西方文明史
第三講： 希臘
劉 慧
教授
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The Earliest Civilizations of Europe;
Greek Civilization
• The Good Life
1. Minoan period 2000-1500-1400 BCE
Mycenaean period 1600-1200
2. The Greek Dark Ages 1150-800
3. The Greek Archaic Age 800-480
• Greek colonization
• Athenian Democracy
• The Persian Wars 490, 480-79
•
The Classical Age 480-338 BCE
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1. Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations
• Rediscovered in the 19th c
– Heinrich Schliemann: inspired by the Iliad
• 1870 Troy; 1876 Mycenae
– Arthur Evans: looking for king Minos of Crete
• 1899 Knossos
• Influence on later classical Greek culture?
• How similar to neighbouring areas?
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Minoan Civilization
2000-1500-1400 BCE
Writing not yet deciphered
City-states: Knossos, Kato Zakros
Bureaucracy
No protective walls
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Mycenaean Civilization
1600-1200 BCE
Trading relations
City-states: Mycenae, Pylos, Tiryns.
Bureaucracy
Heavily fortified hilltop forts
Linear B 1500-1400
– Mycenaeans ruled Crete
• 1250 Trojan war
• 1150-800 the Dorians ruled Greece
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Society
• Mycenaean Civilization
• Ostentatious royal graves
• Minoan Civilization
• Prosperity and equality
– Inlaid bronze daggers
– Flush-toilet, swimming pool, parquet
floors in the palace
– Dwellings in the poorest quarters were
well built and spacious
– Women could participate in public
activities and enter into many
occupations (bullfighters, boxers)
• Recreations
– Dancing, running races, boxing
– Stone theaters
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Art
• Minoan Civilization
• A people dedicated to elegance
• Painting
•
•
– Fresco
– Delight in the beauty of the
natural world
– Delicacy, spontaneity
and naturalism
– Joie de vivre
•
Mycenaean Civilization
Not as elegant, delicate or graceful –
stiffer, more symmetrical
Inlaid daggers were original
•
Little direct influence on later Greece
– Homer entirely forgot the bureaucracy:
destruction by the Dorians = a blessing
in disguise?
•
• Sculpture
Art; devotion to comfort, love of
amusement:
– different from Mesopotamia (and from
Egypt to a lesser degree)
– Smaller than life-size
• Household objects
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2. The Greek Dark Ages 1150-800
• Written records disappeared
• Political patterns
– Autonomous villages; village leader commanded local army (and worked on land);
village assembly = informal gatherings of warriors; no formal legal institutions
• Social and economic life
– No trading, little specialization
• Inferences drawn from the Iliad and the Odyssey
– Evolved from oral traditions during this period
• 9th century developments:
– Learned from the Phoenicians: the alphabet and seafaring
– Reinvent urbanism: the polis (pl. poleis)
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Religion
– Polytheistic system for 1) explaining the workings of the physical world
• Myth of Persephone, Hades and Demeter
– and 2) obtaining earthly benefits
• Gods behaved like humans and needed to be placated. sacrifices and prayers
– No professional priesthood; Greek temples were places where gods reside temporarily
Fate after death
– Shades in Hades gradually faded away
Life was for living for its own sake; glory resided in practicing human virtues
– Bravery, wisdom (cunning), service to family and community
Humanism
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3. Archaic Greece (800-480 BCE)
• Writing and trade
• Village → town (hilltop fortification with marketplaces) → (population growth)
city, polis
– City + surrounding countryside and villages. Kinship
• Colonization
– Early 8th c: commercial; c.735-600: farming
– Each colony was an independent foundation,
with emotional ties only to its ‘metropolis’
• Forms of government
– General assembly, executive council
and magistrates
– Oligarchy. Tyranny. Democracy
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Athens
• Probably in the 8thc, Athens and
Attica were united into a city-state:
sunoikismos
• Political changes in reaction to social
and military changes
1.
Oligarchy
– Hereditary aristocracy based on family ties
– 594- based on income
2.
Tyranny
– Peisistratus (546-527)
3.
Democracy
– Cleisthenes 508
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Athens: Social changes
• Conflict between various groups of aristocracy;
• between coastal and mountain areas;
• between rich and poor
– Owner farmers
– hektemorioi or tenant farmers
paying 1/6 of their produce to
the landowner
– debt slavery
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Athens: Military innovation
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Athens: Oligarchy
•
•
Draco, 621BCE – stern ‘draconian’ punishment for criminal acts – restoring order by
LAW
Solon, 594 BCE was granted emergency powers to forestall class warfare – restoring
order by CONSTITUTION
– Economic/Social
• Cancelled debts; loans could not be secured on the person
• Olive oil and wine, but not wheat, were allowed to be exported; encouraged ceramic industry
– Political
• Classified the citizenry into 4 grades in terms of wealth (500/300/200 bushels p.a. of produce)
• Archonship open to men of 1st and 2nd ranks
• A Council of 400 to be drawn from the top 3 ranks
– Legal – ended Draco's laws
• A popular Council of Appeal: all citizens were included as jurors
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Athens: Tyranny
• In the short term Solon failed – in 546 Peisistratus established a tyranny
– Tyrants: a member of the elite obtained support from the larger population.
Unconstitutional.
– State loans. Paid out of a 10% tax on all produce
– Poetry, arts, building projects, popular festivals
• 527-510: Peisistratus was succeeded by his son Hippias, who was later
overthrown
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Athens: Democracy
• Sudden change from one-man rule
• In 507 Cleisthenes defeated rivals with help from
the lower classes, ‘father of Athenian DEMOCRACY’
– Ephialtes (461 BCE), Pericles (443-429 BCE) etc;
navy (483-)
– Sovereign power
resided in the Assembly (ekklesia)
• Council (boule) of 500;
standing committee (prytaneis)
• 100 magistrates
• 6000 citizens acting as both jurymen
and judges (dikastes) a year
• 9 Archons;
Council of Aeropagus - ex archons
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– Use of lot
– Set up 30 regions and 10 new ‘tribes’ for nominating councilors
and magistrates; every free man participated in regional
selection process
• Selection was based on geography rather than on family connections
• Decision-making was based on argument and debate,
rather than local/kinship ties and custom
– Citizens were paid for attending meeting and holding office
– Ostracism - honourable exile to forestall the rise of tyrant
• The system matured by 487; worked well for a century
– Strict majority rule
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– Women, foreign residents and slaves were excluded
– Otherwise fully participatory:
• Everyone could, should, and had the right to participate in public
affairs
• Making the right decision for the common good did not require
specialist expertise
• Everyone had the ability to chose for themselves
• A high regard for the dignity and worth of the individual
– The danger of unreflective emotionalism
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The Persian Wars 490, 480-479
• Herodotus (485-425)
• Cyrus the Great (559-529):
extended his rule to Asia Minor
• Ionian revolt 499-494
• Darius I: Battle of Marathon 490
• Themistocles built a fleet 483
• Xerxes: Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis 480,
battle of Plataea 479
• Greek myths about the event
– The 300 at Thermopylae in 480
– struggle for liberty against despotism
• Confidence
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Persia, 559-331 BCE
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Cyrus 559-529
Cambyses 529-522
Darius I the Great 521-486
Xerxes 485-465
• Medes, Lydia, Babylon, Egypt
• Satrapy, satrap
• Vassal states: local religious and
legal institutions remained
• Standardized currency, weights and
measures; roads, ‘postal system’
• Allowed conquered peoples
considerable self-determination;
title: King of Kings, (instead of ‘True
King’)
• Universalism, eclecticism
• Governmental instability by 4th c BCE
• The Parthian dynasty in Iran from ca.
238 BCE
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國立臺灣大學 歷史學系 劉 慧 教授。
3
WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mediterranean_Relief.jpg)，
2012.03.09 visited.
4
WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dolphin_Mural_Knossos.jpg)，
2012.03.09 visited.
5
Bowersarthistory
(http://bowersarthistory.wikispaces.com/Mycenaean)，
2012.03.09 visited.
5
WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mykene.Treasure.of.Atreus.tholos.jpg)，
2012.03.09 visited.
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WIKIPEDIA
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knossos_bull.jpg)，
2012.03.09 visited.
6
Flickr / Cåsbr
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/rosemania/5704553901/)，
2012.03.09 visited.
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Flickr / Cåsbr
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/rosemania/5704553251/)，
2012.03.09 visited.
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Flickr / tortipede
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2012.03.09 visited.
6
Flickr / mitko_denev
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2012.03.09 visited.
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Flickr / clydesan
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/clydesan/2849203870/)，
2012.03.09 visited.
8
Flickr / Templar1307
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/healinglight/2251369670/)，
2012.03.09 visited.
8
Flickr / *clarity*
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2012.03.09 visited.
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Odisea2008 / Cesar Ojeda
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2012.03.09 visited.
11
WIKIPEDIA / Thrasis
(http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF:Greece_and_
it‘s_colonies_in_550_BC.jpg)，2012.03.13 visited.
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bufete tecnico
(http://www.bufetetecnico.es/arquitectura/proyectos1/propileos.html)，
2012.03.13 visited.
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WIKIMEDIA COMMONS
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AegeanSea_map_modified.png)，
2012.03.13 visited.
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WIKIMEDIA COMMONS / Dimorsitanos
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14
Flickr / Walters Art Museum
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WIKIPEDIA
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E%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0:Macedonian_Phalanx_(syntagma_formation).jpg&filetimest
amp=20060303233556)，2012.03.13 visited.
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Flickr / pyramis
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/mindmob/6394016847/)，
2012.03.13 visited.
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Flickr / Kenny Murray
(http://www.flickr.com/photos/kenny_murray/2568903738/)，
2012.03.13 visited.
20
WIKIMEDIA COMMONS / Rama
(http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trireme_1.jpg)，
2012.03.13 visited.
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國立臺灣大學 歷史學系 劉 慧 教授。
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Social Studies Online
(http://blais.wikispaces.com/Ancient+Middle+Eastern+Peoples)，
2012.03.13 visited.
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《300壯士：斯巴達的逆襲》，導演：柴克史耐德，發行：得利影視，2010 年 08 月 01 日。
博客來(http://www.books.com.tw/exep/prod/dvd/dvdfile.php?item=D020032219)，2012.03.13 visited.
依據著作權法第 46、52、65 條合理使用。
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Flickr / Arian Zwegers
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2012.03.13 visited.
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