Theories of Personality
Erikson
Chapter 9
Outline
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Overview of Post-Freudian Theory
Biography of Erickson
The Ego in Post-Freudian Theory
Stages of Psychosocial Development
Erickson’s Method of Investigation
Related Research
Concept of Humanity
Biography of Erickson
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Born in Frankfurt, Germany in 1902
does not feel accepted
Leaves home at 18
Anna Freud
Graduates from Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute
Lacking an academic degree
Taught at Yale, Berkeley, and several other
institutions
Professor of Human Development at Harvard in 1960
Died in Cape Cod in 1994
Overview of Post-Freudian Theory
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Intended to Extend Freud’s Assumptions
The Ego in Post-Freudian
Theory
Three Interrelated Aspects of the Ego:
1.
2.
3.
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Body ego
Ego ideal
Ego Identity
Society’s Influence
Epigenetic Principle
Stages of Psychosocial
Development
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Basic Points of Stage Approach
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growth
interaction of opposites
conflict
psychopathology at a later stage
stages are also biological
adolescence on
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personality development involves identity crisis
Stages of Psychosocial
Development
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Infancy
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Oral-Sensory Mode
Basic Trust versus Basic Mistrust
Early Childhood
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Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
Stages of Psychosocial
Development
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Play Age
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Initiative versus Guilt
School Age
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Latency
Industry versus Inferiority
Stages of Psychosocial
Development
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Adolescence
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Identity versus Identity Confusion
Young Adulthood
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Intimacy versus Isolation
Stages of Psychosocial
Development (cont’d)
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Adulthood
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Generativity versus Stagnation
Old Age
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Integrity versus Despair
Erickson’s Method of
Investigation
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Anthropological Studies
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Psychohistory
Related Research
 Generativity
and Life Changes
 Generativity and Parenting
Concept of Humanity
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Determinism vs. Free Choice
Optimism vs. Pessimism
Causality vs. Teleology
Unconscious vs. Conscious
Culture vs. Biology
Uniqueness vs. Similarity
Theories of Personality
Maslow
©Bettman/Corbis
Chapter 10
Outline
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Overview of Holistic-Dynamic Theory
Biography of Maslow
Maslow’s View of Motivation
Self-Actualization
Philosophy of Science
The Jonah Complex
Psychotherapy
Concept of Humanity
Biography of Maslow
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Born in New York City in 1908
Oldest of seven children
animosity toward mother
Received a PhD in 1934
Returns to New York in 1935
influenced by Adler, Fromm, and Horney
President of American Psychological
Association 1967-1968
Died in 1970 of a heart attack
“What I had reacted against and totally hated and
rejected was not only her physical appearance,
but also her values and world view, her
stinginess, her total selfishness, her lack of love
for anyone else in the world, even her own
husband and children.. Her assumption that
anyone was wrong who disagreed with her, her
lack of concern for her grandchildren, her lack of
friends, her sloppiness and dirtiness, her lack of
family feeling for her own parents and siblings..
I’ve always wondered where my Utopianism,
ethical stress, humanism, stress on kindness,
love, friendship and all the rest came from. I
knew certainly of the direct consequences of
having no mother-love. But the whole thrust of
my life philosophy and all my research and
theorizing also has its roots in a hatred for and
revulsion against everything she stood for.”
Overview of Holistic-Dynamic
Theory
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Whole Person Motivation
People Have Potential to Grow
Lower Level Needs Must Be Satisfied first
Maslow’s View of Motivation
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Holistic
Complex
Continually Motivated
Motivated by the Same Basic Needs
Needs - Hierarchy
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
(original five-stage model)
Self-actualisation
personal growth and fulfilment
Esteem needs
achievement, status, responsibility, reputation
Belongingness and Love needs
family, affection, relationships, work group, etc
Safety needs
protection, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc
Biological and Physiological needs
basic life needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.
© alan chapman 2001-4, based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Not to be sold or published. More free online training resources are at www.businessballs.com. Alan Chapman accepts no liability.
Adapted 8 level
Hierarchy of Needs
diagram, based on
Maslow's theory
Transcendence
helping others to self-actualise
Self-actualisation
personal growth, self-fulfilment
Aesthetic needs
beauty, balance, form, etc
Cognitive needs
knowledge, meaning, self-awareness
Esteem needs
achievement, status, responsibility, reputation
Belongingness and Love needs
family, affection, relationships, work group, etc
Safety needs
protection, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc
Biological and Physiological needs
basic life needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.
© design alan chapman 2001-4 - adapted by persons unknown based on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Not to be sold or published. More free online training resources are at www.businessballs.com. Sole risk with user. Author accepts no liability.
General Discussion of Needs
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Reversed Order of Needs
Unmotivated Behaviour
Expressive and Coping Behavior
Deprivation of Needs
Instinctoid Nature of Needs
Comparison of Higher and Lower Needs
Self-Actualization
Criteria for Self-Actualization
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Free from psychopathology
Progressed through hierarchy of needs
Embracing of the B-values
Full use of talents, capacities, and
potentialities
Values of Self-Actualizers
Self-Actualization (cont’d)
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Characteristics
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More efficient perception of reality
Acceptance of self, others, and nature
Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness
Problem-centering
The need for privacy
Autonomy
Continued freshness of appreciation
The peak experience
Self-Actualization (cont’d)
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Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People (cont’d)
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Gemeinschaftsgefuhl
Profound interpersonal relations
The democratic character structure
Discrimination between means and ends
Philosophical sense of humor
Creativeness
Resistance to enculturation
Love, Sex, and Self-Actualization
Philosophy of Science
 humanistic,
holistic approach
 importance of individual
procedures
 values, emotion, and ritual
The Jonah Complex
 fear
best
 false
of being or doing one’s
humility to stifle creativity
 prevent themselves from
becoming self-actualizing
Concept of Humanity
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Free Choice vs. Determinism
Optimism vs. Pessimism
Teleology vs. Causality
Conscious vs. Unconscious
Culture vs. Biology
Uniqueness vs. Similarity
Movie Questions
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Which of Erikson’s stages was Chuck at
when he landed on the island?
Do you think he reverted back to any of
Erikson’s earlier stages? If so, when?
Did Chuck progress through Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Needs in order? Examples
When did Chuck’s personality become
evident?
Do we need another person around us to
have a “personality”?
Theories of Personality
Rogers
Chapter 11
©Carl Rogers Memorial Library,
Center for the Studies of the Person
Outline
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Overview of Person-Centered Theory
Biography of Rogers
Person-Centered Theory
Psychotherapy
The Person of Tomorrow
Philosophy of Science
The Chicago Study
Concept of Humanity
Biography of Rogers
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Born in Oak Park, Illinois in 1902
Fourth of six children
Briefly attends seminary
Turned to psychology
nearly a dozen years working as a clinician
Published The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child
in 1939.
Ohio State University in 1940
President of American Psychological Association
1946-1947
Published Client-Centered Therapy in 1951
In 1964, moves to California
Died in 1987 following surgery on broken hip
Overview of Person-Centered
Theory
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Grew Out Experiences
Called for Empirical Research
Not Comfortable with Notion of Theory
Never Systematically Reformulated Theory
of Personality
Person-Centered Theory
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Basic Assumptions
The Self and Self-Actualization
Awareness
Needs
Barriers to Psychological Health
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Conditions of worth
Incongruence
Defensiveness
Disorganization
The Person of Tomorrow
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Psychologically healthy people are:
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Adaptable
Open
Live in the moment
Harmonious
Integrated
Trust
Richness in life
Philosophy of Science
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begins and ends with subjective
experience
involved with phenomena being studied
perceive patterns among phenomena
communicate findings
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but this communication is subjective
The Chicago Study
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Hypotheses:
1.
2.
3.
Clients will become more aware of their
feelings and experiences
The gap between the real self and the
ideal self will lessen
Clients’ behaviour will become more
socialized
The Chicago Study (cont’d)
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Method
 Q sort technique (congruence between real
& ideal selves)
 adults who sought therapy
 half the participants to wait 60 days before
receiving therapy.
 tested a control group of “normals”
The Chicago Study (cont’d)
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Findings
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The therapy group—but not the control
group—showed a lessening of the gap
between real self and ideal self
Clients who improved during therapy—but
not those rated as least improved—showed
changes in social behavior, as noted by
their friends
Was not successful in bringing clients to
“fully functioning person” – psych. health
The Chicago Study (cont’d)
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Summary of Results
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Therapy group did demonstrate growth
Retained improvement during follow-up
BUT - did not attain the level of
psychological health in the control group
Concept of Humanity
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Free Choice vs. Determinism
Optimism vs. Pessimism
Teleology vs. Causality
Uniqueness vs. Similarity
Conscious vs. Unconscious
Social Influence vs. Biology