MAN AND ENERGY
A case for Sustainable Living through
Renewable and Green Energy
Ali Keyhani
Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering
The Ohio State University
Columbus, OH-43210
keyhani.1@osu.edu
3/12/2016
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ABSTRACT
• Energy technologies have a central role in social and
economic developments at all scales.
• Energy is closely linked environmental pollution,
degradation to economic development and quality of living.
• We are dependent on nonrenewable fossil fuels that have
been and will continue to be major cause of pollution and
climatic change.
• Petroleum supplies are dwindling.
• Thus finding sustainable alternatives is an urgent concern.
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….ABSTRACT
Challenges
• To develop technology for integration, control
of renewable energy sources, control of
energy consumption and load management.
• To empower energy user for a sustainable
living.
• Developing Distributed Generation system
where energy user is also an energy producer.
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…ABSTRACT
• In this talk, an overview of humankind energy
use is presented.
• Man and Energy --- the past.
• Man and Energy--- the last hundred years.
• Man and Energy---the future
• Then the talk, focuses on some of the
challenges and efforts needed to harness
renewable energy sources for a sustainable
human society.
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MAN HISTORY
• Early human forays into the Middle East from Africa around
100,000 to 150,000 years ago.
• These early settlers were replaced by Neanderthals in the
region about 80,000 years ago.
• Possible triggers for migration : increase in population, a
change in diet, the acquisition of language and climatic
change.
• Around 40,000 years ago, grip of Ice Age loosened,
temperature became warmer, humans moved into Central
Asia and multiplied quickly.
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…MAN HISTORY
• 35,000 years ago small groups of people left
Central Asia for Europe. Cold temperatures kept
them there.
• They became paler and shorter than their African
ancestors.
• 15000 years ago, one small clan of arctic dwellers
followed the reindeer herd over the Bering Strait
land bridge to North America.
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…MAN HISTORY
• Some time in the past, random mutations, which
can happen naturally and be harmless, marked a
new begging.
• Climate changes may have coaxed humans out of
Africa and encouraged Neanderthals already
living there to spread outward into other parts of
Asia and southeastern Europe.
• But a climatic reversal also could have turned the
tables.
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…MAN HISTORY
• Europe and Northern Asia were experiencing a cool era
at that time, and even hearty Neanderthals probably
would have found the warmer climates to the south
enticing.
• “They pushed back probably from the Caucasus region
to the north, and drove the humans then living there
into retreat” Bar-Yosef suggested.
• Only a second advance by humans thousands of years
later—one that was more permanently successful—
ultimately settled the question of which species would
prevail.
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CLIMATE FACTOR
• A major mystery in the story of human evolution
is how climate affected the environment where
creatures that regularly walked upright—the
hominids—first emerged.
• One widely accepted theory holds that after the
ape and hominid lineages split, the earliest
human ancestors were forced into the expanding
tropical grasslands of the African savanna after
the continent's thick forests dwindled as a result
of climate change.
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Sustainable Energy Technology
Primary Energy: All we use comes from the sun.
Solar radiation
Key to Sustainability:
Utilize primary energy
resource at the same rate at
which it is naturally
replenished on earth and
without externalities.
Source : BMW Group,2000
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EARLY HISTORY AND USE OF ENERGY
Mesopotamia
• An area geographically located between the Tigris
and Euphrates rivers, largely corresponding to Iraq ,
Khuzestan region of southwestern Iran.
• 8000 B.C people of the area used wood
and wood charcoal and oil.
• Include Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian,
Assyrian Empires.
• Known as “Cradle of civilization”
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…EARLY HISTORY AND USE OF ENERGY
IRON AGE
• The Neo-Assyrian Empire was a period of Mesopotamian
history which began in 934 BC and ended in 609 BC. About
half a century later, the Babylonians and Assyrians both
became provinces of the Persian Empire which gave way to
the Achaemenid Empire.
•
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Seal of Cyrus, the Great.(550 B.C.)
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…EARLY HISTORY AND USE OF ENERGY
EGYPT
• 5000 B.C, Egyptians used wood and wood charcoal for cooking
and heat.
Inscriber Egypt. (3000BC.)
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…EARLY HISTORY AND USE OF ENERGY
GREECE
• 750 B.C TO 146 B.C, considered to the seminal culture which
provided the foundation for western civilization.
The Parthenon is the most memorable symbol of the culture and sophistication of the ancient Greeks.
• Greek culture had a power influence on Roman Empire.
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…EARLY HISTORY AND USE OF ENERGY
INDIA
• The Indus Valley Civilization (3000–1500 B.C) flourished in the
Indus river valleys primarily in Sindh province of Pakistan,
extending westward into Balochistan province, and in north
western and western India.
• According to archaeologists, wheel was
probably invented in around 8,000 B.C.
in India.
Taj mahal
Chariots belonging to the Aryans
of ancient India
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…EARLY HISTORY AND USE OF ENERGY
CHINA
• China is one of the world's oldest continuous civilizations
(extends 5000 years).
• Deep Drilling of Gas: Technique
developed in 100 B.C. The devices that
were used were remarkably large and
well crafted for time.
• The Chinese’s building process was
dramatically sped up because of this useful invention. The
wheelbarrow emerged in first century BC.
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CHRONOLOGY OF OIL DISCOVERY AND
USAGE
• 450 B.C : Herodotus described oil pits near Babylon.
• 325 B.C : Alexander the great used flaming torches of
petroleum products to scare his enemies.
• 1264 : Marco Polo recorded visiting the Persian city of
Baku, on the shores of the Caspian Sea in modern
Azerbaijan, he saw oil being collected from seeps for use in
medicine and lighting.
• 1814 : One of the first wells that produced oil which was
marketed was drilled near Marietta, Ohio
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…CHRONOLOGY OF OIL DISCOVERY AND USAGE
• 1895 : Invention of combustion engine.
• 1896 : Henry Ford's first motorcar.
• 1908 - Oil discovered in Persia, Anglo Persian Oil company
formed (Later became British Petroleum, BP).
• 1938 - Oil discovered in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.
• 1939-1945 - World War II - control of oil supply from Baku
and Middle East played a huge role in the events of the war
and the ultimate victory of the allies. Cutting off the oil
supply considerably weakened Japan in the latter part of
the war.
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…CHRONOLOGY OF OIL DISCOVERY AND USAGE
• 1951 : Anglo Iranian Oil Company nationalized.
• 1954 : Anglo-Persian Oil Company renamed British Petroleum.
• 1979-1981 : Oil prices rise from $13.00 to $34.00.
• 1986 : Chernobyl - Nuclear power plant accident.
• 2003 : (Aug 14) - Major electrical failure causes blackout in
New York State and Ontario.
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…CHRONOLOGY OF OIL DISCOVERY AND USAGE
• 2004 (July) - US oil imports at a record 11.3MMBO per day.
• 2004 - (Nov) George Bush re-elected President in USA.
• 2004 (Oct 25) - Oil at a record price of $55.67 US per barrel
on concerns over high demand and possible supply
disruptions in the Middle East and damage on the Gulf
Coast from Hurricane Ivan .
• 2008 (Jan 2) - WTI oil price briefly touches US$100 per
barrel for the first time driven by supply concerns and the
weak US dollar.
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Is an Oil economy Sustainable?
• In the long run, an economy that utilizes petroleum as a
primary energy source is not sustainable, because the amount
of oil in the Earth’s crust is finite.
• The history of energy use is largely one of substitution. In the
19th century, the world’s primary energy source was wood.
• Around 1890, wood was replaced by coal. Coal remained the
world’s largest source of energy until the 1960s when it was
replaced by oil.
• No one can predict the future, but the world contains enough
petroleum resources to last at least until the year 2100.
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The above graph shows the Hubbert predictions in 1956
which shows the estimates of the oil production in the future
which is compared with the actual production.
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The world average oil production per capita from 1920 to
1999. The curve represents the ratio of world oil production
(O) and world population (Pop): i.e. ô = O/(Pop) in barrels per
capita per year (i.e. b/c/year). Note well that ô grew
exponentially from 1920 to 1973. Next, growth was negligible
from 1973 to the all-time peak in 1979. Finally, from its peak
in 1979 to 1999, ô decreased at an average rate of 1.20% per
year. (i.e. from 5.50 b/c in 1979 to 4.32 b/c in 1999)
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• World average energy production per capita (ê) grew
significantly from 1920 to its all-time peak in 1979.
• Then from its peak in 1979 to 1999, ê declined at an average
rate of 0.33 %/year.
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Introduction to Current Energy Use
World-Wide Total Energy Sources
86.5% combustion
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
21.1% Natural Gas
32.6% oil
22.2% coal
10.6% traditional biomass
5.7% nuclear
5.5% hydro-electric
2.3% renewables (other than
traditional biomass)
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2.30%
coal
10.60%
5.50%
22.20%
oil
natural gas
5.70%
nuclear
large hydro
21.10%
32.60%
traditional biomass
other renewables
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Introduction to current energy use
Trends in World Total Energy Use (last 30 years)
BP website www.bp.com
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Introduction to current Energy Use
Regional Distribution of Total Energy Use
Regional Consumption Pattern 2006
Percentage
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
North
America
S. & Cent.
America
Europe &
Eurasia
Middle
East
Africa
Asia
Pacific
Oil remains the leading energy source in all regions except Asia Pacific and Europe and Eurasia.
Coal dominates in the Asia Pacific Region, while Natural Gas is the leading fuel in Europe and
Eurasia. The Asia Pacific region accounted for two-thirds global energy consumption last year.
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Introduction to current Energy Use
World Energy Use for Electricity Generation
64% combustion
•
39% coal
•
15% gas
•
10% oil
•
16% nuclear
•
19% hydro-electric
15.00%
39.00%
16.00%
coal
hydro
oil
nuclear
gas
10.00%
19.00%
World Nuclear Association, 2008
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Introduction to current Energy Use
World Energy Resource Trends
Year 2000
405*1015 BTU
Year 2020
610*1015 BTU – 50% increase
coal
20.00%
natural gas
22.10%
nuclear
39.50%
39.80%
27.60%
coal
natural gas
hydro &
renewable
nuclear
23.00%
oil
hydro & renewable
oil
8.30%
8.60%
4.60%
6.50%
Source : EIA, U.S, DOE, 2007
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Energy Sustainability Discussion
Primary Energy : All We Use Comes from the Sun. Energy sustainability requires use of
resources at the same rate at which they are naturally replenished on earth without
externalities.”
Source : BMW Group, 2000
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Energy Sustainability Discussion
Earth at night - 2007
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Energy Sustainability Discussion
Earth at night 2030
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Electricity Consumption
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Introduction to Current Energy Use
World-Wide Total Energy Sources
86.5% combustion
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
21.1% Natural Gas
32.6% oil
22.2% coal
10.6% traditional biomass
5.7% nuclear
5.5% hydro-electric
2.3% renewables (other than
traditional biomass)
2.30%
coal
10.60%
5.50%
22.20%
oil
natural gas
5.70%
nuclear
large hydro
21.10%
32.60%
traditional biomass
other renewables
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press
(2004)
Energy Sustainability Discussion
2.5
A small number, BUT, at this IEA forecast average annual growth rate (2.5%) world electricity
demand will double by 2030
75
IEA forecasts world carbon dioxide emissions due to power generation to increase over 75% from
2002 to 2030 (from 9417 metric tons to 16771 metric tons)
1.5 billion
2006 world population equals 6.7 billion. The UN forecasts population will grow to 8.2 Billion by
2030. That’s another 1.5 billion people who will need electricity…equivalent to adding 5 new
USA’s to the globe.
Energy Sustainability Discussion
• Current overall “effectiveness” of energy consumption is DEPRESSING
• We Would be better off burning a lump of coal at home to produce light?
• Highly poor end-use efficiency
- Transport emissions/efficiency challenges.
- End-use emissions.
Global Climate
Solar irradiation enters atmosphere primarily as UV radiation
Earth radiation to space is primarily Infra-red radiation
Composition of atmosphere affects how much energy is absorbed, reflected, transmitted through,….
•
Similar to a car window
IPCC, 2006 ; http://www.ipcc.ch/
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Global Climate
Many factors influence climate One cannot prove that human activity is causing
climate change, but, preponderance of evidence is certain
IPCC, 2006 ; http://www.ipcc.ch/
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Co2 Emission Around the World
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Production of CO2 Since 1700
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Global Climate
Carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, sea level continue to rise long after
emissions are reduced.
IPCC, 2006 ; http://www.ipcc.ch/
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Global Climate
Departures in temperatures ( degree celsius ) from 1961-1990 average
IPCC, 2006 ; http://www.ipcc.ch/
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Energy Sustainability Discussion
Greenhouse Gas emissions in electricity sector
H combined cycle(60%)
LMS 100(46%)
Heavy duty simple cycle (37%)
Coal
New Coal - IGCC with CCS
Natural Gas
New Coal - SCPC
Existing Coal: Usavg. (30%)
World Average
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
carbondioxide emission rate (lbs/MWh)
Source : EIA, U.S., DOE, 2007
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Energy Sustainability Discussion
We SHOULD move towards “clean” energy
Technologies
• “Green Tech” and “clean energy” have
become Wall Street darlings – GOOD.
• Need much more than hype.
Global Clean Energy Projected Growth 2007-2017
$300.00
$250.00
$200.00
2007
$150.00
2017
$100.00
$50.00
$0.00
Biofuels
Wind Power
Solar Power
Fuel Cells
Total
Global Installation/Production Growth : Solar, Wind,
Biofuels
2003
2007
2017(est.)
Solar PV
installations
620MW
2821MW
22760MW
Wind Power
Installed
8000MW
20060MW
75781MW
Biofuels Produced
7 Billion
Gallons
15.6 Billion
Gallons
45.9 Billion
Gallons
Source : Clean Energy, Inc.
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Energy Sustainability Discussion
Proven Energy Resources around the world
Petroleum
Natural Gas
Coal
Region
2002 preserved
Resources (10^9 bbls)
R/P
(years)
2002 proved Reserves
(10^12 SCF)
R/P years
2002 preserved
Reserves (10^9
tonnes)
R/P
(years)
North America
49.9
10.3
252.4
9.4
257.8
240
S. & Cent.America
98.6
42
250.2
68.8
21.8
404
Europe & Eurasia
97.5
17
2155.8
58.9
355.4
306
Middle East
685.6
92
1979.7
>100
????
>500
Africa
77.4
27.3
418.1
88.9
55.3
247
Asia Pacific
38.7
13.7
445.3
41.8
292.5
126
World
1047.7
40.6
5501.5
60.7
984.5
204
Reserves-to-production (R/P) : R/P ratios represent the length of time that those remaining reserves would last if production were to
continue at the previous year's rate. It is calculated by dividing remaining reserves at the end of the year by the production in that
year.
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BP website
– www.bp.com
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Energy Sustainability
Proved reserves at end 2006
Thousand million barrels
Oil Reserves
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Asia Pacific
North America
S & Cent.
America
Africa
Europe & Asia Middle East
Region
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Energy Sustainability Discussion
Caifornia Global Climate Initiatives
• Achieving goals will require “remarkable” and “significant” adoption of new
technologies affecting all economic sectors.
• Electricity generation sector example
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Source : Ferguson, CEERT, March2,2007
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Energy Sustainability Discussion
Oil Discovery and Production Trends
Source : Campbell, Hubbert Peak, 2005
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Energy Sustainability
Historical and projected Oil production vs. Region
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Source : Campbell, Hubbert Peak, 2005
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Introduction to Current Energy Use
Petroleum Production
Projected Peak oil (2016-2028)
Source : Oil and Gas Journal, 2004
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Introduction to Current Energy Use
World Oil Demand Growth (change from previous year)
Source : EIA, U.S., DOE, 2008
Sustainable Energy Technology
Dish Stirling Engine
• Uses Carnot Cycle
• High heat capacity working fluid (usually
Hydrogen)
•
The age of petroleum is coming to an end, and the future is
dangerously insecure.
• Oil demand will shortly exceed the production capacity of
even the largest suppliers. The world economy is moving
towards an uneasy transition.
• The open question is when the peak oil usage occur. Can the
world renewable and green sources of energy be able to
continue the industry in the same way as it is at present.
• Global warming is an engineering problem, not a moral
crusade. Until we solve the problem, it's hypocrisy to
pretend we can stop.
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Remarks:
• Accepted age for the Earth and the rest of the solar system is
about 4.55 billion years. It took billion of years to produce world
oil, gas and coal reserve.
• Recorded history of Homo Sapiens is about 5000 years old.
• For 5000 years, man used wood , wood charcoal , wind and water
power .
• Since the industrial revolution, man has been using coal.
•
Man has been using oil for one hundred years. How long would it
last?
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…Remarks:
• Man has been present on earth : 5000/4000000=0.1%
• Man has been using energy : 5000/100000=5%
• Man has been using oil : 100/5000=2%
• Results: Man has populated the earth and exhausted it
resources.
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…CONCLUSION
• The parallel issue that is also in a concern is the Global
warming.
• For a sustainable life and preventing Global warming, man
must minimizing the dependence on oil.
•
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Renewable and Green Energy
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INTRODUCTION
What is the Concept of Green Energy ?
Power generation using environmental-friendly energy sources.
1. Hydrogen Based Resources

Fuel cells
2. Renewable Energy Sources

Photovoltaic cells

Wind power
3. Storage Devices

Ultra capacitors

Batteries

Flywheels
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Distributed Generation System Technologies
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INTRODUCTION
What are the Benefits of Distributed Generation Systems ?
•
Installation near to the local loads.
•
Power losses of distribution network can be reduced by reducing the power flow in the
transmission lines.
•
On-site standby power systems during grid outages
•
Peak load shaving
•
Modular structure makes system expansion easy. e.g. fuel cell-micro turbine or micro
turbine-battery systems.
•
Combined heat and power (CHP) applications.
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Germany Solar Initiative
• The "Feed-in Law" in Germany permits customers to receive
preferential tariffs for solar generated electricity depending
on the nature and size of the installation. Under the new tariff
structure introduced in 2004, the base level of compensation
for ground-mounted systems can be up to 45.7 euro
cents/kWh. PV installations on buildings receive higher rates
of up to 57.4 euro cents/kWh.
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Germany Solar Initiative
• The Feed-in Law fixes tariffs for approved renewable
energy projects for a 20-year period from the plant
commissioning and will apply incremental price cuts.
Tariffs were initially set at 48.1 cents per kilowatt
hour for solar energy, 8.6 cents per kWh for wind,
from 9.6 to 8.2 cents per kWh for biomass, 8.4 to 6.7
cents per kWh for geothermal and 7.2 to 6.3 cents
per kWh for hydropower, waste and sewage gas.
• The Feed-in Law requires that the tariff paid for solar
electricity be reduced by 5% per year, and by 6.5% per annum
for ground-mounted systems.
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Germany Solar Initiative
• Some 20,000 solar electricity systems yielding
an output of about 145 Megawatts (MW)
were installed in 2003, almost twice the
volume installed in the previous year.
The total solar electricity capacity in Germany
is now estimated at over 400 Megawatts.
Germany saw slow growth in 2006, but still
remains by far the largest PV market in the
world.
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Germany Solar Initiative
968 Megawatts of PV were installed in
Germany in 2006. The German solar market
generated total revenues of over 800 million
euros in 2003.
The German PV industry generates over
10,000 jobs in production, distribution and
installation. Over 90% of solar PV installations
are in grid-tied applications in Germany. The
balance is off-grid (or stand alone) systems
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Germany Solar Initiative
PV Installations by Year in Germany (in
Megawatts)
1990( 0.60 MW) 1991(1.00 MW)
1992(3.10MW) 1993 (3.5 MW) 1994 (4.0
MW) 1995 (5.9 MW) 1996 (10.6 MW) 1997
(14.5 MW) 1998 (12.6 MW) 1999 (16.5 MW)
2000 (44.0 MW) 2001 ( 80.0 MW) 2002 (83.0
MW) 2003 (145.0 MW)
•
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Germany Solar Initiative
• The world's largest PV installation is in
Germany, at Hemau in Bavaria. It consists of
32,740 solar modules with a combined peak
power output of 4 Megawatts.
• Some German states have subsidy programs
for PV installations that can be used in
combination with the national Feed-in Law.
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Germany Solar Initiative
• German Energy and Electricity Industry German
domestic energy sources in 1998 were: Coal: 46%,
Nuclear power: 31%, Natural Gas: 14%, Renewable
Energy: 6% and Oil: 3%. In consumption terms,
though, oil accounted for 44%, or 2.8 million barrels
per day. Of the renewable energy segment, wind
energy accounts for about 58%, Hydropower 30%,
Biomass 12%, and solar and other source for the
balance.
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Selected Energy Statistics by Country (1998) Source: International Energy Agency
Population
GDP (US $)
Electricity
consumption
kWhr per
capita
Brazil
165.87
576.41
1850.78
1.78
0.51
Canada
30.30
666.72
16348.68
15.75
0.72
China
1238.60
805.26
871.91
2.30
3.54
France
58.85
1349.20
7175.10
6.38
0.28
Germany
82.02
1883.53
6481.51
10.45
0.46
India
979.67
499.31
415.75
0.93
1.82
Japan
126.49
3303.58
8008.33
8.92
0.34
United Kingdom
59.24
1123.21
5800.11
9.28
0.49
269.09
7043.64
13388.11
20.10
0.77
United States
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CO2 per
capita
CO2 per unit
of GDP
67
Company Name
Country
Address
Contact details
Aleo Solar
Germany
Staugraben 4, D-26122 Oldenburg, Germany
Tel: 49 441 219 88-0
Fax: 49 441 219 88-15
E Mail: dettmann@aleo-solar.de
Alfasolar
Vertriebsgesellschaft
GmbH
Germany
Calenberger Str. 28, D-30169 Hannover,
Germany
Tel: 49 5 11 131 71 90
Fax: 49 5 11 131 71 92
E Mail: mail@alfasolar.de
Aplicaciones Tecnicas de
las Energía
(ATERSA)
Spain
Embajadores 187, Madrid 28045, Spain
Tel: 34 915 178 452
Fax: 34 914 747 467
E Mail: atersa@atersa.com
AXITEC Vertrieb
Deutschland
Germany
Heimsheimer Straße 62, 71263 Weil der Stadt
(Hausen), Germany
Tel: 49 7033 30 42 0
Fax: 49 7033 30 42 222
E Mail: info@axitec.de
BIOHAUS PV Handels
GmbH
Germany
Otto-Stadler-Str. 23, D-33100 Paderborn,
Germany
Tel: 49 5251 500 500
Fax: 49 5251 500 5010
E Mail:
Canadian Solar Inc.
Canada
4056 Jefton Crescent, Mississauga, Ontario L5L
1Z3, Canada
Tel: 1 905 828 2437
Fax: 1 905 828 9062
E Mail:
Centennial Solar Inc
Canada
8114-B Trans Canada St-Laurent, Québec H4S
1M5 Canada
Tel: 1 (514) 461-9822
Fax: 1 (514) 461-9824
E Mail: info@centennialsolar.com
Crown Renewable Energy
United States
805 Aerovista Place, Suite 202 San Luis Obispo,
CA 93401
Tel: 1 805-269-1260
Fax: 1 805-269-1270
E Mail: info@crownrenewables.com
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DaSol Solar Energy Science
& Technology Co., Ltd
China
Fantan industrial park, Anji, Zhejiang, China, 313300
Tel: 0086-572-5119058
Fax: 0086-572-5119077
E Mail: dasol@126.cn
Day4 Energy
Canada
#101 – 5898 Trapp Avenue Burnaby, BC V3N 5G4,
Canada
Tel: 1 604 759 3294
Fax: 1 604 759 3295
E Mail: info@day4energy.com
Energy Solutions S.A.
Bulgaria
1 Vladaisko vastanie Str. 2304, Pernik, Bulgaria
Tel: 30 2106861461
Fax: 30 2106861399
E Mail: info@energysolutions.gr
ET Solar
China
Shan Xi Road Nanjing Jiangsu 210009 China
Tel: 86 25 86898098
Fax: 86 25 86898097
E Mail: sales@etsolar.com
Gällivare PhotoVoltaic AB
(GPV)
Part of SolarWorld Group
Sweden
Företagscentrum Hus 60, Box 840, 98228 Gällivare,
Sweden
Tel: 46 970 15830
Fax: 46 970 15898
E Mail:
Gebaude-Solarsysteme
GmbH (GSS)
Germany
Windmuehlenstrasse 2, 04626 Loebishau, Germany
Tel: 49 36602 509676
Fax: 49 9573 9224 24
E Mail:
Gloria Solar Co., Ltd.
Taiwan
Tel: 886 6 384 0689 ext. 3511
No. 498, Section 2, Bentian Road, An-Nan Dist., Tainan
Fax: 886 6 384 0733
70955, Taiwan, R.O.C
E Mail: joe.shih@gloriasolar.com.tw
Hellas Solar
Greece
3 P. Ioakim 5th fl. Athens 10673 Greece
3/12/2016
Keyhani.1@osu.edu
Tel: +30 210 7295506
Fax: +30 210 7257892
E mail: andreasc@hellassolar.gr
69
Heliodinâmica
Brazil
Rodovia Raposo Tavares km 41, Vargem Grande
Paulista - CEP 06730-970, Caixa Postal 111, São
Paulo, Brasil
Tel: 11 4158-3511
Fax: 11 4158-3755
E mail: heliodin@terra.com.br
Ilyich Iron & Steel Works
Ukraine
Mariupol, Levchenko str. 1, Ukraine, Donetsk Region
87504
Tel: 38 - (0629) - 39-33-78
Fax: 38 - (0623) - 32-26-32
E Mail: xmp_ops@ilyich.donetsk.ua
Innergy Power Corporation
United States
9375 Customhouse Plaza Bldg 1, Suite J, San Diego,
CA 92154
Tel: 1 619-710-0758
Fax: 1 619-710-0755
E Mail: help@innergypower.com
ISSOL S.A./N.V.
Belgium
Quai de la Vesdre 7 B-4800 Verviers Belgium
Tel: 32 498 294 782
Fax: 32 87 33 81 64
E Mail: info@issol.eu
Istar Solar s.r.l.
Italy
Corso Garibaldi, 83, Potenza (PZ), 85100 Italy
Tel: 39 0971 485157
Fax: 39 0971 651970
E mail: info@istarsolar.com
ITALCOEL s.r.l.,
Italy
Via della bonifica, sn, Vallemare, Pescara, I-65010,
Italy
Tel: 39 085 9777 1
Fax: 39 085 9777 250
E Mail: italcoel@gruppocite.com
KD Solar Co., Ltd
South Korea
12Fl, KD B/D , 4-4 Sunae, Bundang, Sungnam,
Kyounggi, Korea
Tel: 031 738 1901
Fax: 031 738 1999
E mail: jkkwon@kdsolar.com
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South Africa
PO Box 52869 Wierda Park, 0149
South Africa
Tel: 012 - 6616604
Fax: 012 - 6617165
E Mail: info@liselosolar.co.za
Lucky Power
Technology
Taiwan
No. 348, Shanying Rd., Gueishan
Township, Taoyuan County 33341,
Taiwan
Tel: 886-3-3500730
Fax: 886-3-3500731
E Mail:
flora_kuo@luckypowertech.com
MSK Corporation
(part of Suntech
Power)
Japan
17F Stec Joho Building 1-24-1, West
Shinjuki, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan
Tel: 81 3 3342 3881
Fax: 81 3 3342 6534
E Mail: staff@msk.ne.jp
Taiwan
8F, No.1, Jin-Shan 7th St., HsinChu,
300, Taiwan, ROC 5
Tel: 886 3 666 8286
Fax: 886 3 666 8285
E Mail: stanley_yu@nexpw.com
United States
44843 Fremont Blvd., Fremont, CA
94539
Tel: 1 510 979 1920
Fax: 1 510 979 1930
E Mail: sales@PacificSolar
Tech.com
P O Box 1316 Tsumeb Namibia
Tel: (067) 22 2219
Fax: (067) 22 2251
E Mail:
No. 26, Huaya 1st Rd., Guishan
Shiang, Taoyuan County 333, Taiwan
(Huaya Technology Park)
Tel: 886 3 3180288 ext 1105
Fax: 886 3 3186118
E Mail: wu@pstech.com.tw
Leadgate Industrial Park, Leadgate,
County Durham DH8 7RS, UK
Tel: 44 1207 500 000
Fax: 44 1207 591 979
E Mail: info@romag.co.uk
Liselo (Pty )Ltd.
NexPower
Technology Corp.
Pacific SolarTech
Power4Africa
Namibia
PST (Perfect Source
Taiwan
Technology Corp.)
Romag Ltd
3/12/2016
United
Kingdom
Keyhani.1@osu.edu
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Saint-Gobain
Glass-Solar
Scheuten
The
Solar Systems Netherlan
BV
ds
Tel: 31 77 463 3779
Van Heemskerckweg 9, NL- Fax: 31 77 463 3228
5928 LL Venlo (Blerick), The E Mail:
Netherlands
info@scheutensolarsyste
ms.nl
Shenglong PVChina
Tech Co., Ltd
Suzhou Shenglong-solar PVTech Co.,Ltd Gangkou
Development Zone
Fenghuang Town, Zhang
Jiagang City Jiangsu
Province 215612 China
Tel: 86 512 5848 7618
Fax: 86 512 5848 7851
E Mail:
sales@shenglongsolar.com
Siliken
Spain
Massamagrell, 36, Pol. Ind.
Rafelbunyol, 46138,
Rafelbunyol (Valencia),
Spain
Tel: 34 96 141 22 33
Fax: 34 96 141 05 14
E Mail: info@siliken.com
Germany
Ferdinand-Reich Strasse 1,
D-09599 Freiberg/Saxony,
Germany
Tel: 49 3731 30145 50
Fax: 49 3731 30145 67
E Mail:
info@deutschefactory.de
Solar Factory
GmbH
3/12/2016
Germany
Tel: 49 241 96 67 351
Julicher Strasse 495, 52070 Fax: 49 241 96 67 241
Aachen, Germany
E Mail: info.SGGSolar@saint-gobain.com
Keyhani.1@osu.edu
72
Solara AG
Germany
Behringstr. 16, D-22765 Hamburg,
Germany
Tel: 49 40 39 10 65 0
Fax: 49 40 39 10 65 99
E Mail: info@solara.de
Solar-Fabrik AG
Germany
Munzinger Str. 10, 79111 Freiburg,
Germany
Tel: 49 761 4000 0
Fax: 49 761 4000 199
E Mail: info@solar-fabrik.de
SOLARIS d.o.o
Croatia
52466 NOVIGRAD, Sv. Vidal 32b,
Croatia
Tel: 385 (0)52 758 630
Fax: 385 (0)52 726 030
E Mail: solaris@pu.htnet.hr
Solarnova,
Produktions und
Germany
Vertriebsgesellschaft
mbH
Am Marienhof 6, 22880 Wedel,
Germany
Tel: 49 4103 91 208 0
Fax: 49 4103 91 208 10
E Mail: info@solarnova.de
Solartron Co. Ltd
Thailand
38 Chavanich Bldg. 2/FL, Soi Salinimit
Sukhumvit 69, Bangkok 10110,
Thailand
Tel: 66 (0) 2392 0224-6
Fax: 66 (0) 2381 2971
E Mail: support@solartron.co.th/
Solarwatt SolarSysteme GmbH
Germany
Grenzstraße 28, D-01109 Dresden,
Germany
Tel: 49 351 88 95 - 0
Fax: 49 351 88 95 - 111
E Mail: info@solarwatt.de
SOLON Photovoltaik
GmbH
Germany
Ederstrasse 16, D-12059 Berlin,
Germany
Tel: 49 30 /81 87 9 100
Fax: 49 30 81 87 9 110
E Mail: solon@solon-pv.de
Spire Solar Chicago
United States
The Chicago Center for Green
Technology, 445 North Sacramento
Blvd., Keyhani.1@osu.edu
Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
Tel: 1 773 638-8700
Fax: 1 773 638-8701
E Mail: info@spiresolarchicago.com
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3/12/2016
Total Energie SA
TENESA (PTY) Ltd.
Trina Solar Limited
France
Tel: 33 (0)4 78 48 88 50
Z.A.C. de la Tour 12/14 allée du Levant
Fax: 33 (0)4 78 19 44 83
69890 la Tour de Salvagny, France
E Mail: connectis@total-energie.fr
South Africa
22 Harris Drive, Sunset Park, Ottery,
Cape Town, South Africa 7790
Tel: 27 21 70 41 575
Fax: 27 21 73 96 11
E Mail: s.jallat@tenesa.co.za
Changzhou Jiangsu 213031 China
Tel: 86-519-5485801
Fax: 86-519-5485802
E Mail: jack.sheng@trinasolar.com
China
Webasto
Systemcomponenete Germany
n GmbH & Co KG
Tel: 49 89 85794 940
Krainger Strasse 5, D-82131 Stockdorf,
Fax: 49 89 8577259
Germany
E Mail:
Weihai Bluestar
Terra Photovoltaic
Co.,Ltd
Huanshan Road, Eco.&Tech. Develop
Zone, Weihai, China
Tel: 86 631 5969535
Fax: 86 631 5960535
E Mail: lisazhang322@126.com
Wuxi Suntech Power
China
Co., Ltd
17-6 Chang Jiang South Road,Wuxi
New District, China
Tel: 86-510-5343323
Fax: 86-576-7278009
E Mail:
Xi'an REW co., Ltd
China
No.11 WenJing North Road, The
Tel: 86-29-86512451
Economic & Technological Development Fax: 86-29-86530350
Zone, Xi'an, China.
E Mail:
India
335, Chandralok Complex,
Secunderabad - 500 003 India
Tel: 91 40 27173827
Fax: 91 40 2784 0081
E Mail: khader@xltelecom.net
No 101 Chengzhong Road, Zhugang
Town, Yuhuan
City, Zhejiang Province,
Keyhani.1@osu.edu
China
Tel: 86-576-7278148
Fax: 86-576-7278009
74
E Mail: lixianshou@msn.com
Xl Telecom Ltd
China
Yuhuan Solar Energy
China
3/12/2016
Source Co, Ltd
SunWize Technologies
Titan Energy Systems
Ltd
3/12/2016
Tel: 1 845-336-0146
Fax: 1 845-336-0457
E Mail:
sunwize@besicorp.com
United
States
1155 Flatbush Road,
Kingston, NY 12401 USA
India
Tel: 91 40 779 1085
16 Aruna Enclave,
Fax: 91 40 779 5629
Trimulgherry, Secunderabad,
E Mail:
500 015, India
titan@titansolar.com
Keyhani.1@osu.edu
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Shenzhen Sunshine Electronics Co Ltd
China 4-6/F, No. 1 Building
Nangang Industrial Park II Xili Town,
Nanshan District Shenzhen Guangdong
China Tel: (86 755) 27653478Fax: (86
755) 27653475 E Mail:
SunWare GmbH & Co. KG
Germany
Dusseldorfer
Strasse 80, DE-47239, Duisburg
(Rumeln), Germany
Tel: 49 2151
406045 Fax: 49 2151 406208 E Mail:
Sunworld (Shanghai) Solar Energy
Technology Co., Ltd
China
Rm.1501, Tongquan Building,
No.678 Gubei Road Changning District,
Shanghai, China
Tel: 86 21 6295
9165Fax: 86 21 6295 9216E Mail:
michael.hsou@gmail.com
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Energy Sustainability Discussion
Where does sun’s energy go?
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Sustainable Energy Technology
Other Solar Thermal
•
Reflecting mirrors, troughs,etc.
•
Various designs, some “tracking”
•
All use working fluid and turbine
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Sustainable Energy Technology
Photovoltaics
• Around for at least 6 decades
• Roots in space program (1950s)
• Many useful applications
• Not typically economical in central station generation.
• System capital cost of approx. $4,500-9,500/kW
• Power cost of $0.15 to $0.5/kWh
• Intermittent power (usually requires energy storage)
• Peak output often coincident with peak electrical demands.
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Sustainable Energy Technology
Large wind(>50kW) – large and utility applications.
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3/12/2016
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Sustainable Energy Technology
Fuel Cells: System operation
• Fuel Cell Stack
System integration is very
important for both “simple
cycle” & “hybrid” fuel cell
system
• Fuel Processing
• Electric power Conversion
• Balance of plant
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Sustainable Energy Technology
Fuel Cell types
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Sustainable Energy Technology
Renewable hybrid Systems
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