping: applicable for large vibrating surfaces. The damping mechanism
works by extracting the vibration energy from the thin sheet and dissipating it as
heat. A common material is sound deadened steel.
4. Vibration isolation: prevents transmission of vibration energy from a source to a
receiver by introducing a flexible element or a physical break. Common vibration
isolators are springs, rubber mounts, cork etc.
Sumber:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_control….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
ACOUSTICAL ENGINEERING
Acoustical engineering is the branch of engineering dealing with
sound and vibration. It is the application of acoustics, the science of
sound and vibration, in technology. Acoustical engineers are typically
concerned with the manipulation and control of sound.
The primary goal of acoustical engineering is the reduction of unwanted
sounds, which is referred to as noise control. Sound can have
significant impacts on human health and well being, and is therefore
important to control. Noise control principles are implemented into
technology and design in a variety of ways. Applications include the
design of noise barriers, sound absorbers, silencers, and buffer zones.
The implementation of noise control technology differs in indoor and
outdoor environments.
In addition to reducing unwanted sounds, acoustical engineers
sometimes produce useful sounds or analyze sound waves to collect
information. Examples of this include applications of ultrasonics and
infrasonics, which make use of sound that cannot be heard by humans.
Ultrasonic waves are acoustic waves with frequencies above the
audible range (approximately 20 kHz). Applications of ultrasonics
include sonar and medical imaging. Infrasonic waves are acoustic
waves with frequencies below the audible range (approximately 20 Hz).
Applications of infrasonics include the detection of earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions.
Although acoustical engineering most commonly involves reducing
noise, it also applies to these other important applications as well.
Sumber:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustical_engineering….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
MENGURANGI BISING DI RUMAH SAKIT
After spending time in a hospital, patients may realize that some of their restlessness at
night might have something to do with additional noise that does not exist at home. This
article in the Boston Globe from a few months ago indicates that noise from alarms on
patient monitors, other equipment, and conversations is so loud that patients end up
heading home exhausted.
But what can be done to reduce this noise? Or more importantly, what can be done to give
patients a better night of rest? The video above describes some of the actions that
hospitals can take to reduce extra noise especially during nighttime hours when most
patients are trying to sleep.
There are also certain measures that architects, engineers, and designers can take and in
some states MUST take to improve the acoustics of healthcare facilities. In 2010,
the Facilities Guidelines Institute implemented new acoustical requirements for healthcare
facilities. States such as Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Massachusetts have already
adopted the guidelines, which the department of health in each state is in charge of
determining compliance. Other states such as New York and Ohio write their own codes,
which often reference the FGI Guidelines. In the 2012 release of LEED for Healthcare to
be issued this year, there will 2 IEQ (Indoor Environmental Quality) credits available for
complying with these acoustical guidelines.
Healthcare facilities should always be working towards a quieter more restful environment
for patients. Often, patient rooms might be too quiet so that an alarm with a moderate
volume will wake someone. There is still an ongoing debate among acousticians about
whether sound masking is an appropriate alternative to improving patients’ auditory
comfort. However, there seems to be consensus that it is appropriate if the noise level of
the masking signal is at an appropriate level within patient rooms and other patient care
areas.
Hospital administrators and designers are responsible for determining the best solution for
improving patient comfort with respect to noise. A careful balance between appropriate
architectural design and ambient noise level is necessary.
REDUCING NOISE IN OFFICES
Research has found that plants absorb,
diffract and reflect sound waves so that
noise is reduced, producing a calmer and
more productive working environment.
The reduction of noise by plants is most
noticeable in spaces with hard surfaces.
(sumber:
http://www.orbuk.org.uk/article/reducingnoise-in-offices)
Sumber:
http://babichacoustics.com/2012/01/15/healthcare/….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
SOUNDSCAPES FOR HEALING
According to the researcher, Julian Treasure, there are four major ways that sound
affects us: physiologically, psychologically, cognitively, and behaviorally. Sounds affect
mood and productivity. Julian mentions that people are 1/3 as much as productive in
open plan environments as in closed offices. He recommended using headphones when
trying to work in open plan offices, which I did frequently when I was working in this
environment. (Sound masking systems utilizing white noise are the best way to improve
speech privacy in an open office environment.)
Music is very powerful and is a way to affect attitudes and behaviors. Soothing music is
used in hospital corridors and public spaces hides or masks unpleasant noises — such
as alarms and monitors. There is a delicate balance since medical professionals need to
hear the alarms and monitors. Soundscapes may not be appropriate inside a person’s
room — for example, it may interfere with the television or telephone.
As designers, I think soundscapes can be employed to help the healing process. They
are also appropriate in retail and other spaces where speech intelligibility is not crucial.
However, I agree with the researcher in the video that the soundscapes need to be
tested and retested in order to be implemented properly.
Excellent Indoor Plants Pot Covering
Solution – Commercial Interior Design
C ommercial spaces are often designed with
practicality in mind for business efficiency.
This often leads to an interior spaces that are
void of warmth and life. A perfect fix for cold
industrial spaces is to add life energy with the
use of live plants. It has also been proven
that interior plants clean and filter toxic
chemicals from the air and produce oxygen
for a more pleasant office environment, which
in-turn boosts work productivity. Green plants
also improve our mood and give rest to our
eyes.
(sumber:
http://mindfuldesignconsulting.com/indoorplants-pot-covering-solution-commercialinterior-design/)
Sumber:
http://babichacoustics.com/2012/01/23/soundscapes-for-healing/….. Diunduh
6/4/2012
Combined Effects of Noise and Temperature on Human Comfort and
Performance
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org).
Published in ASHRAE Transactions (2010, Vol. 116, Part 2).
This paper summarizes results from an experiment
designed to investigate the combined effects of noise and
temperature on human thermal comfort and task performance.
Thirty subjects (16 females, 14 males) were exposed to all
combinations of five thermal conditions (PMV +1
[79.6°F:26.4°C], PMV +0.5 [75.8°F:24.3°C], PMV 0
[72.1°F:22.3°C], PMV -0.5 [68.3°F:20.2°C], and PMV -1
[64.6°F:18.1°C]), three RC noise levels (RC-30, RC-40, and
RC-50), and two sound qualities (neutral and rumbly): all
sounds mimicked noise from building ventilation systems.
After a one-hour adaptation period at each condition, subjects rated
their thermal comfort using the ASHRAE Thermal Comfort Scale and
the Tenant Survey Questionnaire, and then completed typing and
number-checking tasks.
There were no statistically significant effects of thermal condition, RC
level, or sound quality on performance of the typing or numberchecking
tasks. Statistical analyses showed that thermal comfort was affected by
RC noise level, while ratings of building or office noise were not affected
by the ambient temperature.
There were also differences in the way males and females experienced
the thermal and acoustical environments.
Females rated lower temperatures colder than males, and higher
temperatures more pleasant than males: thermal comfort composite
ratings from males and females converged at about 72°F (22°C).
Sumber:
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=archengfacpub…..
Diunduh 6/4/2012
GREEN BUILDING
Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable
building) refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally
responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from
siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and
demolition. This requires close cooperation of the design team, the
architects, the engineers, and the client at all project stages.
The Green Building practice expands and complements the classical
building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.
Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement
current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is
that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built
environment on human health and the natural environment by:
Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources
Protecting occupant health and improving employee productivity
Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation.
Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term which refers to the air quality
within and around buildings and structures, especially as it
relates to the health and comfort of building occupants.
IAQ can be affected by gases (including carbon monoxide, radon,
volatile organic compounds), particulates, microbial contaminants
(mould, bacteria) or any mass or energy stressor that can induce
adverse health conditions. Source control, filtration and the use of
ventilation to dilute contaminants are the primary methods for
improving indoor air quality in most buildings.
Determination of IAQ involves the collection of air samples,
monitoring human exposure to pollutants, collection of samples
on building surfaces and computer modelling of air flow inside
buildings.
(SUMBER: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_Air_Quality)
Sumber:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
POLUTAN UDARA DALAM RUANGAN
Second-hand smoke
Second-hand smoke is tobacco smoke which affects persons other than
the 'active' smoker. Second-hand tobacco smoke includes both a
gaseous and a particulate phase, with particular hazards arising from
levels of carbon monoxide (as indicated below) and very small
particulates (at PM2.5 size) which get past the lung's natural defences.
The only certain method to improve indoor air quality as regards
second-hand smoke is the implementation of comprehensive smokefree laws.
Radon
Radon is an invisible, radioactive atomic gas that results from the
radioactive decay of radium, which may be found in rock formations
beneath buildings or in certain building materials themselves. Radon is
probably the most pervasive serious hazard for indoor air in the United
States and Europe, probably responsible for tens of thousands of
deaths from lung cancer each year.
There are relatively simple tests for radon gas, but these tests are not
commonly made available, even in areas of known systematic hazards.
Radon is a heavy gas and thus will tend to accumulate at the floor level.
Building materials can actually be a significant source of radon, but little
testing is carried out for stone, rock or tile products brought into building
sites; radon accumulation is greatest for well insulated homes.[2] The
half life for radon is 3.8 days, indicating that once the source is
removed, the hazard will be greatly reduced within a few weeks.
However, annually thousands of people go to radon contaminated
mines for purposeful exposure to help with the symptoms of arthritis
without any serious known health effects, though lung cancer can take
many years to develop.
Radon mitigation methods include sealing concrete slab floors,
basement foundations, water drainage systems, or by increasing
ventilation. They are usually cost effective and can greatly reduce or
even eliminate the contamination and the associated health risks.
Sumber:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_Air_Quality….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
POLUTAN UDARA DALAM RUANGAN
Moulds and other allergens
These biological chemicals can arise from a host of means, but there
are two common classes: (a) moisture induced growth of mold colonies
and (b) natural substances released into the air such as animal dander
and plant pollen. Moisture buildup inside buildings may arise from water
penetrating compromised areas of the building envelope or skin, from
plumbing leaks, from condensation due to improper ventilation, or from
ground moisture penetrating a building part. In areas where cellulosic
materials (paper and wood, including drywall) become moist and fail to
dry within 48 hours, mold mildew can propagate and release allergenic
spores into the air.
In many cases, if materials have failed to dry out several days after the
suspected water event, mould growth is suspected within wall cavities
even if it is not immediately visible. Through a mould investigation,
which may include destructive inspection, one should be able to
determine the presence or absence of mould. In a situation where there
is visible mould and the indoor air quality may have been compromised,
mould remediation may be needed. Mould testing and inspections
should be carried out by an independent investigator to avoid any
conflict of interest and to insure accurate results; free mould testing
offered by remediation companies is not recommended.
There are some varieties of mould that contain toxic compounds
(mycotoxins). However, exposure to hazardous levels of mycotoxin via
inhalation is not possible in most cases, as toxins are produced by the
fungal body and are not at significant levels in the released spores. The
primary hazard of mould growth, as it relates to indoor air quality,
comes from the allergenic properties of the spore cell wall. More serious
than most allergenic properties is the ability of mold to trigger episodes
in persons that already have asthma, a serious respiratory disease.
Mould is always associated with moisture, and its growth can be
inhibited by keeping humidity levels below 50%. Moisture problems
causing mould growth can be direct such as a water leaks and/or
indirect such as condensation due to humidity levels.
Sumber:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_Air_Quality….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
POLUTAN UDARA DALAM RUANGAN
Carbon monoxide
One of the most acutely toxic indoor air contaminants is carbon monoxide
(CO), a colourless, odourless gas that is a byproduct of incomplete
combustion of fossil fuels. Common sources of carbon monoxide are
tobacco smoke, space heaters using fossil fuels, defective central heating
furnaces and automobile exhaust. Improvements in indoor levels of CO are
systematically improving from increasing implementation of smoke-free
laws. By depriving the brain of oxygen, high levels of carbon monoxide can
lead to nausea, unconsciousness and death. According to the American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), the timeweighted average (TWA) limit for carbon monoxide (630-08-0) is 25 ppm.
(Sumber:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_Air_Quality….. Diunduh 6/4/2012)
Dangers of Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Monoxide – (CO)
Carbon monoxide is a very
dangerous gas for human beings. It is
extremely toxic yet it is invisible and
odourless making it even more
dangerous as it can only be detected
by measuring devices. CO is formed
as a result of incomplete combustion
of carbon fuel e.g. gas/coal. It may be
formed due to a lack of air, too much
excess air or flames cooling too
quickly. It can get into rooms via
defect, badly maintained, falsely
adjusted heating systems.
Just 0.16% (1600ppm) can lead to
death within 2 hours and only 1.28%
(12800pp,) can cause death within 13 minutes. Thus it is highly important
that concentrations are measured
often and thoroughly.
The recommended exposure limit
from the HSE is just 0.005% (50ppm).
Carbon Monoxide Detectors
In industry Carbon monoxide is usually measured
using electrochemical sensors in either a single or
in a multi gas meter, but carbon monoxide can also
be a problem in the home thus there are also
several types of detection devices for the home.
Early CO detectors are very basic white or beige
elements that fade to a brownish blackish colour if
CO is present. These are still widely available but
now there are more advanced audible detectors
available. The detector will set off an alarm if the
levels of carbon monoxide get too high. Detectors
should be placed near the floor or the ceiling as CO
has a density very close to that of air. Alarms
should be installed according to the instructions &
they should be checked regularly.
CO detectors work differently to smoke detectors in
that they don’t simply have an alarm level where
they will go off but they work on a concentrationtime function. For example at low concentrations
such as 100 parts per million (ppm) the detector
may not sound an alarm for many tens of minutes
but if the concentration reaches high levels e.g.
400ppm the alarm will go off within a few minutes.
Sumber: http://www.cassafe.com/science-safety/dangers-of-carbon-monoxide.html
POLUTAN UDARA DALAM RUANGAN
Volatile organic compounds
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted as gases from certain
solids or liquids. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which
may have short- and long-term adverse health effects. Concentrations
of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors (up to ten times higher)
than outdoors. VOCs are emitted by a wide array of products
numbering in the thousands. Examples include: paints and lacquers,
paint strippers, cleaning supplies, pesticides, building materials and
furnishings, office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction
fluids and carbonless copy paper, graphics and craft materials including
glues and adhesives, permanent markers, and photographic solutions.
Organic chemicals are widely used as ingredients in household
products. Paints, varnishes, and wax all contain organic solvents, as do
many cleaning, disinfecting, cosmetic, degreasing, and hobby products.
Fuels are made up of organic chemicals. All of these products can
release organic compounds during usage, and, to some degree, when
they are stored. Testing emissions from building materials used indoors
has become increasingly common for floor coverings, paints, and many
other important indoor building materials and finishes.
Several initiatives envisage to reduce indoor air contamination by
limiting VOC emissions from products. There are regulations in France
and in Germany, and numerous voluntary ecolabels and rating systems
containing low VOC emissions criteria such as EMICODE, M1, Blue
Angel[9] and Indoor Air Comfort in Europe, as well as California
Standard CDPH Section 01350[11] and several others in the USA. These
initiatives changed the marketplace where an increasing number of lowemitting products has become available during the last decades.
At least 18 Microbial VOCs (MVOCs) have been characterised[12][13]
including 1-octen-3-ol, 3-methyl furan, 2-pentanol, 2-hexanone, 2heptanone, 3-octanone, 3-octanol, 2-octen-1-ol, 1-octene, 2-pentanone,
2-nonanone, Borneol, Geosmin, 1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3methyl-2-butanol, and thujopsene. The first of these compounds is
called mushroom alcohol.
The last four are products of Stachybotrys chartarum, which has been
linked with sick building syndrome.
Sumber:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_Air_Quality….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
POLUTAN UDARA DALAM RUANGAN
DEBU SERAT ASBES
The U.S. Federal Government (www.osha.gov) and some States have set standards
for acceptable levels of asbestos fibres in indoor air. Many common building materials
used before 1975 contain asbestos, such as some floor tiles, ceiling tiles, taping muds,
pipe wrap, mastics and other insulation materials. Normally significant releases of
asbestos fiber do not occur unless the building materials are disturbed, such as by
cutting, sanding, drilling or building remodelling. There are particularly stringent
regulations applicable to schools.
Inhalation of asbestos fibres over long exposure times is associated with increased
incidence of lung cancer, in particular the specific form mesothelioma.
Asbestos is found in older homes and buildings, but it is most dangerous in schools
and industrial settings. It was once widely used in shingles, fireproofing, heating
systems and floor and ceiling, tiles in older buildings. When asbestos-containing
material is damaged or disintegrates, microscopic fibres are dispersed into the air. The
risk of lung cancer from inhaling asbestos fibres is also greater to smokers.
The symptoms of the disease do not usually appear until about 20 to 30 years after the
first exposure to asbestos. Removal of asbestos-containing materials is not always
optimal because the fibers can be spread into the air during the removal process. A
management program for intact asbestos-containing materials is often recommended
instead.
Reed Palm
Botanical Name- Chamaedorea sefritzii
Another name of this plant is Bamboo
Palm. It is a long-lasting, small or medium
sized plant and can grow to a height of six
meters. The plant can flourish best in
medium light and high humidity. The palm
should be planted in a pot which has a hole
so that the soil is uniformly moist and
continuous drainage takes place. Rain
water is best for watering this plant. Palms
are easily infected by mites and bugs
indoor. The plant should be fertilized
regularly during its growing season.
Reed plant purifies the indoor air against
trichloroethane, benzene and toluene.
(sumber:
http://edmortimer.wordpress.com/2011/08/1
6/5-indoor-plants-serving-as-natural-airpurifiers/)
Sumber:
Reed Palm: Houseplants are commonly grown for
decorative purposes, positive psychological
effects, or health reasons such as indoor air
purification
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_Air_Quality….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
POLUTAN UDARA DALAM RUANGAN
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a surrogate for indoor pollutants emitted by humans and
correlates with human metabolic activity. Carbon dioxide at levels that are unusually
high indoors may cause occupants to grow drowsy, get headaches, or function at lower
activity levels. Humans are the main indoor source of carbon dioxide. Indoor levels are
an indicator of the adequacy of outdoor air ventilation relative to indoor occupant
density and metabolic activity. To eliminate most Indoor Air Quality complaints, total
indoor carbon dioxide should be reduced a difference of less than 600 ppm above
outdoor levels. NIOSH considers that indoor air concentrations of carbon dioxide that
exceed 1,000 ppm are a marker suggesting inadequate ventilation. ASHRAE
recommends that carbon dioxide levels not exceed 700 ppm above outdoor ambient
levels.
The UK standards for schools say that carbon dioxide in all teaching and learning
spaces, when measured at seated head height and averaged over the whole day
should not exceed 1,500 ppm. The whole day refers to normal school hours (i.e.
9.00am to 3.30pm) and includes unoccupied periods such as lunch breaks. European
standards limit carbon dioxide to 3500 ppm. OSHA limits carbon dioxide concentration
in the workplace to 5,000 ppm for prolonged periods, and 35,000 ppm for 15 minutes.
Ozone
Ozone is produced by ultraviolet light from the Sun hitting the Earth's atmosphere
(especially in the ozone layer), lightning, certain electric devices (such as air ionisers), and
as a by-product of other types of pollution.
Ozone exists in greater concentrations at altitudes commonly flown by passenger jets.
Reactions between ozone and onboard substances, including skin oils and cosmetics, can
produce toxic chemicals as by-products. Ozone itself is also irritating to lung tissue and
harmful to human health. Larger jets have ozone filters to reduce the cabin concentration to
safer and more comfortable levels.
Outdoor air used for ventilation may have sufficient ozone to react with common indoor
pollutants as well as skin oils and other common indoor air chemicals or surfaces.
Particular concern is warranted when using "green" cleaning products based on citrus or
terpene extracts as these chemicals react very quickly with ozone to form toxic and
irritating chemicals as well as fine and ultrafine particles. Ventilation with outdoor air
containing elevated ozone concentrations may complicate remediation attempts.
Sumber:
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND CARBON DIOXIDE
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Measurement
The concentration of carbon dioxide is used as an indicator when assessing indoor air quality.
The limit value for CO2 is 1000 ppm, if levels are too high it can make the air “stuffy or stale”
. Effects of CO2
Rooms with poor air quality
may result in tiredness and
a lack of concentration or
even in some cases illness
otherwise known as sick
building syndrome (SBS).
Symptoms include:
headaches, eye, nose and
throat irritation, itchy skin,
nausea, dizziness, fatigue
and difficulty concentrating.
Poor air quality is usually
caused by insufficient
ventilation. Normally the
CO2 concentration in
demand controlled
ventilating (DCV) is used to
control the fresh air supply.
Stationary CO2 transmitters
are used and should be
checked regularly with a
hand-held measuring
device.
A Capnograph is an instrument which is used to measure the concentration of carbon
dioxide (CO2) within an air sample by measuring the absorption of inferred light as it is
absorbed particularly well by carbon dioxide.
Capnographs are mainly used in medicine to measure the amount of CO 2 in inspired
and expired air.
Sumber: http://www.cassafe.com/science-safety/indoor-air-quality-and-carbon-dioxide.html …..
Diunduh 6/4/2012
EFFECT OF INDOOR PLANTS
Houseplants together with the medium in which they are grown can reduce
components of indoor air pollution, particularly volatile organic compounds (VOC)
such as benzene, toluene, and xylene.
Plants can also remove CO2, which is correlated with lower work performance, from
indoor areas. The effect was investigated in one study by NASA for use in space
colonies. Plants also appear to reduce airborne microbes, moulds, and increase
humidity. However, the presence of plants indoors has also been associated with
higher humidity and airborne fungal concentrations.
When CO2 concentrations are elevated indoors relative to outdoor concentrations,
it is only an indicator that ventilation is inadequate to remove metabolic products
associated with human occupancy. Plants require CO2 to grow and release oxygen
when they consume CO2. A study published in the journal Environmental Science &
Technology considered uptake rates of ketones and aldehydes by the peace lily
(Spathiphyllum clevelandii) and golden pothos (Epipremnum aureum.)
Akira Tani and C. Nicholas Hewitt found "Longer-term fumigation results revealed
that the total uptake amounts were 30−100 times as much as the amounts
dissolved in the leaf, suggesting that volatile organic carbons are metabolized in the
leaf and/or translocated through the petiole.“
It is worth noting the researchers sealed the plants in Teflon bags. "No VOC loss
was detected from the bag when the plants were absent. However, when the plants
were in the bag, the levels of aldehydes and ketones both decreased slowly but
continuously, indicating removal by the plants”
While results do indicate house plants may be effective at removing some VOCs
from air supplies, a review of studies between 1989 and 2006 on the performance
of houseplants as air cleaners, presented at the Healthy Buildings 2009 conference
in Syracuse, NY, concluded "...indoor plants have little, if any, benefit for removing
indoor air of VOC in residential and commercial buildings.“
Since high humidity is associated with increased mould growth, allergic responses,
and respiratory responses, the presence of additional moisture from houseplants
may not be desirable in all indoor settings.
Sumber:
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HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAC) DESIGN
Environmentally Sustainable Design concepts also include aspects related to the
commercial and residential heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) industry.
Among several considerations, one of the topics to attended to is the issue of indoor
air quality throughout the design and construction stages of a building's life.
One technique to reduce energy consumption while maintaining adequate air
quality, is demand controlled ventilation. Instead of setting throughput at a fixed air
replacement rate, carbon dioxide sensors are used to control the rate dynamically,
based on the emissions of actual building occupants.
For the past several years, there have been many debates among indoor air quality
specialists about the proper definition of indoor air quality and specifically what
constitutes "acceptable" indoor air quality.
One way of quantitatively ensuring the health of indoor air is by the frequency of
effective turnover of interior air by replacement with outside air. In the UK, for
example, classrooms are required to have 2.5 outdoor air changes per hour. In
halls, gym, dining, and physiotherapy spaces, the ventilation should be sufficient to
limit carbon dioxide to 1,500 ppm. In the USA, and according to ASHRAE
Standards, ventilation in classrooms is based on the amount of outdoor air per
occupant plus the amount of outdoor air per unit of floor area, not air changes per
hour. Since carbon dioxide indoors comes from occupants and outdoor air, the
adequacy of ventilation per occupant is indicated by the concentration indoors
minus the concentration outdoors. The value of 615 ppm above the outdoor
concentration indicates approximately 15 cubic feet per minute of outdoor air per
adult occupant doing sedentary office work where outdoor air contains 385 ppm, the
current global average atmospheric CO2 concentration. In classrooms, the
requirements in the ASHRAE standard 62.1, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air
Quality, would typically result in about 3 air changes per hour, depending on the
occupant density. Of course the occupants aren't the only source of pollutants, so
outdoor air ventilation may need to be higher when unusual or strong sources of
pollution exist indoors. When outdoor air is polluted, then bringing in more outdoor
air can actually worsen the overall quality of the indoor air and exacerbate some
occupant symptoms related to outdoor air pollution. Generally, outdoor country air is
better than indoor city air. Exhaust gas leakages can occur from furnace metal
exhaust pipes that lead to the chimney when there are leaks in the pipe and the
pipe gas flow area diameter has been reduced.
The use of air filters can trap some of the air pollutants. The Department of
Energy's Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy section wrote "[Air] Filtration
should have a Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) of 13 as determined by
ASHRAE 52.2-1999.”
Air filters are used to reduce the amount of dust that reaches the wet coils. Dust
can serve as food to grow molds on the wet coils and ducts and can reduce the
efficiency of the coils.
Sumber:
….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAC) DESIGN
Moisture management and humidity control requires operating HVAC systems as
designed. Moisture management and humidity control may conflict with efforts to try
to optimize the operation to conserve energy. For example, Moisture management
and humidity control requires systems to be set to supply Make Up Air at lower
temperatures (design levels), instead of the higher temperatures sometimes used to
conserve energy in cooling-dominated climate conditions. However, for most of the
US and many parts of Europe and Japan, during the majority of hours of the year,
outdoor air temperatures are cool enough that the air does not need further cooling
to provide thermal comfort indoors. However, high humidity outdoors creates the
need for careful attention to humidity levels indoors. High humidities give rise to
mold growth and moisture indoors is associated with a higher prevalence of
occupant respiratory problems.
The "dew point temperature" is an absolute measure of the moisture in air. Some
facilities are being designed with the design dew points in the lower 50's °F, and
some in the upper and lower 40's °F. Some facilities are being designed using
desiccant wheels with gas fired heater to dry out the wheel enough to get the
required dew points. On those systems, after the moisture is removed from the
make up air, a cooling coil is used to lower the temperature to the desired level.
Commercial buildings, and sometimes residential, are often kept under slightlypositive air pressure relative to the outdoors to reduce infiltration. Limiting infiltration
helps with moisture management and humidity control.
Dilution of indoor pollutants with outdoor air is effective to the extent that outdoor air
is free of harmful pollutants. Ozone in outdoor air occurs indoors at reduced
concentrations because ozone is highly reactive with many chemicals found
indoors. The products of the reactions between ozone and many common indoor
pollutants include organic compounds that may be more odorous, irritating, or toxic
than those from which they are formed. These products of ozone chemistry include
formaldehyde, higher molecular weight aldehydes, acidic aerosols, and fine and
ultrafine particles, among others. The higher the outdoor ventilation rate, the higher
the indoor ozone concentration and the more likely the reactions will occur, but even
at low levels, the reactions will take place. This suggests that ozone should be
removed from ventilation air, especially in areas where outdoor ozone levels are
frequently high. Recent research has shown that mortality and morbidity increase in
the general population during periods of higher outdoor ozone and that the
threshold for this effect is around 20 parts per billion (ppb).
Sumber:
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INDOOR BIOAEROSOL
Bioaerosols are natural or artificial particles of biological (microbial, plant, or
animal) origin suspended in the air. These particles are also referred to as
organic dust. Bioaerosols may consist of bacteria, fungi (and spores and cell
fragments of fungi), viruses, microbial toxins, pollen, plant fibers, etc.[1] Size
of bioaerosol particles varies from below 1 µm to 100 µm in aerodynamic
diameter[2]; viable bioaerosol particles can be suspended in air as single
cells or aggregates of microorganism as small as 1-10 µm in size.[3] Since
bioaerosols are potentially related to various human health effects[4]
[5][6][7]and the indoor environment provides a unique exposure situation[7],
concerns about indoor bioaerosols have increased over the last decade.
Factors influencing indoor bioaerosol generation
According to previous studies[4][9][14][15][16], major indoor environmental
factors influencing bioaerosol concentration include relative humidity,
characteristics of air ventilation systems, seasonal variation,
temperature, and chemical composition of the air. Other factors, such
as the type of home, building material, geographical factors, do not
seem to have significant impacts on respirable fungi and bacteria
(important constituents of bioaerosols).[3] Relative humidity is one of
the most widely studied influencing factors for indoor bioaerosols.
Concentrations of two categories of bioaerosols, endotoxin and
airborne fungi, are both positively related to indoor relative humidity
(higher concentration associated with higher relative
humidity).[4][9][15][16] Relative humidity also affects the infectivity of
airborne viruses.[14] Regarding the characterization of air ventilation
system, increased use of central air conditioning is found to be
associated with lower fungal bioaerosol concentration
Sumber:
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INDOOR BIOAEROSOL
Human Health Effects
Adverse health effects/diseases related to indoor bioaerosol exposure can be
divided into two categories: those confirmed to be associated with bioaerosol and
those suspected but not confirmed to be associated with bioaerosol. Bioaerosols
have been revealed to cause certain human diseases, such as tuberculosis,
Legionnaires' disease and different forms of bacterial pneumonia,
coccidioidomycosis, influenza, measles, and gastrointestinal illness.[7][17]
Bioaerosols are also associated with some noninfectious airway diseases, such as
allergies and asthma.[5] As a known component of indoor bioaerosol, β(1→3)-glucan
(cell wall components of most fungi) is proposed to be the causative agent of moldinduced nonallergic inflammatory reactions.[6] It is reported that 25%-30% of
allergenic asthma cases in industrialized countries are induced by fungi , which has
been the focus of concerns about human exposure to airborne microorganisms in
recent years.
Some other human diseases and symptoms have been proposed to be associated
with indoor bioaerosol, but no deterministic conclusions could be drawn due to the
insufficiency of evidence. One example is the well-known sick building syndrome
(SBS). SBS refers to non-specific complaints, such as upper-respiratory irritative
symptoms, headaches, fatigue, and rash, which cannot be related to an identifiable
cause but are building related.
Over the last two decades, there have been many studies indicating association of
indoor bioaerosol with sick building syndrome. However, most of the related studies
based their conclusions on statistical correlation between concentrations of certain
types of bioaerosols and incidence of complaints, which has various drawbacks
methodologically. For example, some studies have a small sample size , which
critically undermines the validity of speculations based on the statistical results.
Also, many studies were not able to exclude the influences of other factors beside
bioaerosol in their analysis, which makes the statistical correlation theoretically
inappropriate to support association of SBS with bioaerosols. Additional studies
revealed that bioaerosol is unlikely to be the cause of SBS. Recent epidemiological
and toxicological studies continued to suggest a possible link between bioaerosol
exposure and sick building syndrome, but methodological limitations remained in
these studies.
Sumber:
….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
INDOOR BIOAEROSOL
Human Health Effects
The ability of bioaerosols to cause human disease depend not only on their chemical
composition and biological characteristics, but also on the quantity of bioaerosol
inhaled and their size distribution, which determines the site of bioaerosol deposition to
human respiratory systems. Bioaerosols larger than 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter
are generally blocked by the nasal region of the respiratory tract, those between 5-10
µm mainly deposit in the upper respiratory system and usually induce symptoms like
allergic rhinitis, and particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 5 µm can reach the
alveoli and hence lead to serious illnesses such as allergic alveolitis.
Because of the confirmed and potential adverse health effects associated with indoor
bioaerosol, some concentration limits for total number of bioaerosol particles are
recommended by different agencies and organizations as follow: 1000 CFUs/m 3
(National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)), 1000 CFUs/m 3
(American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)) with the
culturable count for total bacteria not exceeding 500 CFUs/m 3.
Note that for certain types of indoor bioaerosols, it might be hard to establish a specific
concentration limit or acceptance level, due to the differences on sampling and analysis
method.
Bioaerosols and Bioaerosol
Dynamics
Bioaerosols are defined by the
ACGIH as airborne particles, large
molecules or volatile compounds that
are living, contain living organisms or
were released from living organisms.
The size of a bioaerosol particle may
vary from 100 micons to 0.01 micron.
The behaviour of bioaerosols is
governed by the principles of
gravitation, electromagnetism,
turbulence and diffusion.
Sumber:
BIOAEROSOL DYNAMICS
Brownian Motion
Bioaerosol particles are subject to Brownian
motion according to Einstein's equation
where X = root mean square particle
displacement, cm
t = time, s
r = particle radius, cm
http://www.engr.psu.edu/iec/abe/topics/bioaerosol_dynamics.asp ….. Diunduh
6/4/2012
INDOOR BIOAEROSOL
Approaches to Control Indoor Bioaerosols
Based on the sources and the influencing factors for indoor bioaerosols
discussed in the section on Sources and Influencing Factors,
corresponding remedial actions could be taken to control related
contamination. Potentially effective strategies include:
1) limiting entrance of outdoor aerosols; 2) keeping the relative humidity
level below high levels (<60%)[7]; 3) installing appropriate filtration devices
to air ventilation system to inlet filtered outdoor air into indoor environment;
4) reducing/removing contaminant sources (i.e., indoor organic waste). As
in the U.S., due to the increase in tuberculosis in the mid-1980s, indoor air
treatment has developed substantially during the past two decades.[5]
Current or developing indoor air purification technologies include filtration,
aerosol ultraviolet irradiation, electrostatic precipitation, unipolar ion
emission, and photocatalytic oxidation.
INDOOR PLANT
We offer the finest quality of in
door plants. The Indoor
Gardening Plants grown by us in
our nursery comprises of
philodendron, alpania,
moneyplants etc. Our range of
Indoor Tree Plants is used to
enhance the beauty of the home
with their lush green color.
They make you feel near to the
nature. These Indoor Flower
Plants also give healthy
surroundings to breathe in. In
addition to this, the company is
counted as a leading name
among the foremost Indoor Plants
Suppliers in the market.
Sumber:
http://www.nurseryplants.in/indoor-plants.htm….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
List of air-filtering plants
.
The first list of air filtering plants was compiled by NASA as part of the NASA Clean Air
Study,[1][2] which researched ways to clean air in space stations. As well as absorbing
carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen, as all plants do, these plants also eliminate
significant amounts of benzene, formaldehyde and/or trichloroethylene. The second and
third list are from Dr. B.C. Wolverton's book[3] and paper [4] and focus on removal of
specific chemicals.
The recommendation of NASA is to use 15 to 18 good-sized houseplants in six- to eightinch (203 mm) diameter containers in a 1,800-square-foot (170 m2) house
Phoenix roebelenii (Pygmy Date Palm
or Miniature Date Palm) is a species of
date palm native to southeastern Asia
from southwestern China (Yunnan
Province), northern Laos and northern
Vietnam, (in Dien Bien Province, Ha
Giang Province, Cao Bang Province,
Lang Son Province).[1][2] The name is
sometimes mistakenly cited as roebelinii.
It is a small to medium size, slowgrowing slender tree growing to 2-3
meters or 6-10 feet tall. The plant likes
partial shade to full sun, but local climate
must be taken into account when
deciding where to plant. In the southwest
desert areas, morning sun is
recommended for best growth. It requires
little pruning to develop a strong
structure, is resistant to pests, is tolerant
to soil variation, and is moderately
drought tolerant. The leaves are 60120 cm long, pinnate with around 100
leaflets arranged in a single plane (unlike
the related P. loureiroi where the leaflets
are in two planes). Each leaflet is 1525 cm long and 1 cm broad, slightly
drooping, and grey-green in colour with
scurfy pubescence below. The flowers
are small, yellowish, produced on a
45 cm inflorescence. The fruit is a 1 cm
drupe resembling a small, thin-fleshed
date.[3]
Sumber:
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LIST OF AIR-FILTERING PLANTS
Dypsis lutescens, also known as
golden cane palm, areca palm, or
butterfly palm, is a plant in the
Arecaceae family. It is native to
Madagascar.[1]
According to NASA and Dr. B. C.
Wolverton, the areca palm filters
xylene and toluene from the air.
Wolverton also specifies that, at 1.8
meters in height, the plant will
transpire 1 liter of water per 24 hours,
thereby making it an effective
humidifier.
D. lutescens is a small to mediumsized palm, growing to a height of 6
to 12 meters. It has multiple stems
emerging from the base. The leaves
are arched, 2-3 m long, and pinnate,
with 40-60 pairs of leaflets. It
produces offsets, and these can be
cut off, when mature enough, as a
propagation method.
Psychological Benefits
Any indoor plants have been shown to have a psychological
benefit. A study conducted by “Live Science” magazine
concluded that people who had plants in their homes and offices
experienced fewer headaches and less stress.
Plants have also been known to contribute to lower blood
pressure. In a work environment, employers have noted an
increase in productivity and creativity when plants are introduced
to the office space.
Sumber:
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LIST OF AIR-FILTERING PLANTS
The Sword Fern (Nephrolepis exaltata) is a
species of fern in the family Lomariopsidaceae
(sometimes treated in the families Davalliaceae or
Oleandraceae, or in its own family,
Nephrolepidaceae), native to tropical regions
throughout the world.
The Boston fern is a very popular house plant,
often grown in hanging baskets or similar
conditions. It is a perennial plant hardy in USDA
plant hardiness zones 9-11. Although the fern
may appear totally dead due to frost, it will reemerge in the spring. In general, the Boston fern
likes damp, but not soggy soil that is rich in
nutrients. Of the common cultivated ferns, the
Boston fern is the most tolerant to drought. The
fern thrives best in humid conditions, so when
grown as a house plant it becomes necessary to
mist the plant when relative humidity falls below
around 80%. Although outdoors this plant prefers
partial shade or full shade, inside it grows best in
bright filtered light. This plant is usually
propagated by division of the rooted runners, as
named cultivars will not produce true spores.
DECORATING WITH PLANTS
-----------------------------------------------------Plants bring any room alive while adding warmth and
style to the decor. They are also inexpensive to rent for
a weekend event.
Plants can be used in a variety of ways. Below are just
a few ideas on using plants in your decor.
Cozy up and soften a room by placing plants in the
corners or along the sides. Hanging and trailing foliage
are useful for hiding or softening sharp corners of
furniture or jutting walls. Or, add a sense of height to a
long wall with small trees like dracaena or weeping fig.
Use plants to create a focal point. For instance, on a
stage, around a lectern or for highlighting where the
bride and groom will be standing at a wedding.
Plants can be used to screen out the more unsightly
parts of a room. Or, to filter light coming through a
window.
If clustered in a group, vary plant heights for added
interest. Choose the heights and fullness based on the
space and the height of other elements in the room,
such as windows and doors. If a certain plant isn't tall
enough, place it on a decorative stool or bench.
Use plants to control foot traffic by encouraging people
to walk around them.
Sumber:
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LIST OF AIR-FILTERING PLANTS
formaldehyde trichloroethyl
xylene and
(NASA)[1]
ene
ammonia[4] Poisonous or Edible?
toluene[3][4]
(Wolverton)[3] (NASA)[1]
Plant, Top remover of:
benzene
(NASA)[1]
Dwarf date palm (Phoenix roebelenii)
No
Wolverton
No
Yes
No
?
Areca palm (Chrysalidocarpus lutescens)
No
No
No
Yes
No
?
Boston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata "Bostoniensis")
No
Wolverton
No
Yes
No
?
Kimberly queen fern (Nephrolepis obliterata)
No
Wolverton
No
Yes
No
?
English Ivy (Hedera helix)
Lilyturf (Liriope spicata)
Yes
Wolverton
No
Yes
No
?
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
?
Spider plant (Chlorophytum comosum)
No
NASA
No
Yes
No
?
Golden pothos or Devil's ivy
(Scindapsus aures or Epipremnum aureum)
No
NASA
No
No
No
Poisonous if eaten or
chewed by pets or children[5]
Peace lily (Spathiphyllum 'Mauna Loa')
Yes
Wolverton
Yes
Yes
Yes
?
Flamingo lily (Anthurium andraeanum)
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Poisonous[6]
Chinese evergreen (Aglaonema modestum)
Wolverton[7]
Wolverton[7]
No
No
No
?
Bamboo palm or reed palm (Chamaedorea sefritzii)
No
NASA, Wolverton
No
Yes
No
?
Broadleaf Lady Palm (Rhapis excelsa)
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
?
Snake plant or mother-in-law's tongue
(Sansevieria trifasciata 'Laurentii')
Wolverton
NASA
Wolverton
Yes
No
Toxic to cats and dogs [8]
Heartleaf philodendron
(Philodendron oxycardium, syn. Philodendron cordatum)
No
NASA
No
No
No
?
Selloum philodendron
(Philodendron bipinnatifidum, syn. Philodendron selloum)
No
NASA
No
No
No
?
Elephant ear philodendron (Philodendron domesticum)
No
NASA
No
No
No
?
Red-edged dracaena (Dracaena marginata)
Yes
NASA
Yes
Yes
No
Toxic to Dogs and Cats [9]
Cornstalk dracaena
(Dracaena fragans 'Massangeana')
No
NASA
No
No
No
?
Janet Craig dracaena
(Dracaena deremensis 'Janet Craig')
Yes
Wolverton
No
Yes
No
Poisonous if eaten or
chewed on by dogs[10]
Warneck dracaena
(Dracaena deremensis 'Warneckii')
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
?
Weeping Fig (Ficus benjamina)[11]
No
Wolverton
No
Yes
No
Poisonous if eaten or
chewed by dogs, cats and
horses[12]
Gerbera Daisy or Barberton daisy
(Gerbera jamesonii)
Yes
Wolverton
Yes
No
No
?
Pot Mum or Florist's Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum
morifolium)
Yes
NASA, Wolverton
Yes
Yes
Yes
Poisonous if eaten or
chewed by dogs, cats and
horses[13]
Rubber Plant (Ficus elastica)
No
Wolverton
No
No
No
?
Dendrobium orchid (Dendrobium sp.)
No
No
No
Yes
No
?
Dumb cane (Camilla) (Dieffenbachia)
No
No
No
Yes
No
Mildly toxic to children and
pets if eaten or chewed[14]
Dumb cane (Exotica) (Dieffenbachia)
No
No
No
Yes
No
Mildly toxic to children and
pets if eaten or chewed[14]
King of hearts (Homalomena wallisii)
No
No
No
Yes
No
?
Moth orchid (Phalenopsis sp.)
No
No
No
Yes
No
?
Sumber:
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LIST OF AIR-FILTERING PLANTS
Chlorophytum comosum, often called
the spider plant, is a herbaceous plant.
It is native to tropical and southern
Africa, but has become naturalized in
other parts of the world, including
western Australia[2] and San Francisco,
California.[3] Variegated forms in
particular are used as house plants.
Chlorophytum comosum is a popular
houseplant. The species, with all-green
leaves, forms only a small proportion of
plants sold. More common are two
variegated cultivars:[8]
C. comosum 'Vittatum' has mid-green
leaves with a broad central white stripe.
It is often sold in hanging baskets to
display the plantlets.[8] The long stems
are white.
C.comosum 'Variegatum' has darker
green leaves with white margins. It is
generally smaller than the previous
cultivar.[8] The long stems are green.
Spider plants are easy to grow, being
able to thrive in a wide range of
conditions. They will tolerate
temperatures down to 35 °F (2 °C), but
grow best at temperatures between 65
°F (18 °C) and 90 °F (32 °C). Plants can
be damaged by high fluoride or boron
levels.[8]
Spider plants have also been shown to
reduce indoor air pollution in the form of
formaldehyde, and approximately 15
plants would neutralize formaldehyde
production in a representative energyefficient house.
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Chlorophytum comosum is a herbaceous perennial,
growing to about 60 centimetres (24 in) high. It has
fleshy, tuberous roots, about 5–10 centimetres (2–4
in) long. The long narrow leaves reach a length of
20–45 centimetres (8–18 in) and are around 6–25
millimetres (0.2–1.0 in) wide.[4]
Flowers are produced in a long branched
inflorescence, which can reach a length of up to 75
centimetres (30 in) and eventually bends
downwards. Flowers initially occur in clusters of 1–6
at intervals along the stem (scape) of the
inflorescence. Each cluster is at the base of a bract,
which ranges from 2–8 centimetres (0.8–3.1 in) in
length, becoming smaller towards the end of the
inflorescence. Most of the flowers which are
produced initially die off, so that the inflorescences
are relatively sparsely flowered.
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LIST OF AIR-FILTERING PLANTS
Epipremnum aureum, also known as the Pothos (once classified under the genus Pothos),
Money Plant, Silver Vine, Centipede tongavine, Devil's Ivy and Solomon Islands' Ivy, is
an aroid native to southeastern Asia (Malaysia, Indonesia) and New Guinea. It is sometimes
mistakenly labeled as a Philodendron in plant stores.
It is an epiphyte growing to 20 m tall, with stems up to 4 cm diameter, climbing by means of
aerial roots which hook over tree branches. The leaves are evergreen, alternate, heartshaped, entire on juvenile plants, but irregularly pinnatifid on mature plants, up to 100 cm long
and 45 cm broad (juvenile leaves much smaller, typically under 20 cm long). The flowers are
produced in a spathe up to 23 cm long. This plant produces trailing stems when it climbs up
trees and these take root when they reach the ground and grow along it. The leaves on these
trailing stems grow up to 10cm long and are the ones normally seen on this plant when it is
cultivated as a pot plant.
It is a popular houseplant with numerous cultivars selected for leaves with white, yellow, or
light green variegation. It is often used in decorative displays in shopping centers, offices, and
other public locations largely because it is a very hardy plant that requires little care and is also
attractively leafy. It is also efficient at removing indoor pollutants such as formaldehyde,
xylene, and benzene.[1] A study found that this effect lessened the higher the molecular weight
of the polluting substance.
As a houseplant it can reach a height of two meters
or more, given suitable support. For best results it
requires medium indirect light; bright light is
tolerated, but lengthy spells of direct sun will scorch
the leaves. The plant prefers a temperature of
between 17 to 30 °C (63 to 86 °F). Generally it only
needs water when the soil begins to feel dry to the
touch. For best results a liquid fertilizer can be
added in spring, and they should be repotted every
couple of years. However, this is a robust plant that
can stand a very high degree of abuse. It will grow
hydroponically quite readily.
The plant is sometimes used in aquariums, placed
on top of the aquarium and allowed to grow roots in
the water. This is beneficial to the plant and the
aquarium as is absorbs many nitrates and uses
them for growth.
The plant is listed as "toxic to cats, toxic to dogs" by
the ASPCA, because of the presence of insoluble
raphides. Care should be taken to ensure the plant
is not consumed by house pets or children.
Symptoms may include oral irritation, vomiting, and
difficulty swallowing.
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LIST OF AIR-FILTERING PLANTS
Spathiphyllum is a genus of about
40 species of monocotyledonous
flowering plants in the family Araceae,
native to tropical regions of the
Americas and southeastern Asia.
Certain species of Spathiphyllum are
commonly known as Spath or Peace
Lilies.
They are evergreen herbaceous
perennial plants with large leaves 12–
65 cm long and 3–25 cm broad. The
flowers are produced in a spadix,
surrounded by a 10–30 cm long,
white, yellowish, or greenish spathe.
The plant does not need excessive
light or water to survive.
Several species are popular indoor
houseplants. Spathiphyllum cleans
indoor air of many environmental
contaminants, including benzene,
formaldehyde, and other
pollutants.[1][2] It cleans best at one
plant per 10 m².[3] It lives best in
shade and needs little sunlight to
thrive. It is watered approximately
once a week. The soil is best left
moist but only needs watering if the
soil is dry.[4]
Spathiphyllum is mildly toxic to
humans and animals when
ingested.[5][6] The Peace Lily is not a
true lily from the Liliaceae family. True
lilies, as well as onions and garlic, are
much more toxic to cats and dogs.
The Peace Lily contains calcium
oxalate crystals which can cause skin
irritation, burning sensation in the
mouth, difficulty swallowing, and
nausea.
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LIST OF AIR-FILTERING PLANTS
Aglaonema is a genus of about 40
species of foliage plants in the family
Araceae, native to the tropical swamps
and rainforests of southeastern Asia,
from Bangladesh east to the
Philippines, and north to southern
China. No common name is widely
used, though they are sometimes called
"Chinese Evergreens".
They are herbaceous perennial plants
growing to 20-150 cm in height. The
leaves are alternate on the stems,
lanceolate to narrowly ovate, dark to
medium green, 10-45 cm long and 416 cm broad, depending on the species.
The flowers are relatively
inconspicuous, white or greenish-white
spathes that can give way to red
berries.
The sap of this plant is poisonous to
health. It causes skin irritation. If
ingested, the sap causes irritation of the
mouth, lips, throat and tongue.
They are popular houseplants and ornamental plants for offices and shopping
malls because they are among the easiest houseplants to grow. Numerous
cultivars have been selected, including plants with variegated leaves. They
tolerate a wide range of light, as well as neglect, and are relatively resistant to
pests. Aglaonema flourish for years.
They prefer indirect light and partial shade. They do best in shadow-less light,
such as a north window. They prefer heavy soil, which should be kept moist but
not soggy. They do not tolerate the cold; they should not be exposed to
temperatures below 0°C (32°F), with optimal growing conditions between 20°C
(68°F) and 30°C (86°F). High air humidity is also important. They are easy to
propagate from cuttings, which will root in a glass of water, or from divisions.
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LIST OF AIR-FILTERING PLANTS
Rhapis excelsa also known as Broadleaf
Lady Palm is a species of fan palm
(Arecaceae subfamily Coryphoideae, tribe
Corypheae) in the genus Rhapis, probably
native to southern China and Taiwan.
They were first collected by the Japanese
for Tokugawa shogunate palaces, then
popularity spread to Europe, and later to
America where its low light and humidity
requirements make it a common feature in
malls and offices.
R. excelsa grows up to 4 m in height and
30 mm in diameter in multi-stemmed
clumps with glossy, palmate leaves
divided into broad, ribbed segments. Leaf
segments are single or few in young
plants and increase to a dozen or more in
mature plants; segments are divided to
the petiole. Leaf-ends are saw-toothed
unlike most other palms, occurring on
slender petioles ranging from 20 to 60 cm
in length. New foliage emerges from a
fibrous sheath which remains attached to
the base. As the plants age, the sheaths
fall, revealing the bamboo-like trunks. This
usually dioecious palm species produces
a small inflorescence at the top of the
plant with spirally-arranged, fleshy flowers
containing three petals fused at the base.
Ripe fruit are fleshy and white, though R.
excelsa more readily propagates via
underground rhizome offshoots.
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Sansevieria trifasciata is a
species of Sansevieria, native
to tropical West Africa from
Nigeria east to the Democratic
Republic of the Congo. It is an
evergreen herbaceous
perennial plant forming dense
stands, spreading by way of its
creeping rhizome, which is
sometimes above ground,
sometimes underground. Its
stiff leaves grow vertically from
a basal rosette. Mature leaves
are dark green with light graygreen cross-banding and
usually range between 70–
90 cm (27–36 in) long and 5–
6 cm (2–2.5 in) wide.
Like some other members of its genus, S. trifasciata yields bowstring hemp, a strong plant
fiber once used to make bowstrings.
It is now used predominantly as an ornamental plant, outdoors in warmer climates, and
indoors as a houseplant in cooler climates. It is popular as a houseplant as it is tolerant of
low light levels and irregular watering; during winter it needs only one watering every
couple of months. It will rot easily if overwatered.[1] A study by NASA found that it is one of
the best plants for improving indoor air quality by passively absorbing toxins such as
nitrogen oxides and formaldehyde[2].
Numerous cultivars have been selected, many of them for variegated foliage with yellow or
silvery-white stripes on the leaf margins. Popular cultivars include 'Compacta', 'Goldiana',
'Hahnii', 'Laurentii', 'Silbersee', and 'Silver Hahnii'.
It can be propagated by cuttings or by dividing the rhizome. The first method has the
disadvantage that the variegation is likely to be lost.
S. trifasciata is considered by some authorities as a potential weed in Australia, although
widely used as an ornamental, in both the tropics outdoors in both pots and garden beds
and as an indoor plant in temperate areas.
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LIST OF AIR-FILTERING PLANTS
Philodendron is a large genus
of flowering plants in the Araceae
family. Many are grown as
ornamental and indoor plants.
The name derives from the
Greek words philo or "love" and
dendron or "tree".
The resin produced during the
flowering of Monstera and
Philodendron are known to be
used by Trigona bees in the
construction of their nests.[38][39]
Subsequently native Indians from
South America take the resin
from the bees' nests and use it to
make their blowguns air and
watertight.
Even though philodendron contain calcium oxalate crystals the berries of some species are
eaten by the locals. For example, in the case of Philodendron bipinnatifidum the white sweet
berries are known to be used in such a fashion. Additionally, the aerial roots are also used for
rope in this particular species.
The leaves of philodendron are also known to be eaten by Venezuelan Red Howler monkeys
making up 3.1% of all the leaves they eat.[40]
Also, in the making of a particular recipe for curare by the Amazonian Taiwanos, the leaves
and stems of an unknown philodendron species is used. The leaves and stems are mixed
with the bark of Vochysia ferruginea and with some parts of a species in the genus
Strychnos.
Yet another use of philodendron is for the purpose of catching fish. A tribe in the Colombian
Amazon are known to use Philodendron craspedodromum to add poison to the water,
temporarily stunning the fish, which rise up to the surface where they can be easily scooped
up. To add the poison to the water, the leaves are cut into pieces and tied together to form
bundles, which are allowed to ferment for a few days. The bundles are crushed and added to
the water into which the poison will dissipate. Although the toxicity of Philodendron
craspedodromum is not fully known, it is possible that the active ingredients in the poisoning
of the fish are coumarins which are formed during the fermentation process.[41]
Some philodendron are also used for ceremonial purposes.[42] Among the Kubeo tribe, native
to Colombia, Philodendron insigne is used by witch doctors when they are treating ill patients.
They use the juice of the spathe to stain their hands red since many such tribes view the
color red as a sign of power.
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LIST OF AIR-FILTERING PLANTS
Dracaena reflexa is a popular ornamental
plant, both in the landscape and the
home. It can be enjoyed as a specimen
plant, accent, or pruned to create a
border. Several cultivars have been
selected, particularly variegated clones
with cream and yellow-green margins. It
performs well as a houseplant, tolerating
infrequent waterings. It prefers bright,
filtered light, without direct sun exposure,
restricted outdoors to zones 10–11. It has
average water needs and should be
fertilized bi-weekly when actively growing.
Although it can survive in relatively low
light levels, the plant may grow spindly if
given insufficient light. When grown
indoors, temperatures of 18 °C to 25 °C
should be maintained. It can be
propagated via herbaceous stem cuttings.
It has been widely confused with other
species of Dracaena, and many or most of
the plants in cultivation under this name
may actually be D. cincta or D. concinna
(Huxley 1992).
It is one of the plants used in the NASA
Clean Air Study and has shown to help
remove formaldehyde.[8] It is an effective
air cleaner and is said to be among the
best plants for removing xylene and
trichloroethylene [9]
Traditional medicine practitioners of Madagascar have long believed Dracaena reflexa to cure
malarial symptoms, poisoning, dysentery, diarrhea, dysmenorrhea, and to be useful as an
antipyretic and hemostatic agent. The leaves and bark are mixed with parts of a number of
other native plants and brewed into a herbal tea. Its effectiveness in any such treatment
remains unproven.[4]
The fruit of D. reflexa is also important to the diet of the Malagasy Black-and-White Ruffed
Lemur (Varecia variegata variegata).[5] The Frégate beetle (Polposipus herculeanus), an
endangered species endemic to Frégate Island (Seychelles), is also known to associate with
this plant.[
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Dracaena fragrans (Cornstalk Dracaena)
is a flowering plant species that is native
throughout tropical Africa, from Sudan south
to Mozambique, west to Côte d'Ivoire and
southwest to Angola, growing in upland
regions at 600–2,250 m (2,000–7,380 ft)
altitude.
The leaves are glossy green, lanceolate,
20–150 cm (7.9–59 in) long and 2–12 cm
(0.79–4.7 in) wide; small leaves are erect to
spreading, and larger leaves usually
drooping under their weight. The flowers are
produced in panicles 15–160 cm (5.9–63 in)
long, the individual flowers are 2.5 cm
(0.98 in) diameter, with a six-lobed corolla,
pink at first, opening white with a fine red or
purple central line on each of the 7–12 mm
(0.28–0.47 in) lobes; they are highly
fragrant, and popular with pollinating insects.
The fruit is an orange-red berry 1–2 cm
(0.39–0.79 in) diameter, containing several
seeds.
In Africa, Cornstalk Dracaena is widely grown as a hedge plant;[1] it is suited to frost-free
climates, in USDA zones 10-11. Elsewhere, it is primarily popular as a houseplant, valued for
its tolerance of a wide range of indoor conditions from full sun to low light conditions. [3] It is
also very tolerant of neglect, and has been shown by the NASA Clean Air Study to help
remove indoor pollutants such as formaldehyde, xylene and toluene.[4]
Several cultivars are available with the leaves variegated with longitudinal white or yellow
stripes. The most popular cultivar is 'Massangeana', which has a bright yellow central stripe
on the leaves. The cultivar 'Compacta' is more compact, for indoor locations. Other popular
cultivars include 'Janet Craig' and 'Warneckii', these often sold under the synonym D.
deremensis.[3]
In cultivation in the Neotropics, the flowers are visited by a few generalist hummingbird
species like the Sapphire-spangled Emerald (Amazilia lactea).
Dracaena fragrans is propagated by cutting segments of old stems 10–20 cm (3.9–7.9 in)
long. These are allowed to dry off, and then inserted into moist sand until they have rooted.
New growth, typically two or three shoots, comes from old leaf scars at the top of the stem.
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Ficus benjamina, commonly known as
the Weeping Fig, Benjamin's Fig, or
the Ficus Tree and often sold in stores
as just a "Ficus", is a species of fig
tree, native to south and southeast Asia
and Australia. It is the official tree of
Bangkok, Thailand. It is a topiary tree
reaching 30 metres (98 ft) tall in natural
conditions, with gracefully drooping
branchlets and glossy leaves 6–13 cm
(2–5 in) long, oval with an acuminate
tip.
It is a very popular house plant in
temperate areas, due to its elegant
growth and tolerance of poor growing
conditions; it does best under bright,
sunny conditions but will also tolerate
considerable shade. It requires a
moderate amount of watering in
summer, and only enough to keep it
from drying out in the winter. It does not
need to be misted. The plant is sensitive
to cold and should be protected from
strong drafts. When grown indoors, it
can grow too large for its situation, and
may need drastic pruning or replacing.
The leaves are very sensitive to small changes in light. When it is turned around or re-located
it reacts by dropping many of its leaves and replacing them with new leaves adapted to the
new light intensity.
Used as decorative plant in gardens in Hyderabad, India
There are numerous cultivars available (e.g. 'Danielle', 'Naomi', 'Exotica', and 'Golden King').
Some cultivars include different patterns of colouration on the leaves, ranging from light green
to dark green, and various forms of white variegation.
The miniature cultivars, especially 'Too Little', are among the most popular plant for indoor
bonsai. Full-sized, artificial versions are also commonly found in North America and Europe.
Weeping Fig has been shown by NASA to effectively filter indoor air toxins.
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LIST OF AIR-FILTERING PLANTS
Chrysanthemums, often called mums
or chrysanths, are of the genus
(Chrysanthemum) constituting
approximately 30 species of perennial
flowering plants in the family Asteraceae
which is native to Asia and northeastern
Europe.
Modern chrysanthemums are much
more showy than their wild relatives.
The flowers occur in various forms, and
can be daisy-like, decorative, pompons
or buttons. This genus contains many
hybrids and thousands of cultivars
developed for horticultural purposes. In
addition to the traditional yellow, other
colors are available, such as white,
purple, and red. The most important
hybrid is Chrysanthemum × morifolium
(syn. C. × grandiflorum), derived
primarily from C. indicum but also
involving other species.
Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum [or Tanacetum] cinerariaefolium) is economically important as a
natural source of insecticide. The flowers are pulverized, and the active components called
pyrethrins, contained in the seed cases, are extracted and sold in the form of an oleoresin. This
is applied as a suspension in water or oil, or as a powder. Pyrethrins attack the nervous
systems of all insects, and inhibit female mosquitoes from biting. When not present in amounts
fatal to insects, they still appear to have an insect repellent effect. They are harmful to fish, but
are far less toxic to mammals and birds than many synthetic insecticides, except in consumer
airborne backyard applications. They are non-persistent, being biodegradable and also breaking
down easily on exposure to light. They are considered to be amongst the safest insecticides for
use around food. (Pyrethroids are synthetic insecticides based on natural pyrethrum, e.g.,
permethrin.)
Chrysanthemum plants have been shown to reduce indoor air pollution by the NASA Clean Air
Study.
Extracts of Chrysanthemum plants (stem and flower) have been shown to have a wide variety
of potential medicinal properties, including anti-HIV-1, antibacterial and antimycotic.
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INDOOR AIR FILTERING PLANTS
The indoor plant does its bit for
cleaner air.
Those plants in your office or
home are not only decorative but
scientists are finding them to be
surprisingly useful in absorbing
potentially harmful gases and
cleaning the air inside modern
buildings.
Tightly sealed offices with their
beautiful furnishings are proving to
be hostile environments. All sorts
of dangers lurk inside formaldehyde and benzene fumes
released from building materials,
furniture and carpeting; ozone
from copying machines; fumes
from cleaning solvents; radon and
secondhand smoke.
NASA research focuses on living plants.
We all may be breathing a lot easier thanks to promising National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) research on a most sophisticated pollution-absorbing device: the
common indoor office plant.
The Interior Plantscape Division of the Associated Landscape Contractors of America has
joined with NASA in a two-year program to study the effectiveness of popular office plants in
cleaning indoor air. NASA's research on indoor plants has found that living plants are so
efficient at absorbing contaminants in the air that some will be launched into space as part of
the biological life support system aboard future orbiting space stations.
Dr. Bill Wolverton, a NASA research scientist, believes that NASA's findings about indoor
plants have some down-to-earth applications for cleaning dirty indoor air. He estimates that
15 to 20 Golden Pothos and Spider Plants can clean and refresh the air in the average
1,800 square foot area.
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INDOOR AIR FILTERING PLANTS
Indoor plants help for better
breathing.
In the initial NASA studies over
a dozen varieties of common
interior plants were placed in
sealed, plexiglas chambers.
Formaldehyde, a toxic
chemical with the greatest
exposure on humans, was
introduced. Within 24 hours,
the plants - Philodendron,
Spider Plant and Golden
Pothos - removed 80% of the
formaldehyde molecules from
the chamber.
NASA research identifies the
most effective pollution
fighters.
Recent findings reveal that
flowering plants such as the
Gerbera Daisy and
Chrysanthemum are extremely
potent in purifying interior air.
Other good performers are
Dracaena Massangeana (Corn
Cane), Spathiphyllum (Peace
Lily), and Golden
Live Plants can clean the air in your environment.
NASA research has consistently shown that living green and flowering plants
can remove several toxic chemicals from the air in building interiors. You can
use plants in your office to improve the quality of air to make it a more pleasant
place to work - where people feel better, perform better.
Sumber:
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TANAMAN PENYARING UDARA DALAM RUANGAN
House Plants Help Your Asthma
Indoor environments and poor indoor air
quality appear to have a direct link to the
development and/or exacerbation of Asthma
in people. When you enter you safe home
you will be surprised to find that the indoor
pollutants in your home can be between 2
and 100 times higher than outdoor levels. To
add to the concern of indoor air pollution most
of us spend up to 90% of our time indoors.
Listed below are the top ten most effective
purifying plants for removing air pollutants:
Bamboo Palm – Chamaedorea Seifritzii
Chinese Evergreen – Aglaonema Modestum
English Ivy Hedera Helix
Gerbera Daisy Gerbera Jamesonii
Janet Craig – Dracaena “Janet Craig”
Marginata – Dracaena Marginata
Mass cane/Corn Plant – Dracaena
Massangeana
Mother-in-Law’s Tongue Sansevieria Laurentii
Pot Mum – Chrysantheium morifolium
Peace Lily – Spathiphyllum
Warneckii – Dracaena “Warneckii”
. In the Journal of Health Professional (an internationally peer reviewed journal) they found that
most individual VOC’s appeared to be significant risk factors for Asthma with the highest odds
ratio being found associated with benzene,, ethylbenzene and toluene. And where can you find
these VOC’s, well they can be found in things like cigarette smoke, cleaning products, room
fresheners, polishes, fitted carpets, solvents, paints and floor adhesives and so on.
Now that I have scared you about the harsh chemicals in your home literally killing you, you are
probably wondering “How do I get rid of them?” Well you could go out and spend thousands on a
new state of the art air filtration and purification system to attach to your furnace or you could
spend a lot less and just put some air filtering plants in your home. That’s right plants!! Cheap,
simple and brought to you by nature.
NASA conducted a 2 year study that has shown that common indoor landscaping plants can
remove certain pollutants from the indoor environment. NASA found that these common indoor
landscaping plants take substances out of the air through tiny opening in their leaves, roots, and
soil bacteria. Leaving your home with clean purified oxygen and while leaving you feeling better.
Sumber:
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INDOOR AIR FILTERING PLANTS
A-Frame Plant Stand Set
It is constantly cleaning water off
any floor after watering plants. This
planter has industrial looking metal
trays to protect any floors inside and
can be moved outside in the warmer
months because the wood has been
treated , it's eco-friendly and nontoxic.
Specifications at a Glance:
Weather-resistant ACQ-treated
Chinese fir Trays are galvanized
steel 39-1/4" W x 15" D x 43-1/4" H
overall 3 shelves.
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MANFAAT KESEHATAN
Indoor plants have measurable health benefit
for people who come in contact with them. .
Through the natural plant processes of
photosynthesis and transpiration, plants add
oxygen to the air and also add humidity.
They filter the air by removing carbon dioxide
and other toxins like formaldehyde and
benzene. Indoor plants also help filter the
pollutants from a fireplace or furnace, and
may even improve the smell of the air, even
if they are not a fragrant plant.
(sumber:
http://creativeinteriorplantscapes.com/benefits
-indoor-plants/)
INDOOR AIR FILTERING PLANTS
3-Tier Round Display
This tiered display is made
of recycled wood and looks
like an antique. It's a clever
way to take multiple smaller
pots and create a colorful
display of kitchen herbs that
will look great and serve a
very practical use.
Materials: recycled wood
Dimensions (20 x 28)
MANFAAT ESTETIKA
Perhaps the most obvious benefit of indoor plants is their decorative value.
Plants are often beautiful additions to a room and can help create a sense of
comfort. Plants are especially useful at breaking up the monotony of a sparsely
furnished home or an office where reminders of nature may be rare. Interior
decorators may choose plants of a specific color to complement the color
scheme of a room or add a secondary accent color. Designers may also
arrange these plants in decorative containers.
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INDOOR AIR FILTERING PLANTS
Indoor plants for freshness and beauty in
your home.
Indoor Plants bring in freshness and beauty
to any home, they add to the character the
living spaces. Having indoor plants is a
welcome treat for those who do not have the
space for a garden and city dwellers
confined to the small spaces of an
apartment. If you are good with plants it is
an easy job to have a variety of house plants
or indoor plants and keep changing them at
regular intervals. It is for those who do not
have the so called green thumb but love to
have indoor plants that it is a difficult task.
Do not despair yet, I have a few plants to
recommend that are easy to handle and
don’t need much fussing around. The
colorful foliage and flowers of indoor plants
can dramatically change and define your
living spaces.
Begonia: Tanaman bunga dalam ruangan
These colourful plants are absolutely fabulous in hanging baskets and
containers. They prefer partial shade but need plenty of light and air. Just a
small cutting is enough to start your begonia garden. The wide variety of
begonias can be combined to make your garden as colourful as possible
without too much difficulty.
The Rex Begonia is stunning with its colourful and textured foliage. These need
high humidity and could become dormant in winter. Providing high humidity
under a transparent plastic container or bag for a little while could keep your
plants healthy.
The Wax begonias, the fibrous begonias and the ever blooming begonias are
easy to grow from their rhizomes. Their foliage and flowers are a treat on any
given day.
Sumber:
http://sofs.hubpages.com/hub/Ten-easy-to-grow-Indoor-Plants-that-can-brighten-upyour-space….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
INDOOR AIR FILTERING PLANTS
Ten easy to grow indoor plants Pothos or Devil’s ivy (Epipremnum
aureum)
Pothos commonly called the devil's
ivy, is the easiest of plants to handle.
They just need pruning and need
moderate sunlight.
They make for one of the most
excellent of indoor plants and look
wonderful hanging from baskets or
climbing up the moss sticks and
winding around your trellis
Just get some stem cuttings and put them in some well drained pots.
Over watering the plants can cause the leaves to become yellow and fall off, so
make sure that the pot has enough drainage to allow drying between watering.
There are so many varieties of pothos- the golden pothos, the marble queen
(which is heavily marbled with white streaks), jade (which is solid green) and
neon (which is a bright yellow-green).
These plants can be grow in beautiful glass container with just some tap water
and light, though they take time to grow they are an excellent addition on your
coffee table or dining table.
Sumber: http://sofs.hubpages.com/hub/Ten-easy-to-grow-Indoor-Plants-that-can-brighten-up-yourspace ….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
INDOOR AIR FILTERING PLANTS
Ficus Benajamina
The Ficus (Ficus
benjamina) - easy to grow
large indoor plants
The ficus commonly known
as the weeping fig is a
beautiful indoor plant. It can
reach up to 30 feet in height,
so you really need to prune
and trim it regularly.
This indoor plant is elegant and its velvety luxuriant foliage makes enhances
any space you put it in. It does well in light, but can also take a lot of shade. It
needs a bit of watering and it is sensitive to cold.
It is very sensitive to change and drops off its leaves in new surroundings. It is
a very effective air filter and is pretty hardy and easy to grow. This plant needs
humidity and a little misting would do it some good.
For indoor use, make sure that you do not over-fertilise your plant. They
become the centre of attraction if trimmed and kept in shape. Good lighting
could turn their tips creamy yellow, making them absolute stunners in your
house.
Sumber: http://sofs.hubpages.com/hub/Ten-easy-to-grow-Indoor-Plants-that-can-brightenup-your-space ….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
INDOOR AIR FILTERING PLANTS
Bring a Green Atmosphere into Your House with Indoor Plants
Indoor plants are not only decorative but offer a load of benefits, as well. It is
not an encouraging trend that people turn to artificial plastic foliage for the sake
of watering and maintaining indoor plants. These are not hard task and can be
accomplished easily, only if the numerous benefits of indoor plants are
considered. Let us first look at the psychological advantages.
The very sight of green plants is capable of enhancing the mental health of a
person. When you are depressed or feel lonely, these plants add color to your
life and can even act as a substitute for pets, which are not allowed in certain
residential areas. The task of watering, trimming and fertilizing the plants is, in
fact, very beneficial for those who suffer from mental health problems. Aside, it
is a known fact that green plants give out oxygen and take in carbon dioxide,
which purifies the air around us.
In addition, they can also
filter the pollutants and the
harmful toxins that
surround us, which will
make the family healthier.
Studies point out that,
indoor plant can prevent
allergies that usually
children are prone to.
Looking at the spiritual
side, it is good to care for
another living thing and it
will offer peace, by silently
sitting in the corner of the
house.
Sumber: http://www.home-designz.com/455-bring-a-green-atmosphere-into-your-housewith-indoor-plants.html ….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
INDOOR AIR FILTERING PLANTS
Best plants that remove chemical vapors from indoor air.
1. Bamboo Palm (Chamaedorea seifrizii)
2. Boston Fern (Nephrolepis exaltata "Bostoniensis")
3. Dwarf Date Palm (Phoenix roebelenii)
4. English Ivy (Hedera helix)
5. Florist's Mum (Chrysanthemum morifolium)
6. Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii)
7. Kimberley Queen (Nephrolepis obliterata)
8. Rubber Plant (Ficus robusta)
9. Areca Palm (Chrysalidocarpus lutescens)
10. Corn/Happy plant (Dracaena fragrans "Massangeana")
11. Dracaena "Janet Craig" (Dracaena deremensis "Janet Craig")
12. Schefflera/Umbrella Tree (Brassaia actinophylla)
13. Peace/Madonna Lily (Spathiphyllum sp.)
14. Weeping Fig (Ficus benjamina)
15. Dendrobium Orchid (Dendrobiumsp.)
16. Dumb Cane (Dieffenbachia"Exotica compacta")
17. Ficus Alii (Ficus macleilandii"Alii")
18. King of hearts (Homalomena wallisii)
19. Lady palm (Rhapis excelsa)
20. Lily turf (Liriope spicata)
Source: Dr. B. C. Wolverton, Eco-friendly house plants, 1996
Sumber: http://www.seramis.com/plant-care-center/the-best-plants-for-cleaning-your-home/
….. Diunduh 6/4/2012
INDOOR AIR FILTERING PLANTS
Indoor plants are good for your
health and well being!
There is an abundance of scientific research
and a wealth of information that confirms
what all house plant lovers have known for
generations – plants are good for you!
At Mars Plantcare, we develop our products
to ensure that they are all about enhancing
the health and beauty of plants for the
happiness and well being of their owners.
Whether it’s for cleaner air, peace and
ambience or just simply for a more balanced
environment, you don’t need many indoor
plants to make a difference to the quality of
life. One plant for every 10 square yards is
all that it takes to make for a more healthy
room space – that’s only 2 or 3 plants
needed in the average living space!
Having indoor plants in your environment,
provide for many benefits, and making sure
your house plants and orchids are potted in
SERAMIS means that you are providing the
best for caring for your plants to ensure they
stay healthy and beautiful to all of the
following.
The more beautiful and healthy your indoor
plants are – the better they do their job!
Anggrek bulan
Plants in your office or home not only provide for beautiful, decorative features, but as well,
NASA scientists found them to be surprisingly useful in absorbing potentially harmful
pollutants and for cleaning the air inside modern buildings.
In a 2 year study conducted by NASA scientist, Dr. Bill Wolverton, at NASA’s John C.
Stennis Space Center, Bay St. Louis, Miss, they found evidence that indoor plants were
capable of absorbing and removing every day pollutants such as Formaldehyde, a
ubiquitous chemical found in virtually all indoor environments; Trichloroethylene (TCE) found
in inks, paints and adhesives; and Benzene, present in common items such as oils, plastics
and rubber.
Such pollutants can irritate the skin and the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and
throat. Having healthy house plants in your room or office is the best way to filter and
remove these potentially harmful irritants.
Sumber: http://www.seramis.com/plant-care-center/why-houseplants-are-good-for-you/ …..
ANDREA – an air purifier which uses indoor plants to filter air
ANDREA employs both active plant filtration, along with water and soil to provide a
multistage system that cleans the air from harmful toxins that can irritate and be harmful
to us. It naturally purifies air by drawing it with a fan to propel it through the leaves and
root system of a plant, and then out through water and soil filtration and back into the
room environment. A removable tray in the base allows you to easily water the plant
and you can adjust the fan speed by turning a dial. Its dimensions of 32cm in diameter
and 45cm in height are suitable for use in rooms of any size.
Its designers claim it significantly
improves the air filtration capacity
of natural plants. This living filter
accelerates room pollutants
through the active infrastructure
system of a plant to continuously
clean and oxygenate the rooms
in your home.
Based on experiments performed
by RTP Labs, Andrea improves
the efficiency of formaldehyde
removal from the air relative to
plants alone by 360%.
Relative to HEPA and carbon
filters, comparison between the
RTP Labs data and literature
data show an improvement in
formaldehyde filtration efficiency
of 4400%.
Sumber:
http://www.robaid.com/bionics/andrea-an-air-purifier-which-uses-indoor-plantsto-filter-air.htm….. Diunduh 6/4/2012