Course Standard
NDT102 Radiographic Testing Method I
Course Description
In this course students will master the competencies associated with Radiographic Testing at
Level I. This course adheres to the standards developed by the American Society for
Nondestructive Testing (ASNT). Laboratory work will parallel lecture materials from the
classroom.
Hours
Credit
3
Prerequisite/Core requisite: NDT101 Magnetic Particle Testing Method for NDT
Course Guide
Outcomes: The student will be able to identify proper personal monitoring devices
Competencies
Personal
Monitoring
Identify why personal monitoring badges are required equipment
Identify reading of pocket dosimeters
Identify recording of daily dosimeter readings
Identify “Off-scale” dosimeter – action required
Describe permissible exposure limits
Outcomes: The student will be able to use survey instruments properly in aviation based industry
scenarios
Competencies
Survey
Instruments
Identify types of radiation instruments
Read and interpret meter indications
Identify calibration frequency
Identify calibration expiration – action
Identify battery check - importance
Utilize survey instruments in aviation based industry scenarios
Outcomes: The student will be able to perform leak testing of sealed radioactive sources
Competencies
Leak Testing of
Sealed
Identify requirements for leak testing
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Radioactive
Sources
Identify the purpose of leak testing
Perform the leak testing of sealed radioactive sources using aviation based
industry scenario
Outcomes: The student will be able to complete radiation survey report
Competencies
Radiation Survey
Reports
Identify the requirements for completion
Identify the report format
Complete a radiation survey report using aviation based industry scenarios
Outcomes: The student will be able to utilize radiographic work practices effectively
Competencies
Radiographic
Work Practices
Identify the establishment of restricted areas
Identify the posting and surveillance of restricted areas
Identify the use of time, distance and shielding to reduce personnel radiation
exposure
Identify applicable regulatory requirements for surveys, posting and control
of radiation and high-radiation areas
Utilize radiographic work practices in aviation based industry scenario
Outcomes: The student will be able to utilize exposure devices effectively using aviation based
industry scenario
Exposure Devices
Competencies
Identify daily inspection and maintenance
Identify radiation exposure limits for gamma ray exposure devices
Identify labeling
Utilize collimators to reduce personnel exposure
Utilize “source changers” for gamma ray sources
Outcomes: The student will be able to follow emergency procedures
Emergency
Procedures
Competencies
Identify emergency procedures for vehicle accidents with radioactive sealed
sources
Identify fire involving sealed sources
Identify “source out” – failure to return to safe shielded conditions
Identify emergency call list
Follow all emergency procedures
Outcomes: The student will be able to identify storage and shipment procedures for exposed
devices and sources
Competencies
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Storage and
Shipment of
Exposed Devices
and Sources
Identify vehicle storage
Identify storage vault – permanent
Identify shipping instructions – sources
Identify receiving instructions – radioactive material
Outcomes: The student will be able to identify state and federal regulations
State and Federal
Regulations
Competencies
Identify Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) and agreement states
authority
Identify license reciprocity
Identify radioactive materials license requirements for industrial radiography
Identify qualification requirements for radiography personnel
Identify regulations for the control of radiation (state or NRC as applicable)
Identify Department of Transportation regulations for radiographic-source
shipment
Identify regulatory requirements for X-ray machines (state and federal as
applicable)
Outcomes: The student will be able to describe the basic radiographic material requirements
Competencies
Basic
Radiographic Introduction
Describe the history and discovery of radioactive materials
Describe the definition of industrial radiography
Identify why radiation protection is used
Complete basic math review: exponents
Complete basic math review: square root
Outcomes: The student will be able to describe the fundamental properties of matter
Competencies
Fundamental
Properties of
Matter
Identify elements and atoms
Identify molecules and compounds
Identify atomic particles – properties of protons, electrons and neutrons
Identify atomic structure
Identify atomic number and weight
Identify isotope versus radioisotope
Describe the fundamental properties of matter
Outcomes: The student will be able to identify radioactive materials
Radioactive
Competencies
Identify production for neutron activation and nuclear fission
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Materials
Identify stable versus unstable (radioactive) atoms
Identify curie – the unit of activity
Identify half-life of radioactive materials
Identify plotting of radioactive decay
Identify specific activity – curies/gram
Outcomes: The student will be able to identify types of radiation
Competencies
Types of
Radiation
Identify particulate radiation – properties; alpha, beta, neutron
Identify electromagnetic radiation – X-ray, gamma ray
Identify X-ray production
Identify gamma ray production
Identify gamma ray energy
Identify energy characteristics of common radioisotope sources
Identify energy characteristics of X-ray machines
Outcomes: The student will be able identify the different interactions of radiation with matter
Competencies
Interaction of
Radiation with
Matter
Identify ionization
Identify radiation interaction with matter including: photoelectric effect,
Compton scattering, and pair production
Identify unit of radiation exposure – the roentgen
Identify emissivity of commonly used radiographic sources
Identify emissivity of X-ray exposure devices
Identify attenuation of electromagnetic radiation – shielding
Identify half-value layers; tenth-value layers
Identify inverse square law
Outcomes: The student will be to describe the biological effects of radiation
Competencies
Biological Effects
of Radiation
Identify “natural” background radiation
Identify unit of radiation dose – rem
Identify difference between radiation and contamination
Identify allowable personnel exposure limits and the banking concept
Identify theory of allowable dose
Identify radiation damage – repair concept
Identify symptoms of radiation injury
Identify acute radiation exposure and somatic injury
Identify personnel monitoring for tracking exposure
Identify organ radio sensitivity
Describe the biological effects of radiation
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Outcomes: The student will be able to demonstrate how to detect radiation exposure in aviation
based industry scenario
Competencies
Radiation
Detection
Identify pocket dosimeter
Identify the difference between dose and dose rate
Identify survey instruments including: Giger-Müller tube, ionization
chambers, and scintillation chambers, counters
Identify film badge – radiation detector
Identify TLDs (thermo luminescent dosimeters)
Identify calibration
Demonstrate how to detect radiation exposure in aviation based industry
scenario
Outcomes: The student will be able to demonstrate how to use exposure devices and identify
radiation sources in aviation based industry scenario
Competencies
Exposure Devices
and Radiation
Sources
Identify radioisotope sources
Identify sealed-source design and fabrication
Identify gamma ray sources
Identify beta and bremsstrahlung sources
Identify neutron sources
Identify radioisotope exposure device characteristics
Identify electronic radiation sources – 500 keV and less, low energy
Identify generator – high voltage rectifiers
Identify X-ray tube design and fabrication
Identify X-ray control circuits
Identify accelerating potential
Identify target material and configuration
Identify heat dissipation
Identify duty cycle
Identify beam filtration
Identify electronic radiation sources – medium and high energy
Identify resonance transformer
Identify Van de Graaff accelerator
Identify linac
Identify roentgen output
Identify equipment design and fabrication
Identify beam filtration
Identify fluoroscopic radiation sources
Identify direct viewing screens
Identify image amplification
Identify special X-ray tube considerations and duty cycle
Identify screen unsharpness
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Identify screen conversion efficiency
Demonstrate how to use exposure devices using aviation based industry
scenario
Demonstrate how to identify radiation sources using exposure devices
Outcomes: The student will be able to describe special radiographic sources and techniques
Competencies
Special
Radiographic
Sources and
Techniques
Identify flash radiography
Identify stereo radiography
Identify in-motion radiography
Identify autoradiography
Describe special radiographic sources and techniques
Outcomes: The student will be able to utilize radiographic techniques correctly in aviation based
industry scenario
Competencies
Radiographic
Technique
Introduction
Identify process of radiography
Identify types of electromagnetic radiation sources
Identify electromagnetic spectrum
Identify penetrating ability or “quality” of X-rays and gamma rays
Identify spectrum of X-ray tube source
Identify spectrum of gamma radioisotope source
Identify X-ray tube – change of mA or kVp effect on “quality” and intensity
Utilize radiographic techniques correctly
Outcomes: The student will be to define the basic principles of radiography
Competencies
Basic Principles of
Identify geometric exposure principles
Radiography
Identify “shadow” formation and distortion
Identify shadow enlargement calculation
Identify shadow sharpness
Identify geometric unsharpness
Identify finding discontinuity depth
Identify radiographic screens
Identify lead intensifying screens
Identify fluorescent intensifying screens
Identify intensifying factors
Identify importance of screen-to-film contact
Identify importance of screen cleanliness and care
Identify techniques for cleaning screens
Identify radiographic cassettes
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Identify composition of industrial radiographic film
Identify the “heel effect” with X-ray tubes
Define the basic principles of radiography
Outcomes: The student will be able to identify radiographs and interpret the data
Radiographs
Competencies
Identify formation of the latent image on film
Identify inherent unsharpness
Identify arithmetic of radiographic exposure including: mill amperage –
distance-time relationship, reciprocity law, photographic density, X-ray
exposure charts – material thickness, kV and exposure, gamma ray exposure
chart, inverse square law considerations, and calculation of exposure time for
gamma ray and X-ray sources
Identify characteristic Hurter and Driffield (H-D) curve
Identify film speed and class descriptions
Identify selection of film for particular purpose
Interpret the data from Radiograph
Outcomes: The student will be able to define radiographic image quality
Competencies
Radiographic
Image Quality
Identify radiographic sensitivity
Identify radiographic contrast
Identify film contrast
Identify subject contrast
Identify definition
Identify film graininess and screen mottle effects
Identify pentameters or image quality indicators
Define radiographic image quality
Outcomes: The student will be able to demonstrate how to load and handle film correctly
Competencies
Film Handling,
Loading and
Processing
Identify safe light and darkroom practices
Identify loading bench and cleanliness
Identify opening of film boxes and packets
Identify loading of film and sealing cassettes
Identify handling techniques for “green film”
Identify elements of manual film processing
Demonstrate how to load and handle film correctly
Outcomes: The student will be able to demonstrate exposure techniques for radiography
effectively
Exposure
Competencies
Identify single wall radiography
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Techniques Radiography
Identify double wall radiography including: viewing two walls
simultaneously, offset double wall exposure single wall viewing, and
elliptical techniques
Identify panoramic radiography
Identify use of multiple film loading
Identify specimen configuration
Demonstrate exposure techniques for radiography effectively using aviation
based industry scenario
Outcomes: The student will be able to demonstrate fluoroscopic techniques
Competencies
Fluoroscopic
Techniques
Identify dark adaptation and eye sensitivity
Identify special scattered radiation techniques
Identify personnel protection
Identify sensitivity
Identify limitations
Identify direct screen viewing
Identify indirect and remote screen viewing
Demonstrate fluoroscopic techniques using aviation based industry scenario
Outcomes: The student will be able to apply all appropriate safety processes and procedures
Safety
Competencies
Identify safety processes associated with liquid Radiographic Testing Method
I
Apply safety processed associated with liquid Radiographic Testing Method I
Outcomes: The student will be able to apply all appropriate NAS410 processes and procedures
Competencies
NAS410 Aviation
Standard
Identify how NAS410 affects Radiographic Testing Method I
Apply NAS410 standards to Radiographic Testing Method I processes and
procedures
Suggested Resources
List books, and other resources used here
Nondestructive Testing Handbook
Air Force Technical Order 33B-1-1 Nondestructive Inspection Methods, Basic Theory
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