Name:
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS
SYSTEM
SVHS ADVANCED BIOLOGY
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
UNIT #8
SPRING 2015
UNIT #8: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
OUTCOMES:
A) Be able to describe the general structure of the human spinal cord and describe how
cerebrospinal fluid can be sampled so that diagnostic tests can be performed.
(Page 272-274)
B) Be able to explain the advantage of having reflex arcs and how they work including the
various structures that make up a reflex. (Page 276)
C) Be able to describe the three meninges covering the brain, the location of the
cerebrospinal fluid, and materials found in the fluid. (Page 272)
D) Be able to discuss the major structures of the brainstem as observed in lab and give
functions for each of the structures. (Page 277-284)
E) Be able to discuss the structures of the cerebrum as observed in lab and describe
functions for these structures. (Page 284)
F) Be able to discuss functions of the cerebellum. (Page 284)
G) Contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems of the autonomic nervous system
as to function. (Page 309 Table 11.2)
Mon 2/2
Discussion:
Lab:
Homework:
Meninges and general features of the CNS (pages 272-273)
Observation of nerve cord, lab packet A
Read pages 274-277, D.R. #10.1
Wed 2/4
block
Discussion:
Lab:
Homework:
Structure of spinal cord, reflex arc. (Pages 274-277)
Reflex lab
Read pages 277-280. Answer reflex lab questions in lab packet
Mon 2/9
Discussion:
Lab:
Homework:
General structure of brain. (Pages 277-280)
Sheep brain dissection
Read pages 277-284 continue table in part “C”. D.R. #10.2
Wed 2/10
DVD: baby’s brain
Thurs 2/11
Discussion:
Lab:
Homework:
MONDAY 2/16
Structure of the brain; brain stem and diencephalon. (Pages 277-284)
Sheep Brain dissection
Read pages 284-292
President’s Day Holiday
Tues 2/17
Discussion:
Lab:
Homework:
Cerebrum & cerebellum (Pages 284-292)
Sheep brain dissection, cont’d, MRI lab
Complete lab packet, study for test
Thursday 2/19
Unit #8 Test: Central Nervous System
DVD: teenage brain
Mon 2/23
Senses mini-unit
SVHS ADVANCED BIOLOGY
_________________________
NAME:
PERIOD:
1
2
3
4
5
6
UNIT #8: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM LAB ACTIVITIES
PART "A": OBSERVATION OF WHOLE SPINAL CORD AND CROSS SECTION.
Using the prepared slides of spinal cord, complete the following:
• Diagram spinal cord cross section such that all structures below are shown.
• Label all structures listed below in the table.
Diagram the pathway of a reflex arc in the space below.
Label all structures listed in Figure 10.5 #1 through #5
Spinal Cord Cross Section 100X
Structure of Spinal
Cord
Anterior median fissure
Posterior median sulcus
Anterior gray horns
Posterior gray horns
White column
Motor Nerve
Sensory nerve
Function(s)
PART "B" REFLEX LAB.
Reflex procedure
Patellar tendon reflex
Right leg
Right leg after counting
Left leg
Left leg after counting
Achilles tendon reflex
Babinski reflex
Static Equilibrium
Eyes open
Eyes closed
Spatial orientation
Eyes open
Eyes closed
After twirling
Ciliospinal reflex
Salivary reflex (Normal)
With glucose solution
With lemon juice
Convergence reflex
Using the lab sheet follow the directions that describe how to demonstrate
or test for the various reflexes. Summarize each reflex in the space below.
Your response
Lab partner's response
QUESTIONS:
1) Were differences in the patella tendon responses observed? Explain.
2) What is the medical significance of the Babinski response?
3) What type of nerve is stimulated in the cilio-spinal reflex?
4) Can the salivary reflex be controlled?
Explain.
5) What structures in the body contribute to an individual's static equilibrium?
PART "C":
SHEEP BRAIN OBSERVATION
Using the sheep half brain and working in pairs prepare to take the oral quiz on the structures
listed below. You may be asked to identify a structure being pointed to, point to a named
structure, or give the function of a structure being pointed to. Prepare by identifying all
structures listed below and fill in the function of each structure in the appropriate space. Sign
up to quiz on any five or more structures. You will be called when your turn occurs.
EXTERNAL STRUCTURES
Dura Mater
(Remnants)
Any 3 Cranial Nerves
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater
Cerebrum
Cerebral
Hemispheres
Longitudinal Fissure
Gyri
Sulci
Primary Visual Area
Primary Auditory
Area
Primary Gustatory
Area
Primary Olfactory
Area
Primary Motor Area
Cerebellum
Transverse Fissure
Medulla Oblongata
Pons
Temporal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Parietal Lobe
FUNCTION(S)
INTERNAL STRUCTURES
(Brain must now be cut along the midsagittal plane such that are two mirror image
halves leaving the cerebral hemispheres attached to the cerebellum and brain
stem halves)
Cerebral Cortex
Corpus Callosum
Lateral, 3rd, and 4th
Ventricles
Cerebral Spinal Fluid
Location and name of structure that produces the CSF:
(all locations)
White Vs
Gray Matter
Pyramids
Cardiovascular
Center
Midbrain
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
In the space below name, give the location, and describe the function of what is described as
the “visceral” or “emotional” brain.
PART "D": Using the MRI images of the brain fill in the structure indicated by the black number.
MRI #1
1-
19-
2-
20-
3-
21MRI #5
4-
22-
5-
23-
6-
24-
7-
25-
MRI #2
8911MRI #3
12131415MRI #4
161718-
26-
Unit #8: CNS SELF STUDY GUIDE
1) From pages 272-275 titled “Spinal Cord Structure”, be able to;
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
H)
Name and describe the three meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Describe where the epidural space is and why it is important in terms of an epidural block.
Explain what meningitus is and what causes it to occur.
Describe what spinal segments are and the total number of them.
Be able to point out the posterior sulcus, the anterior fissure, the horns and columns.
Explain how many spinal nerves we have and how they are grouped.
Explain what is meant by a “mixed nerve”.
Explain which roots contain the motor and sensory nerves.
2) From pages 276-277 titled “Spinal Cord Functions”, be able to;
A) Define reflexes and describe their benefits.
B) Name the structures of a relfex arc.
C) Describe several reflexes.
4) From pages 277-279 titled “Brain, Major Parts”, be able to;
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Name the four principal parts of the brain.
Name the cranial meninges and explain how the pia mater is different from the other two in its position.
Describe the role makeup of cerebrospinal fluid.
Name the 4 ventricles and describe their position in the CNS.
Explain the function of the blood brain barrier.
5) From pages 279-283 titled “Brain Stem”, be able to;
A) Describe the functions of the brain stem or medulla oblongata.
B) Describe the location and function of the pons.
C) Describe the location and function of the midbrain.
6) From pages 283-284 titled “Diencephalon”, be able to;
A) Describe the location and role of the thalamus.
B) Describe the location and role of the hypothalamus.
7) From pages 284-292 titled “Cerebrum”, be able to;
A) Describe what meant by the “cerebral cortex”, if it is white or gray matter, and why it folds to form
convolutions.
B) Be able to describe the location and the function of structures observed in lab.
C) Be able to describe the four major lobes of the cerebrum.
D) Contrast white matter and gray matter as to location and function.
E) Describe differences between the right and left hemispheres of the brain.
F) Describe the role of the limbic system.
8) From page 284, 291 titled “Cerebellum”, be able to;
A) Describe functions of the cerebellum.
9) From page 292 titled “Cranial Nerves”, be able to;
A) Explain how many cranial nerves we have and how they are grouped.
10) From pages 294-296 titled “Aging And The Nervous System”, be able to;
A) Explain how the brain grows in the first few years.
B) Explain how “connections between neurons can be lost” as one ages.
11) From pages 301-302 (Ch 11) titled “Comparison …, and Structure”, be able to;
A)
B)
C)
D)
Describe a general function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
Give the name of the two divisions of the ANS and explain how they work in union.
Explain what dual innervation means regarding the ANS.
Name several organs regulated by the ANS.