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Chapter 15
Managerial
Accounting
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
[1] Explain the distinguishing features of managerial accounting.
[2] Identify the three broad functions of management.
[3] Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.
[4] Distinguish between product and period costs.
[5] Explain the difference between a merchandising and a manufacturing income
statement.
[6] Indicate how cost of goods manufactured is determined.
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Preview of Chapter 15
Financial and Managerial Accounting
Weygandt Kimmel Kieso
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Managerial Accounting Basics
Managerial accounting is a field of accounting that
provides economic and financial information for managers
and other internal users.
Managerial accounting applies to all types of businesses.
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
Corporations

Partnerships

Proprietorships

Not-for-profit
Managerial Accounting Basics
Comparing Managerial and Financial
Accounting
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Illustration 15-1
LO 1 Explain the distinguishing features of managerial accounting.
Managerial Accounting Basics
Review Question
Managerial accounting:
a. Is governed by generally accepted accounting
principles.
b. Places emphasis on special-purpose information.
c. Pertains to the entity as a whole and is highly
aggregated.
d. Is limited to cost data.
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LO 1 Explain the distinguishing features of managerial accounting.
Managerial Accounting Basics
Management Functions
Planning

Directing
Maximize short-term
profit and market
share.

Commit to
environmental
protection and social
programs.
 Add value to the
business.


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Coordinate diverse
activities and human
resources.
Implement planned
objectives.
 Provide incentives to
motivate employees
 Hire and train
employees.
 Produce smoothrunning operation.
Controlling

Keeping activities on
track.
 Determine whether
goals are met.
 Decide changes
needed to get back
on track.
 May use an informal
or formal system of
evaluations.
LO 2 Identify the three broad functions of management.
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Managerial Accounting Basics
Organizational Structure
Illustration 15-2
Organization charts show the
interrelationships of activities
and the delegation of authority
and responsibility within the
company.
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LO 2 Identify the three broad functions of management.
Managerial Accounting Basics
Business Ethics
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
All employees are expected to act ethically.

Many organizations have codes of business ethics.

Past financial frauds:
►
Enron,
►
Global Crossing,
►
WorldCom
LO 2 Identify the three broad functions of management.
Managerial Accounting Basics
Business Ethics
Creating Proper Incentives

Systems and controls sometimes create incentives
for managers to take unethical actions.

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Controls need to be effective and realistic.
LO 2 Identify the three broad functions of management.
Managerial Accounting Basics
Business Ethics
Code of Ethical Standards
Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX)

Clarifies management’s responsibilities.

Requires certifications by CEO and CFO.

Selection criteria for Board of Directors and Audit
Committee.

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Substantially increased penalties for misconduct.
LO 2 Identify the three broad functions of management.
Managerial Accounting Basics
Review Question
The management of an organization performs several
broad functions. They are:
a. Planning, directing, and selling.
b. Directing, manufacturing, and controlling.
c. Planning, manufacturing, and controlling.
d. Planning, directing, and controlling.
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LO 2 Identify the three broad functions of management.
Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.
1. Managerial accountants have a single role within an
False
organization, collecting and reporting costs to
management.
True
True
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2. Financial accounting reports are general-purpose and
intended for external users.
3. Managerial accounting reports are special-purpose and
issued as frequently as needed.
LO 2 Identify the three broad functions of management.
Indicate whether the following statements are true or false.
4. Managers’ activities and responsibilities can be classified
False
into three broad functions: cost accounting, budgeting,
and internal control.
5. As a result of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, managerial
False
accounting reports must now comply with generally
accepted accounting principles (GAAP).
True
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6. Top managers must certify that a company maintains an
adequate system of internal controls.
LO 2 Identify the three broad functions of management.
Manufacturing Costs
Managers should ask questions such as the following.
1. What costs are involved in making a product or
providing a service?
2. If we decrease production volume, will costs decrease?
3. What impact will automation have on total costs?
4. How can we best control costs?
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LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.
Manufacturing Costs
Manufacturing Costs
Manufacturing consists of activities and processes that
convert raw materials into finished goods.
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LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.
Manufacturing Costs
Direct Materials
Raw Materials
Basic materials and parts used in
manufacturing process.
Direct Materials
Raw materials that can be physically and directly associated
with the finished product during the manufacturing process.
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LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.
Manufacturing Costs
Direct Materials
Indirect Materials
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
Not physically part of the finished product or they are
an insignificant part of finished product in terms of
cost.

Considered part of manufacturing overhead.
LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.
Manufacturing Costs
Direct Labor
Work of factory employees that can be
physically and directly associated with
converting raw materials into finished
goods.
Indirect Labor
Work of factory employees that has no physical
association with the finished product or for which it is
impractical to trace costs to the goods produced.
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LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.
Manufacturing Costs
Manufacturing Overhead

Costs that are indirectly associated with manufacturing
the finished product.

Includes all manufacturing costs except direct materials
and direct labor.

Also called factory overhead, indirect manufacturing
costs, or burden.
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LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.
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Manufacturing Costs
Review Question
Which of the following is not an element of manufacturing
overhead?
a. Sales manager’s salary.
b. Plant manager’s salary.
c. Factory repairman’s wages.
d. Product inspector’s salary.
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LO 3 Define the three classes of manufacturing costs.
Product Versus Period Costs
Product Costs
 Direct materials
 Direct labor
 Manufacturing overhead

Components:

Costs that are an integral part of producing the
product.
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
Recorded in “inventory” account.

Not an expense (COGS) until the goods are sold.
LO 4 Distinguish between product and period costs.
Product Versus Period Costs
Period Costs
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
Charged to expense as incurred.

Non-manufacturing costs.

Includes all selling and administrative expenses.
LO 4 Distinguish between product and period costs.
Product Versus Period Costs
Illustration 15-3
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LO 4 Distinguish between product and period costs.
A bicycle company has these costs: tires, salaries of employees
who put tires on the wheels, factory building depreciation, wheel
nuts, spokes, salary of factory manager, handlebars, and salaries
of factory maintenance employees. Classify each cost as direct
materials, direct labor, or overhead.
Direct Materials

Tires.

Spokes.

Handlebars.
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Direct Labor

Salaries of
employees who put
tires on the wheels.
Overhead

Factory depreciation.

Factory manager
salary.

Factory maintenance
employees salary.
LO 4 Distinguish between product and period costs.
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements
Income Statement
Under a periodic inventory system, the income statements
of a merchandiser and a manufacturer differ in the cost of
goods sold section.
“COGS”
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LO 5 Explain the difference between a merchandising
and a manufacturing income statement.
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements
Cost of Goods Manufactured
Cost of Goods Sold Components – (Periodic Inventory System)
Illustration 15-4
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LO 5
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements
Cost of goods sold sections of merchandising and
manufacturing income statements
Illustration 15-5
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LO 5 Explain the difference between a merchandising
and a manufacturing income statement.
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements
Review Question
For the year, Red Company has cost of goods manufactured
of $600,000, beginning finished goods inventory of $200,000,
and ending finished goods inventory of $250,000. The cost of
goods sold is
a.
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$450,000.
Beg. Inventory
$200,000
+ COGs Manufactured
600,000
Goods Available for Sale
800,000
250,000
b.
$500,000.
c.
$550,000.
- End. Inventory
d.
$600,000.
Cost of Goods Sold
$550,000
LO 5 Explain the difference between a merchandising
and a manufacturing income statement.
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements
Determining the Cost of Goods Manufactured
Total Work in Process – (1) cost of beginning work in process and (2)
total manufacturing costs for the current period.
Total Manufacturing Costs – sum of direct material costs, direct labor
costs, and manufacturing overhead in the current year.
Illustration 15-6
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LO 6 Indicate how cost of goods manufactured is determined.
Illustration 15-7
Illustration 1-8
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LO 6 Indicate how cost of goods manufactured is determined.
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements
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LO 6 Indicate how cost of goods manufactured is determined.
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements
Balance Sheet
Inventory accounts for a manufacturer
Illustration 15-8
The balance sheet for a merchandising company shows just one
category of inventory.
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LO 7 Explain the difference between a merchandising
and a manufacturing balance sheet.
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements
Balance Sheet
Current assets sections of merchandising and manufacturing balance
sheets
Illustration 15-9
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LO 7 Explain the difference between a merchandising
and a manufacturing balance sheet.
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements
Review Question
A cost of goods manufactured schedule shows beginning and
ending inventories for:
a. Raw materials and work in process only
b. Work in process only
c. Raw materials only
d. Raw materials, work in process, and finished goods
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LO 7 Explain the difference between a merchandising
and a manufacturing balance sheet.
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements
Illustration: Suppose you started your own snowboard
factory, KRT Boards. Here are some of the costs that your
snowboard factory would incur. Assign the following costs:
Illustration 15-10
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LO 7 Explain the difference between a merchandising
and a manufacturing balance sheet.
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements
Illustration 15-10
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Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements
If KRT Boards produces 10,000 snowboards the first year,
what would be the total manufacturing costs?
Illustration 15-11
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LO 7 Explain the difference between a merchandising
and a manufacturing balance sheet.
Manufacturing Costs in Financial Statements
Product Costing For Service Industries

U.S. economy, in general, has shifted toward an emphasis
on providing services rather than goods.

Over 50% of U.S. workers are now employed by service
companies.

Trend is expected to continue in the future.

Most of the techniques learned for manufacturing firms are
applicable to service companies.
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LO 7 Explain the difference between a merchandising
and a manufacturing balance sheet.
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Managerial Accounting Today
Focus on the Value Chain
Refers to all business process associated with providing a
product or service.
For a manufacturing firm these include the following:
Illustration 15-12
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LO 8 Identify trends in managerial accounting.
Managerial Accounting Today
Just-In-Time Inventory Methods

Inventory system in which goods are manufactured or
purchased just in time for sale.
Total Quality Management (TQM)

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Reduce defects in finished products, with the goal of
zero defects.
LO 8 Identify trends in managerial accounting.
Managerial Accounting Today
Theory of Constraints

Constraints (“bottlenecks” ) limit the company’s potential
profitability.

A specific approach to identify and manage these
constraints in order to achieve company goals.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

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Software programs designed to manage all major
business processes.
LO 8 Identify trends in managerial accounting.
Managerial Accounting Today
Activity-Based Costing (ABC)
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
Allocates overhead based on use of activities.

Results in more accurate product costing and scrutiny of
all activities in the value chain.
LO 8 Identify trends in managerial accounting.
Managerial Accounting Today
Balanced Scorecard
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
Evaluates operations in an integrated fashion.

Uses both financial and non-financial measures.

Links performance to overall company objectives.
LO 8 Identify trends in managerial accounting.
Managerial Accounting Today
Review Question
Which of the following managerial accounting techniques
attempts to allocate manufacturing overhead in a more
meaningful manner?
a. Just-in-time inventory.
b. Total-quality management.
c. Balanced scorecard.
d. Activity-based costing.
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LO 8 Identify trends in managerial accounting.
Match the descriptions that follow with the corresponding terms.
e All activities associated with
1. ______
providing a product or service.
a A method of allocating
2. ______
overhead based on each product’s
use of activities in making the
product.
d Systems implemented to reduce defects in finished
3. ______
products with the goal of achieving zero defects.
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LO 8 Identify trends in managerial accounting.
Match the descriptions that follow with the corresponding terms.
b A performance4. ______
measurement approach that uses
both financial and nonfinancial
measures, tied to company
objectives, to evaluate a company’s
operations in an integrated fashion.
c Inventory system in which goods are manufactured or
5. ______
purchased just as they are needed for use.
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LO 8 Identify trends in managerial accounting.
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