 In order to determine the type of relationship between
two organisms, first determine if each organism is
being helped, hurt, or not affected.
 If both animals are being helped, the relationship is
mutualism.
 If one organism is being helped and the other hurt, the
relationship is parasitism.
 If one organism is being helped and the other is
unaffected, the relationship is commensalism.
 Teach process first!
Warm-Up / EOC Prep
1. Nodules on the roots of legumes contain…
A. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which helps produce ammonia
and nitrates
B. Denitrifying bacteria, which produces amino acids
C. Bacteria that release uric acid into the soil
D. Bacteria that produce protein for absorption by plants
2. Which processes are most directly involved in the
cycling of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen between plants
and animals in an ecosystem?
A. Transpiration and excretion
B. Photosynthesis and respiration
C. Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
D. Decomposition and succession
Agenda
 Warm Up
 Notes
 Relationships Worksheet
 Pond Succession Questions
 Food Web Lab
 Clean Up
 Cool Down
 Quiz Friday on Guided Notes 1-5.
 Bring laptops tomorrow for projects.
Guided Notes 6
SUCCESSION
The orderly, natural
progression of stages
that communities of
an ecosystem go
through
Fast Facts…
• Succession occurs in stages and each stage
different species of plants and animals
may be present
• Succession can take place in water and on
land.
• Succession is difficult to observe because it
can take a really long time (hundreds to
thousands of years)
• There are two main types of succession:
primary and secondary
PRIMARY SUCCESSION
Colonization of barren land
by communities of organisms
Events Causing Primary
Succession
a) Glaciers
b)Volcanoes
PIONEER SPECIES
The first species that move into a
barren or disturbed area
(i.e. lichens)
SECONDARY SECESSION
Sequence of changes that
takes place after an existing
community is severely
disrupted in some way
Events Causing Secondary
Succession
a) Forest Fires
b)Hurricanes
c) Building a
road
 At the end of either primary or secondary
succession the community becomes a climax
community. This type of community is in
equilibrium and with little or no change in
species.
Succession in a Forest
Primary
Succession
Changing ecosystem
from scratch (no living
organisms)
Secondary
Succession
Changing ecosystem
from an existing
ecosystem (there are
living organism)
What do you think will
happen to number of species
in an ecosystem as
succession occurs?
What is
happening
to the
number of
plant
species
over time?
Describe what happens to the
stored energy over time?
Describe what happens to the total
biomass over time?
What does this graph tell us
about succession?
Which pond is the oldest?
Symbiosis: a close & permanent
relationship between two organisms
Symbiosis means living together.
Mutualism
 Both organisms benefit = win win (+ +)
1. Mutualism
Mutualism is a
symbiotic
relationship
in which both
species
benefit.
This little fish is
helping me by
cleaning my
teeth!!! Yeah!!!
I’m eating the big
fish’s food so he’s
helping me too!
Yeah!!!
More Examples of Mutualism
The coral reef and the algae exist in a
mutualistic relationship. They supply food
and shelter for each other.
Mutualism and Lichens!
Lichens are made up of fungi and algae.
The fungi attaches the organism to the tree
and protects the algae. The algae provides
food through photosynthesis.
Mutualism and flowers!
Flowers provide food for insects. Insects spread
the seeds of flowers. Both organisms benefit!
More examples of Mutualism
Clownfish hide in poisonous sea anemones which
protect them from larger fish. The clownfish also
clean leftover fish and algae and aid in water
circulation for the anemone.
Commensalism
 One species benefits, one is unaffected =
win, zero (+ 0)
2. Commensalism
Commensalism is a
symbiotic relationship
in which one species
benefits and the other
species is neither
harmed nor benefited.
In this picture, Spanish moss is
growing on the trees. The moss
benefits because it has a place
to live, and the tree doesn’t care.
Commensalism continued…
This bird, called an egret
rides on the back of large
mammals like elephants.
The egret benefits
because it gets a place to
live, and the elephant
doesn’t care because it
does not benefit or
become harmed by the
relationship.
More examples of Commensalism
Birds follow army ant
raid across the forest
floor. As the army any
colony travels, it stirs up
various flying insects. As
the insects flee from the
army ants, the birds
catch and eat them. This
does not affect the ants
but the birds are
benefiting.
Parasitism
 One species benefits, the other is harmed
(organism feeds off a host) = win lose (+ -)
3. Parasitism
Some interactions are harmful to one
species, yet beneficial to another.
Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in
which a member of one species benefits
and the other species is harmed is called
parasitism.
Parasitism
Parasites have evolved in such a way that they
harm, but usually do not kill the host species.
Tapeworms are parasites.
They attach to your intestines
and suck out all of your food.
the tapeworm benefits, and
the host is harmed because they
slowly starve to death.
One of the ways to get rid of a tapeworm is to starve yourself and then place
a piece of meat in front of your mouth. The tapeworm will smell the meat
and climb up your throat and out of your mouth.
Tapeworms continued!!!
Other parasites!
A lungworm benefits
while it harms the host.
This is the head of a
parasite. Parasites often
grab on to the digestive
tracts (intestines and
stomachs) of their hosts.
Guinea Worm-Another parasite!
Niche
The role an
organism
plays in the
environment
III. Organisms in Ecosystems
-A niche includes how the organism gets food, finds
shelter, and reproduces.
-A niche also includes all of an organism’s
interactions with the biotic (living) and abiotic
(non-living) parts of its environment.
Example: A cockroach’s niche is inside a
house, eating garbage.
Barnacles on a Whale
Flowers and their pollinators
Fish and sea anenome
Acacia Trees and ants
Bird on a bongo
Parasite, Commensalism, or
Mutualism?
Tapeworm living in the stomach of
a dog
Bacteria living in the intestine of a
cow. The cow is healthy and the
bacteria gets a home.
Ants living in an acacia tree. The
ants get a home and the tree gets
protection from harmful insects.
Lilies living on a log. The log is
unaffected, and the lilies have a
place to grow
Hookworm in the foot of a rabbit
Barnacles on a whale. The
barnacles get a free ride and food
and the whale doesn’t even know
they are there.
Bees pollinating flowers. The
flowers reproduce when the bees
carry their pollen and the bees get
food by eating the pollen.
Tiny birds on an elephant. The
elephant gets bugs picked off it and
the birds get something to eat and
protection.
Woodpeckers make
their nests in nopales.
This doesn’t hurt or
help the nopales.
Cool-Down
Homework:
 Quiz
Friday on Guided Notes 1-5.
Warm-Up / EOC Prep
1. A student wanted to study the effects of sunlight on
the growth of a certain plant. He planted the plants
in the same type of container and watered them at
the same time every day. What is the independent
variable?
A. Amount of water
B. type of container
C. Type of soil
D. amount of sunlight
2. A group of frogs living together near a pond would
be classified as which of the following?
A. A community
B. an ecosystem
C. A biome
D. a population
Agenda
 Warm Up
 Symbiosis Worksheet
 Biome Brochure Project
 Clean Up
 Cool Down
 Quiz Friday on Guided Notes 1-5.
Aquatic Biomes (7)
Biome Choices
Terrestrial Biomes (6)
1. rainforest
2. tundra
3. taiga
4. desert
5. temperate deciduous
forest
6. grassland
Freshwater Ecosystems (3)
1. Rivers & streams
2. Ponds & lakes
3. Freshwater wetlands /
swamps
Saltwater Ecosystems (4)
1. Shorelines / beach
2. Temperate ocean
3. Tropical oceans / coral reef
4. Estuary / salt marsh
Warm-Up / EOC Prep
1. A snake that eats a mouse
that ate grass is a..
A. Primary producer
B. Primary consumer
C. Secondary consumer
D. Tertiary consumer
2. Which of the following
correctly identifies
“evaporation from plants”?
A. evaporation
B. transpiration
C. precipitation
D. condensation
Agenda
 Warm Up
 Food Web Lab
 Quiz Review
 Biome Brochure Project
 Article 2
 Clean Up
 Cool Down
Article 2- Due Wednesday!