Sixth grade
• Have your notebook and a pen or pencil on
your desk.
The five themes of geography
• The five themes of geography are location,
place, human environment interaction,
movement, and regions.
Location
• There are two types of location absolute
location shows the exact place where
something is located. And relative location
which shows the general location of
something.
Place
• Place refers to an areas landscape and the
features that make it unique. Such as land,
climate, and people.
Human environment interaction
• Geographers seek to understand how people
interact with the environment and how
people and their physical environment affect
each other.
Movement
• Geographers seek to understand why and
how people move. Geographers also study
the roads and routes that make movement so
common.
Regions
• Creating regions makes it easier to compare
places. Comparison helps geographers learn
why each region has developed differently.
The six essential elements
• The world in spatial terms- How to use maps
• places and regions-The physical and human
characteristics of places.
• physical systems-The physical processes that shape the
patterns of Earth's service.
• human systems-The distribution and migration of the
human populations on the earths surface.
• environment and society-How human actions modify
the physical environment and how physical systems
affects human systems.
• the use of geography-How to apply geography to
interpret the past.
Eighth grade
• Have your notebook and a pen or pencil on
your desk.
Anasazi
• By 1500 BC the people who lived in the North America
Southwest where growing maize. One of the earliest
farming cultures in the southwest was the Anasazi.
• The Anasazi lived in the four corners region where present
day Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah meet.
• The Anasazi used irrigation to adapt to their dry
environments and produce crops such as maize, beans, and
squash.
• The Anasazi were skilled basket and pottery makers.
Anasazi part two
• The early Anasazi lived in pit houses dug into
the ground. After 750 A.D. the Anasazi started
making Pueblo buildings.
• After 13,00 A.D. the Anasazi began to
abandon their villages. Scholars believe that
drought, disease, or raids by nomadic tribes
may have caused the Anasazi to move away
from their pueblos.
Mound builders
• One of the several farming societies to develop in the
eastern part of North America in 1000 BC was the Hopewell
who lived along the Mississippi, Ohio, and lower Missouri
River valleys.
• The Hopewell supported their large population with
agriculture and trade.
• The Hopewell built large burial mounds to honor their
dead.
• The Hopewell culture began to decline by 700
Mound builders part two
• The Mississippians thrived in the same area as the Hopewell.
• The Mississippians were skilled farmers and traders they built large
settlements their largest settlement was called Cahokia and was
located near present-day St. Louis.
• The Mississippians also built ceremonial mounds near their capital
city more than 100 temples and burial mounds have been
discovered.
• Several other mound building cultures thrived in Eastern America
but by the time Europeans arrived in the 17 hundreds their
societies no longer existed.
North and northwest
• Few plants grow in the arctic because the ground is
always frozen beneath a thin top layer of soil.
• Two groups lived in the Arctic the Inuit and the Aleut.
• The Inuit lived in present-day North Alaska and Canada.
Their homes were igloos, hide tents and huts.
• The Aleuts home was in western and southern Alaska
they lived in multi family houses that were partially
underground.
North and Northwest part 2
• Both the Inuit and Aleut survived by fishing
and hunting large animals. Both groups also
depended on dogs for many tasks such as
hunting and pulling sleds.
North and Northwest part 3
• Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest
built totems that held great religious and
historical significance to them.
• Native Americans of the Northwest also held
feasts called potlatches. At these gatherings
the host would give away most of their
belongings as gifts to increase their social
importance.
West and Southwest
• Native Americans living along the Pacific Coast were hunter
gatherers.
• Native Americans living in the great basin received little rain and
adapted to the environment by hunting small game.
• Many Native Americans living in the Southwest lived in a dry
climate certain groups such as the Pueblo adapted by irrigating
their land in order to grow crops.
• The Apache and Navajo also lived in the Southwest they were a
nomadic group that supported themselves by hunting small
animals and raiding the villages of other Native Americans.
Great Plains
• The Great Plains regions stretched from Canada
into Texas.
• Most Native Americans that lived in the Great
Plains were nomadic hunters and hunted
buffalo.
• Two techniques that the Blackfoot and Arapaho
hunters used was running the buffalo over cliffs
or trapping them in a ring of fire.
Northeast and southeast
• Most southeastern Native American groups
lived in farming villages governed by a small
village council.
• The most important Native American group in
the northeast and southeast was the Iroquois
league which was an alliance between the
Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, and
Seneca.
Shared beliefs
• Native Americans believed that spirit forces were
everywhere dwelling in heavenly bodies and in
sacred places on the earth. Spirits even lived in
animals and plants.
• Native Americans did not believe in individual
ownership of land this would bring them into
conflict with the Europeans.
• Despite their shared beliefs Native Americans had
little interest in joining together in large political
units because of this Native Americans never
formed large empires.
Seventh grade
• Have your notebook and a pen or pencil on
your desk.
City states of Sumer
• Most people in Sumer where farmers and
lived mainly in countryside.
• the amount of farmland controlled by a city
state depended on its military strength.
• Sumerians built strong thick walls for their
cities for protection
• One of the most legendary Sumerians Kings
was Gilgamesh.
Rise of the Akkadian Empire
• The Akkadians live just north of Sumer, but they
were not Sumerians they even spoke a different
language.
• The peace between the Sumerians and the
Akkadians ended in 2300 BC when Sargon the
leader of the Akkadians attacked the city states
of Sumer. Sargon also conquered northern
Mesopotamia and by doing so created the first
Empire that extended from the Persian Gulf to
the Mediterranean Sea.
Rise of the Akkadian Empire part 2
• The Akkadians capital was called Akkad and it
was located along the Euphrates River near
present-day Baghdad.
• Sargon ruled his empire for more than 50 years
however it only lasted a century after his death
due to bad rulers and foreign invaders.
• With the fall of the Akkadian Empire the
Sumerian city of Ur would rebuild and become
the primary power in Mesopotamia.
Sumerian and religion
• The Sumerians were polytheistic
• Each city state considered one god to be its
special protector
• The Sumerians believe that their gods could
bring good harvests or disastrous floods as
well as illness or good health. The Sumerians
believed that success in life depended on
pleasing the gods.
Sumerians religion part 2
• Priests were very important in Sumer people
relied on them to help gain the gods favor.
Priests also interpreted the wishes of the gods
and made offerings to them.
Sumerian social order
• Kings
• priests
• skilled workers
• merchants
• farmers and laborers
• slaves
Men and women in Sumer
• Men held political power and made laws while
women took care of the home and children.
• Education was usually reserved for men but
some upper-class women were educated as
well.