Biology Partnership
(A Teacher Quality Grant)
Ecology I
Population Dynamics
Biodiversity
Nancy Dow
Jill Hansen
Katie Sutherland
Gulf Coast State College
Panhandle Area Educational Consortium
5230 West Highway 98
753 West Boulevard
Panama City, Florida 32401
Chipley, Florida 32428
850-769-1551
877-873-7232
www.gulfcoast.edu
Pre-test
Q and A Board
New member to the 6 footer club!
Florida Next Generation
Sunshine State Standards
• SC.912.L.17.5* Analyze how population size is determined by
births, deaths, immigration, emigration, and limiting factors
(biotic and abiotic) that determine carrying capacity. (HIGH)
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High Complexity
High complexity benchmarks make heavy demands on student thinking. Students must engage in
more abstract reasoning, planning, analysis, judgment, and creative thought. These benchmarks
require students to think in an abstract and sophisticated way, often involving multiple steps.
Skills related to high complexity benchmarks include the following.
Construct models for research
Generalize or draw conclusions
Design an experiment
Explain or solve a problem in more than one way
Provide a justification for steps in a solution or process
Analyze an experiment to identify a flaw and propose a method for correcting it
Interpret, explain, or solve a problem involving complex spatial relationships
Predict a long term effect, outcome, or result of a change within a system
BENCHMARK SC.912.L.17.5
• Reporting Category
Organisms, Populations, and Ecosystems
• Standard
Standard 17 Interdependence
• Benchmark
SC.912.L.17.5 Analyze how population size is
determined by births, deaths, immigration,
emigration, and limiting factors (biotic and
abiotic) that determine carrying capacity.
(Also assesses SC.912.L.17.2, SC.912.L.17.4,
SC.912.L.17.8, and SC.912.N.1.4.)
Benchmark Clarifications
• Students will use data and information about population dynamics, abiotic
factors, and/or biotic factors to explain and/or analyze a change in carrying
capacity and its effect on population size in an ecosystem.
• Students will assess the reliability of sources of information according to
scientific standards.
Bell Ringer
• Great White Shark vs Orca
Changes in a population’s size are determined
by immigration, births, emigration, and deaths.
The size of a population is always changing
• Four factors
affecting size
– immigration
– births
– emigration
– deaths
Population growth is based on available resources
• Exponential growth is a rapid population increase
due to an abundance of resources.
Logistic growth is due to a population facing limited resources
Logistic vs Exponential Growth
Funny Bunnies
Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals
in a population that the environment can support.
Predator Prey Relationship
The predators keep the prey population
under control and the size of the population
of prey limits the amount of predators an
ecosystem can support.
Ecosystems Have Living and
Nonliving Components
Abiotic
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Water
Air
Nutrients
Rocks
Heat
Solar energy
pH
Biotic
– Living (or once
living)
– Interactions
• Competition
• Predator – prey
• Symbiosis
Major Biotic and Abiotic Components
of an Ecosystem
Ecological Relationships
graphic organizer
Concept
Predation
Predator
Prey
Symbiosis
Parasitism
Commensalism
What I know
What I learn
Predation
• Predators
–
–
–
–
Use pursuit
Ambush
Camouflage
Chemical warfare (venom)
• Prey
–
–
–
–
Swift movement
Shell
Camouflage
Chemical to poison
15
PREDATION
16
17
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19
20
Span worm
Wandering leaf insect
Poison dart frog
Viceroy butterfly mimics
monarch butterfly
Bombardier beetle
Hind wings of moth
resemble eyes of a
much larger animal
Foul-tasting monarch
butterfly
When touched, the
snake caterpillar
changes shape to look
like the head of a snake
Some ways prey species avoid their prey
Giant swallowtail butterfly larva
(Papilio cresphontes).
Hawkmoth
caterpillar.
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26
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Symbiosis
• Any interaction between two species
– Parasitism
– Commensalism
– Mutualism
Parasitism
• Live on or in another
species
• Host is harmed
– Ex. Tapeworms, ticks, fleas,
mosquitoes, Candiru (vampire
fish), Lamprey
Mutualism (benefits both species)
– Pollination mutualism
(between flowering plants
and animals)
– Nutritional mutualism
– Lichens grow on trees
– Birds/rhinos- nutrition and
protection
– Clownfish/sea anemones
– Inhabitant mutualism
– Vast amount of organisms
like bacteria in an animal’s
digestive tract
– Termites and bacteria in gut
30
Commensalism
– Helps one species but
does nothing for the
other
Ex. Redwood sorrel
grows in shade of
redwood
- Humans and
Eyelash Mites
31
Ecosystem Relationships
Manipulative Cards
In groups pair each picture with the correct interaction
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Predation
Abiotic Factors Can Limit Population Growth
Limiting factor principle
Too much or too little
of any abiotic factor
can limit (or prevent)
growth of a
population, even if all
other factors are at or
near optimal range
Range of Tolerance for a Population
of Organisms
INSERT FIGURE 3-10 HERE
Ecological factors limit population growth
• A limiting factor is something that keeps the size
of a population down.
• Density-dependent limiting factors are affected
by the number of individuals in a given area.
Density-dependent limiting factors are affected by
the number of individuals in a given area.
Biotic Factors
– predation
– competition
– parasitism
and disease
Density-independent limiting factors limit a
population’s growth regardless of the density
Reduces Biodiversity!
Abiotic Factors
– climate change
– natural disasters
– human activities
– introduction of invasive
species
– habitat degradation
– pollution
Limiting Factor Lab
• THEN BREAK…..
Follow-up
• Q&A
• Additional activities
– predator -prey computer simulation
– Human Population - 7 min video
• From 1 AD to future 2030
– Bacteria in a bottle interactive-exponential
growth
Florida Next Generation
Sunshine State Standards
SC.912.L.17.8* Recognize the consequences of the
losses of biodiversity due to catastrophic events,
climate changes, human activity, and the introduction
of invasive, non-native species. (HIGH)
Benchmark Clarifications
• Students will identify positive and/or negative consequences
that result from a reduction in biodiversity.
Content Limits
Items referring to reduction in biodiversity may
include examples of catastrophic events,
climate changes, human activities, and the
introduction of invasive and nonnative species,
but they will not assess specific knowledge of
these.
Items referring to reduction in biodiversity will
focus on the consequence and not require
knowledge of the specific event that led to the
reduction.
Items addressing climate change are limited to
biodiversity and population dynamics contexts.
Stimulus Attributes None specified
Response Attributes None specified
Bell Ringer
• Pet Pythons gone wild
• Pythons in the Everglades
Known species
1,412,000
(Estimates range between 3.6 - 100 million)
Other animals
281,000
Insects
751,000
Fungi
69,000
Prokaryotes
4,800
Plants
248,400
Protists
57,700
Biodiversity of Earth
Species Diversity:
the variety of species in an area
Two subcomponents: species richness
species evenness
Species Richness vs. Evenness
Species Richness: the number of a species
Richness: measurement of then a given area
Species Evenness: measurement of how evenly
distributed organisms are among species
Community A
species 1
species 2
species 3
species 4
species 5
25
0
25
25
25
Community B
1
1
1
1
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Comparison of Two
Communities
• Richness (number
of species)
• Relative
abundance
• How do we
describe these
differences?
Something’s Fishy
• Population study lab
– Mark & Recapture
Human-Caused Factors
of Biodiversity Loss
Loss of biodiversity caused by:
Habitat Destruction
Exotic Species
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Natural Capital Degradation: Satellite Image
of the Loss of Tropical Rain Forest
June 1975
May 2003
Human-Caused Factors
of Biodiversity Loss
Biodiversity loss caused by:
Pollution
Overhunting/Overharvesting
Invasive Species Lab
Lion Fish Video
Changes in Biodiversity due to
Climate Change
Biomes
Shift of Alpine biomes up mountains and
further North/South
Die-offs
Coral bleaching die-offs of up to 50% in the
Indian Ocean
Extinctions
Golden Toads, Harlequin Frogs, ...
Life Cycles
Gothic, CO marmots emerge from hibernation
about a month earlier than 30 years ago
Physiology
The average weight of adult female polar
bears has decreased by more than 20%
over the last 25 years
Migration
Multiple areas affected; fish and birds
Endangered and Threatened Species Are
Ecological Smoke Alarms
• Endangered species
– has so few individual survivors that the species
could soon become extinct over all or most of it
natural range
– Examples: California condor and whooping crane
• Threatened species, vulnerable species still
abundant but because declining numbers they are
likely to become endangered
• Examples: Grizzly bear and the American
Alligator
Figure 12-3a
Page 226
Grizzly bear
(threatened)
Mojave desert
tortoise
(threatened)
Kirtland's
warbler
White top
pitcher plant
Arabian oryx
(Middle East)
African elephant
(Africa)
Swallowtail
butterfly
Humpback
chub
Golden lion
tamarin
(Brazil)
Siberian tiger
(Siberia)
Endangered /Threatened Natural Capital
Figure 12-3b Page 226
West Virginia
Giant panda
spring salamander (China)
Mountain gorilla
(Africa)
Pine barrens
tree frog
(male)
Whooping
crane
Knowlton
cactus
Swamp
pink
Hawksbill sea
turtle
Endangered Natural Capital
Blue whale
El Segundo blue
butterfly
Characteristic
Examples
Low reproductive rate
(K-strategist)
Blue whale, giant panda,
rhinoceros
Specialized niche
Blue whale, giant panda,
Everglades kite
Narrow distribution
Many island species,
elephant seal, desert pupfish
Feeds at high trophic
level
Bengal tiger, bald eagle,
grizzly bear
Fixed migratory patterns
Blue whale, whooping crane,
sea turtles
Rare
Many island species,
African violet, some orchids
Commercially valuable
Snow leopard, tiger,
elephant, rhinoceros,
rare plants and birds
Large territories
California condor, grizzly
bear, Florida panther
Characteristics
of organisms
that are prone
to ecological
and biological
extinction.
Investigating Endangered Species
Extinctions Are Natural but Sometimes
They Increase Sharply
• Background extinction
– Continuous low level of extinction of species
• Extinction rate is expressed as a % of
number of species that can go extinct within
a certain time period
• Mass extinction:
– The extinction of many species in a relatively short period of
geological time
– Five mass extinction (50-95%)
– Causes: global climate change, large scale catastrophe like
asteroid hitting earth
Extinction
There have been 5 mass extinction events
during the history of the earth
Are we on the verge of a 6th?
+ and – consequences of
biodiversity loss
• Biodiversity contributes to many aspects of
human well-being, for instance by
providing raw materials and contributing to
health.
• Biodiversity loss has-direct and indirect
negative effects on several factors including
food security, vulnerability, health as well
as energy security and clean water.
All things come from earth, and
to earth they all return.
MENANDER (342 –290 B.C.)
Follow up
• Q&A
• Wanted Poster- Invasive Species
• Endangered Species Poster
• Post Test
• Give-a-ways
• See you on May 14th!
– Ecology II: Aquatic Systems & Food Webs
Oh Deer Me!