Standards 6, 7 and 8
• SSUSH6: The student will analyze the impact of
territorial expansion and population growth and the
impact of this growth in the early decades of the new
nation.
• SSUSH7: Students will explain the process of economic
growth, its regional and national impact in the first
half of the 19th century, and t he different responses to
it.
• SSUSH8: The student will explain the relationship
between growing north-south divisions and westward
expansion.
• SSUSH6a: Explain the Northwest Ordinance’s importance in the
westward migration of Americans, and on slavery, public
education, and the addition of new states.
• SSUSH6d: Describe the construction of the Erie Canal, the rise
of New York City, and the development of the nation’s
infrastructure.
• SSUSH6e: Describe the reasons for and importance of the
Monroe Doctrine.
• SSUSH7a: Explain the importance of the Industrial Revolution as
seen in Eli Whitney’s invention of the Cotton Gin and his
development of interchangeable parts for muskets.
• SSUSH7b: Describe the westward growth of the United States,
include the emerging concept of Manifest Destiny.
• SSUSH7e: Explain Jacksonian Democracy, expanding suffrage,
the rise of popular political culture, and the development of
American nationalism.
• SSUSH8c: Describe the Nullification Crisis and the emergence of
states’ rights ideology; include the role of John C. Calhoun and
development of sectionalism.
• Section 1: Industry and Transportation (SSUSH7a)
• Section 2: Sectional Differences (SSUSH7a)
• Section 3: An Era of Nationalism (SSUSH6e,
SSUSH7b)
• Section 4: Democracy and the Age of Jackson
(SSUSH7e)
• Section 5: Constitutional Disputes and Cities
(SSUSH7e)
• A) Most Americans feel more allegiance to their
state than to the region in which they live or to the
country as a whole.
• B) Most Americans feel more allegiance to the
region in which they live than to their state or to the
country.
• C) Most Americans feel more allegiance to the
country than to their state or to the region in which
they live.
• Some states chartered companies to operate turnpikes or
roads for which users had to pay a toll. The term came from
the turnpikes or gates that guarded entrances to the roads. The
profit from the roads were supposed to help improve the roads
and ease travel.
• A decent route made from crushed rock which was funded by
the federal government. The road extended west from
Maryland to the Ohio River in present day West Virginia in
1818.
• The development of the steamboat. By burning
wood or coal, the engine boiled water to create
steam. The force of the steam turned a large,
rotating paddle, which pushed the boat through
the water. The steamboat made it much easier
to travel upstream against the current. Steam
powered ships revolutionized transatlantic
travel.
• The American who designed the first commercially successful
steamboat – named the Clermont.
• He was from Pennsylvania who first worked as a painter and
then an inventor and engineer. He constructed canals and
experimented with torpedoes and submarines.
• He was asked by President Thomas Jefferson to help build
canals of which he declined to develop the steamboat.
• The first journey of the Clermont was from New York City to
Albany.
• The Erie Canal was one of the most impressive projects
that developed out of the protective tariffs
investments.
• The Erie Canal stretched 363 miles , it was nicknamed
“the big ditch”, it took eight years to dig, and by
1825 it linked the Hudson River to Lake Erie-or in
effect, the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. Just 12
years after it opened, canal tolls had completely paid
for its construction. New York had become the
dominate port in the country.
• The arrival of the new mode of transportation was railroads.
The technology largely developed in Great Britain and began
to appear in the US in the 1820’s. Horses pulled the first
American trains, however clever inventors soon developed steam
powered engines, which could pull heavier loads of freight or
passengers at higher speeds than horses could manage.
• Compared to canals, railroads cost less to build and could more
easily scale hills. They moved faster than ships and carried
more weight.
• Developments in technology also transformed
manufacturing. This transformation became known as
the Industrial Revolution, which changed not only the
nation’s economy but also its culture, social life, and
politics.
• This revolution began in Great Britain during the
1700’s with the development of machines powered by
steam or flowing rivers, to perform work that had once
been done by hand. The first machines spun thread
and wove cloth more quickly and cheaply.
• Samuel Slater defied the British ban of exporting machinery as
well as emigration of workers with knowledge of the industrial
machine making advantage, by moving the United States.
• Slater used his detailed knowledge of textile machinery to build
the nation’s first water powered textile mill in 1793 at
Pawtucket, RI.
• Francis Cabot Lowell was a Boston merchant who developed
an industrial system in Massachusetts. The industrial system they
developed employed young, single women who were recruited
and lived under strict rules of behavior and housed them in
boardinghouses.
• The rise of industry increased the speed
and volume of the production of goods
such as cloth and shoes. It also reduced
the amount of skill and training needed
for workers who made those goods.
Factories in cities grew because of the rise
of industry.
• Interchangeable parts were
important to improve efficiency in
factories. Interchangeable parts
were identical components that could
be used in place of one another.
• Samuel F.B. Morse was an American who in 1837 invented the
electric telegraph, which allowed electrical pulses to travel long
distances along metal wires as coded signals. The code of dots
and dashes is called Morse Code after its inventor.
• Cyrus McCormick was the inventor of the steel plow and the
mechanical reaper which allowed farmers better methods of
planting, tending and harvesting crops and for raising livestock.
• The key inventions included the system of interchangeable parts,
the sewing machine, the telegraph, the plow, and the reaper.
• The North was becoming an industrial economy. The
West—the Old Northwest Territory—was mostly
agricultural. Farming was changing, though. Farm
families began to raise livestock and crops for sale,
using the cash they earned to buy supplies. The Old
Northwest proves to be ideal for growing those cash
crops such as corn, wheat, and other grains. The
South was developing an agricultural economy based
on raising cotton (single cash crop) with slave labor
and plantations.
• A tariff or tax on imports designed to product
American industry. The tariff increased the
price of imported manufactured goods by an
average of 20 to 25 percent. The inflated
price for imports encouraged Americans to buy
products made in the United States. The tariff
helped industry, but it hurt farmers, who had to
pay higher prices for consumer goods.
• Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin by using
interchangeable parts from muskets. (old
parts from the guns used in earlier wars).
The cotton gin made it possible to clean
cotton more quickly than before, and Britain’s
and New England’s textile mills demanded
more and more cotton than ever before.
Who invented the Cotton Gin?
• The friction from the grooved rollers on Eli
Whitney’s invention could remove seeds
from short-staple cotton (short fibers of the
cotton were best suited to the South’s
climate and soil) as well as long-staple
cotton.
• Previous gins could only remove from longstaple cotton.
The Cotton Gin
How did the invention of the Cotton Gin affect
cotton production and slavery in the South?
• The cotton gin increased the production of clean
cotton with the growth of vast plantations. On the
issue of slavery, the cotton gin led to a sharp
increase in the number of slaves were brought to
the southern United States to work on the
plantations for picking the cotton. This occurred as
a result of the development of the cotton gin. From
1790 to 1810 the number of slaves in the South
jumped from 700,000 to 1,200,000.
Cotton Production in the South and Slavery
• Glorification of the nation which
swept the country in the early 1800’s.
• Nationalism was a dominant political
force in the years following the War
of 1812. It affected economic and
foreign policy and was supported by
Supreme Court rulings.
• He was one of the leading advocates of the new concept of the
American System or economic nationalism. He supported the
Tariff of 1816 as part of a larger ambitious federal program
he called the American System.
• Clay and his supporters wanted the federal government to
build new roads and canals to link the Atlantic states with the
Midwest.
• Clay also favored reestablishment on a national bank. The
charter of the First Bank of the US had expired in 1811. Clay
stated a national bank would provide control over the nation’s
money supply and banking practices.
• President James Madison presented a plan to Congress in
1815 with hopes of uniting different regions of the country
and creating a strong, stable economy that would make the
nation self-sufficient. The plan included these major points:
• Developing transportation systems and other internal
improvements
• Establishing a protective tariff
• Resurrecting the national bank (established during
Washington’s administration under Hamilton’s guidance, and
ten much reduced in influence under Jefferson)
What was the intention of the American
System?
• The American System, promoted regional
interdependency, improved transportation
among regions, and helped different sections
of the nation work together by improving the
nation's infrastructure (internal
improvements), passing protective tariffs
(promotes U.S. businesses) and continuing
the national bank (united the country
currency).
• The American system united the nation’s
economic interests by having the North
produce manufactured goods that farmers in
the South and West would buy, while South
and West would raise the grain, livestock,
and cotton needed in the North. The main
goal of the American System was to unify a
nation with diverse regional interests and
create a strong, stable economy.
• A key figure in the development of the
nation’s foreign policy affairs was John Q.
Adams. Adams was James Monroe’s
Secretary of State and son of the former
President John Adams. Monroe and
Adams hoped to reduce the nation’s great
tensions by promoting national expansion.
• In 1819, American pressure and Adams’s
diplomacy persuaded Spain to sell Florida
to the United States.
• The Adams-Onis Treaty of 1821 ended
Spanish claims to the vast Pacific Coast
Territory of Oregon. The treaty allowed
Americans to begin to settle in Florida and
pursue the fur trade in Oregon.
How was nationalism reflected in court
decisions and diplomacy?
• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams pursued a
foreign policy guided by nationalism. He
negotiated treaties with Britain that reduced the
number of navy ships on the Great Lakes and
settled boundary disputes. In a treaty with Spain
(Adams-Onis Treaty), Adams brought Florida into
the United States.
• Adams-Onis Treaty the idea: Spain ceded Florida to
the U.S., Spain disavowed any claims it had on the
Oregon territory. Nationalism: expanded the
nation’s territory.
• In Gibbons v. Ogden, the Court ruled that
Congress—not the states—had the power
over commerce between the states.
• In McCulloch v. Maryland, the Court ruling
extended federal power by creating a broad
definition of commerce and by asserting the
supremacy of the federal government over
state law.
• In 1819, the United States had an equal
number of slave states vs. free states which
meant equal regional power in the Senate.
When Missouri, which was a slave state sought
admission to the union as a new state, it would
tip the balance in favor of the South. This
alarmed Northerners.
• A New York Congressman proposed banning
slavery in Missouri as the price for admission to
the Union which caused outrage in the South.
• Adams formulated the famous foreign policy doctrine
named by President Monroe which responded to
threats by European powers, including France, to help
Spain recover Latin American colonies that had
declared their independence.
• In 1823, Monroe issued a written doctrine declaring
that European monarchies had no business meddling
with American republics. In return the United States
promised to stay out of European affairs.
How did the foreign policies of John Q. Adams and
James Monroe serve national interests with diplomacy?
• John Quincy Adams’s diplomacy settled disputes with Britain
and acquired Florida from Spain.
• Monroe Doctrine the idea: European powers were not to
interfere in the Western Hemisphere by establishing colonies
or attempting to overthrow newly independent republics.
Nationalism: it promoted the idea of America’s right to selfdetermination and by having the U.S. take an important step
onto the world stage; by asserting national interest in
international affairs. Both John Quincy Adams and James
Monroe served national interests due to their policies
expanding the nation’s territory, settled boundaries, and
warned European powers against intervening in the Western
Hemisphere.
John Q. Adams and James Monroe
What was the importance of the Monroe
Doctrine?
• The importance of the Monroe Doctrine was to
ensure that the United States would not interfere in
the internal affairs of established European colonies
in the Americas. Also, the United States would use
military force to oppose any European attempt to
colonize or exert influence in non-colonial countries
in the Americas. Filled with nationalistic feelings,
United States citizens supported the Monroe
Doctrine with pride.
• This compromise was crafted by Henry Clay which
stated that the northern district of Massachusetts would
enter the Union as the free state of Maine to balance
admission of Missouri as a slave state.
• To discourage future disputes over state admissions,
the compromise also drew a line across the continent
from the southwestern corner of Missouri to the nation’s
western boundary. Territories south of that line would
enter as slave states and those to the north would
become free states.
How did the Missouri Compromise
temporarily settle the debate over slavery?
• The Missouri Compromise managed to temporarily
resolve the crisis with a series of agreements for the
rest of the Louisiana Territory into 2 sections 1.)(at
the north 36○ 30’ latitude line); Free (slavery
banned in North) and 2.)slavery (allowed/ legal in
the South).
• Maine was admitted as a free state and Missouri as
a slave state, thus preserving the sectional balance
in the Senate and preventing the nation from
collapsing into SECTIONALISM.
Who is Andrew Jackson?
• 7th US President at age 61 (1829-1837)
• He was born in poverty in N.Carolina. Had no college
education.
• Politician, lawyer and army general who defeated the Creek
Indians at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend(1815) and the British
in the Battle of New Orleans (1813).
• He had a fiery temper and had engaged in several duals in
which he killed a man Charles Dickinson.
• Considered himself a “man of the people”.
Who is Andrew Jackson?
• Had several “nicknames”: King Andrew, Old
Hickory, King Mob, The Hero of New Orleans.
• Founder of the Democratic Party.
• Opposed the National Bank of the United States.
• Supported the displacement and dispossession of
Native Americans.
• He proposed the Indian Removal Act to Congress.
Explain Jacksonian Democracy.
• Jacksonian Democracy refers to the political philosophy of U.S. President
Andrew Jackson and his supporters (Jackson's policies followed in the
footsteps of Thomas Jefferson).
• Jackson's democratic party was resisted by the rival Whig party.
• Jacksonian era saw a great increase of respect and power for the
common man, as the electorate expanded to include all white male adult
citizens, rather than only land owners in that group.
• Jacksonian democracy promoted the strength of the executive branch
and the presidency at the expense of congressional power, while also
seeking to broaden the public's participation in government.
• Jacksonians believed in enfranchising all white men, rather than just the
propertied class.
What is the Spoils System?
• A system of government in which leaders of the incoming
government throw out the appointees of the previous
government and replace them with their own appointees.
The current practice of replacing high-ranking members of
the executive branch when a new president takes office.
This began under Andrew Jackson. By allowing politicians
to appoint their supporters into administrative offices,
Jackson argued it would reduce the power of elites and
prevent aristocracies from emerging. He demanded elected
(not appointed) judges and rewrote many state constitutions
to reflect the new values.
What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830?
• The federal government would provide funds to
negotiate treaties that would force Native
Americans to move West, which established the
Indian Territory (Oklahoma), a plan for the removal
of Native Americans living east of the Mississippi
River, and set aside funds for housing, supplies, and
farming tools for that purpose. Jackson supported it
because he believed it was a favorable solution that
would enable Native Americans to maintain their
way of life.
Trail of Tears
How did the Cherokee react to the Indian
Removal Act of 1830?
• The Cherokee Nation fought back in the courts with
the court case Worcester v. Georgia, the Supreme
Court Chief Justice Marshall ruled in the Cherokee’s
favor and declared that the Cherokee Nation was a
distinct political community that Georgia is not
entitled to regulate or invade. Jackson refused to
comply and refused to enforce the court ruling.
Later, President Martin Van Buren orders the forced
removal of all Cherokee from Georgia along the
Trail of Tears.
Who were the “Five Civilized Tribes”?
• Cherokee
• Chickasaw
• Choctaw
• Creek
• Seminole
Indian Removal Act/Cherokee Nation of
Georgia
• A leading politician and political theorist from South
Carolina who served on the South Carolina
legislature.
• He was elected to and served on the House of
Representatives for 3 terms.
• He was a “War Hawk” or one who in the 1800’s
demanded that the US declare war on Great Britain
because of disrupted trade activities between the US
and Europe.
• He served as Secretary of War under President
James Monroe.
• He ran for president of the US in 1824 against
Andrew Jackson, but withdrew due to the enormous
support that Jackson had and ran for Vice President
instead.
• He served as Vice President twice (1824 & 1828) for
John Q. Adams and Andrew Jackson.
• He supported the Tariff of 1828 or “Tariff of
Abominations” which caused him to be opposed to
the views of Andrew Jackson. He resigned as Vice
President in 1832.
• John C. Calhoun of South Carolina came to oppose
protective tariffs bitterly because he seen it as a
threat to the South and to states’ rights. Southerners
felt that they were paying to build industry in the
North. Calhoun argued that states could nullify—or
declare void—any federal law that they opposed.
Calhoun’s nullification theory, promoted the concepts of
states’ rights and encouraged South Carolina to
consider secession.
• Calhoun’s nullification theory argued that
since the United States Constitution was
based on a compact among sovereign
states then the states must still be
sovereign and had the right to determine
whether an act by Congress was
unconstitutional and if it was, to declare it
illegal within its borders.
• Tariff of 1828 – was passed by Congress
on May 9, 1828 which was designed to
protect industry in the Northern United
States.
• This tariff was also called the “Tariff of
Abominations” by United States
southerners because of the effects it had
on the antebellum Southern economy.
• Jackson thought that the federal authority was supreme.
• Calhoun thought that states’ rights were supreme.
• Jackson was very suspicious of big banks.
He thought the national bank was a
symbol of big business. He saw the bank
as a tool of the upper classes which
symbolized eastern wealth and a threat to
American democracy. The charter of the
bank was not renewed by Jackson, and it
closed its doors.
• The Panic of 1837 – an incident of
bank closings and the collapse of the
credit system that cost most people
their savings, bankrupted hundreds of
businesses and put more than a 1/3
of the population out of work.
• Andrew Jackson had funds deposited in pet
banks which were other wildcat banks and
made specie the only acceptable form of
payment for public land. The economic policies
of President Andrew Jackson, who created the
specie circular by executive order and also
refused to renew the charter of second bank of
the United States, resulting in the withdrawal of
government funds from the bank.
• .
• A new political party that formed as a result of the Bank’s
supporters denouncing Jackson as a power hungry tyrant who
trampled on the rights of Congress. Jackson vetoed the bank
and this shocked the supporters because previous Presidents
had so rarely used the veto power.
• The Whigs were a group who formed a political party which
was led by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster . The Whigs were
nationalists who wanted a strong federal government to
manage the economy.
• The Whigs ushered in the presidency of William Henry
Harrison.