Warm Up
8.) We are moving into the Progressive Era from the problems that rose in
society & politics during the Gilded Age. As one progressive explained, the
“real heart” of the progressive movement was to:
a.) preserve world peace.
b.) use the government as an agency of welfare.
c.) ensure the Jefferson style of government.
d.) reinstate the policy of laissez-faire.
CORRECT ANSWER: B
Unit 7.1 Notes:
The Progressive Era
U.S. History & The Constitution
Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator
Standard USHC-4:The student will demonstrate an understanding of the
industrial development & the consequences of that development on society
& politics during the second half of the nineteenth & the early twentieth
centuries.
USHC-4.6: Compare the accomplishments & limitations of the women’s
suffrage movement & the Progressive Movement in affecting social &
political reforms in America, including the roles of the media & of reformers
such as Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul, Jane Addams, & Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt & Woodrow Wilson.
Progressivism
Progressivism
- A reform movement focused
on improving living and working
conditions, increasing
education, stopping political
corruption, & giving women the
right to vote.
- “Roots” in the Populist Party.
Muckrakers
Muckrakers
- Writers who attempted to expose abuses
in business & corruption by using their
writing.
- Very important to the Progressive
Movement.
- Their work helped educate the public
about needed change.
“The Jungle” Leads to Food Regulation
- After reading “The Jungle” by Upton Sinclair, President Theodore Roosevelt
pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906.
- The book told of unsafe & unsanitary
working conditions in meat processing
plants = caused public uproar.
- The Act mandated cleaner working
conditions
Pure Food & Drug Act (1906)
Pure Food & Drug Act of 1906
- Mandated safe & sanitary conditions for food preparation & packing
- Food & Drug Administration (FDA)
- Put regulations on food and medicines
- Took medicines with cocaine & other harmful ingredients off the market.
Jacob Riis
- Jacob Riis: photographer who exposed the horrors of tenement life in
“How the Other Half Lives”.
- Described poverty, disease, & crime in immigrant neighborhoods in NYC.
Jacob Riis’ Photos
Ida Tarbell Exposes the Power of Oil
Ida Tarbell
- Wrote the “History of the Standard Oil Company”.
- Brought the company’s monopoly to light &
eventually led to a government antitrust suit
against the company.
The Suffrage Movement
- Movement for women’s voting rights.
- 1848 – Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Lucretia Mott
organized the 1st women’s rights convention (Seneca
Falls).
- Largely made up of educated, middle-class women.
The Suffrage Movement Cont.
Susan B. Anthony: leading proponent of woman suffrage & women’s rights.
Carrie Chapman Catt: In 1890, helped to found the National American
Women’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA) & was
President of the NAWSA when the 19th Amendment
was passed.
National Assoc. of Colored Women: association to secure rights of African
Americans, including women’s suffrage.
The Suffrage Movement Cont.
Alice Paul
- Mass Marches
- Hunger Strikes
- Used to demonstrate against a government
that did not allow half of its population to vote.
Alice Paul & the National Women’s Party
- NAWSA became alarmed at Paul’s tactics.
- Paul left the organization & founded the National Women’s Party (NWP)
The National Women’s Party picketing the White House
Three-Part Strategy For Winning Suffrage
Suffragists tried 3 approaches to winning the vote.
1.) Convince state legislatures to adopt the vote.
- Successful only in Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, & Colorado.
2.) Pursue court cases to test the 14th Amendment.
3.) Push for a national constitutional amendment.
The Struggles of Suffragettes
- They were attacked by angry men, arrested & held in prison where they
engaged in hunger strikes & were force fed by their jailers.
Women Win Suffrage!
- Through local, state & national
organization, vigorous protests &
World War I, women finally realized
their dream in 1920.
- The amendment was passed partly as
a result of activism & the contributions
women made to the war effort (WWI) as
nurses, public workers, & factory laborers.
The 19th Amendment gave women
the right to vote, and was formally
ratified in 1920.
“The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or
abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.”
Settlement Houses
Hull House
- Jane Addams
- Formed to help immigrants &
the poor “settle into” American
culture.
- Immigrants could take classes &
receive childcare.
Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator
Standard USHC-3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how
regional and ideological differences led to the Civil War and an
understanding of the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on
democracy in America.
USHC-3.5: Evaluate the varied responses of African Americans to the
restrictions imposed on them in the post-Reconstruction period, including
the leadership and strategies of Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. DuBois,
and Ida B. Wells-Barnett.
Philosophiball Exercise
African American
What is the best way for us to get social equality?
(1905)
Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. Du Bois
Whose lead will you follow?
Washington
Du Bois
Booker T. Washington
&
W. E. B. Du Bois:
Washington
Du Bois
The Debate Over
African-American Higher Education
The Establishment of Historically Black Colleges
Booker T. Washington:
Early Years
Childhood
- 1856: born into slavery.
- Worked in salt furnaces & coal mines
in
W. Virginia after emancipation.
Washington as a Leader
- Elevated to a leadership position by hard work & a determination to receive
an education.
- Founded the Tuskegee Institute (Alabama) - provided vocational training to
Af. Americans who knew only how to farm.
- George Washington Carver (scientist, botanist, educator, & inventor)
worked at Tuskegee developing new crops to aid the poor cotton farmers.
Student attending history class at Tuskegee.
Washington as a Leader Cont.
- Washington’s experience in the segregated South led him to advocate
vocational education & opportunities for employment as more important to
the well-being of African Americans than social & political equality.
- Washington’s ultimate goal: full equality, but Af. Americans who were too
assertive in advocating political & social rights might fall victim to a lynching.
Washington as a Leader Cont.
- Washington pleaded with textile mill owners to hire the hard-working former
slaves in his so-called “Atlanta Compromise” speech.
- Washington lobbied behind the scenes for greater social & political rights.
- Publicly, he was willing to accept 2nd
class citizenship offered by Jim Crow
laws in exchange for jobs that would
alleviate the poverty of Af. American
sharecroppers.
"Cast down your bucket where you
are"—cast it down in making friends in
every manly way of the people of all
races by whom we are surrounded.”
Washington giving his
“Atlanta Compromise” Speech (1895)
Washington as a Leader Cont.
- South: Washington’s strategy was acceptable to the white majority, but jobs
were not available.
- Southern Af. Americans revered Washington
- Northern Af. Americans criticized his gradualism & “accommodation”.
William Edward Burghardt Du Bois: “W.E.B. Du Bois”
Early Life
- 1868: Born in the North (MA).
- Regarded as very bright & intellectual at a young age.
- His success led him to believe that he could use
his knowledge to empower African-Americans &
encourage them to become educated
- First African-American to receive a Ph. D. from
Harvard in 1895.
Du Bois’ Viewpoint
- DuBois opposed Washington’s emphasis on vocational education & argued
that all Af. Americans should have the opportunity for any education that fit
their talents.
- He promoted the development of a “Talented Tenth” of well-educated African
American leaders – to lead the race & save it from its social problems.
DuBois Helps to Found the NAACP to Protect Rights
- DuBois oppossd Washington’s strategy.
- His pushed his advocacy for full social & political rights for all African
Americans through the National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP) - Founded 1909
- He edited The Crisis, which was the NAACP’s publication.
- DuBois’s militant rhetoric energized his
readers, the growing African American
middle class.
- It was less acceptable to the white community.
Washington v. Du Bois – Beliefs & Differences
- Both sought to define the best means to improve the conditions of the Af.
American community.
Washington
1.) Believed the two races should remain socially segregated.
2.) Believed assimilating & fitting into the “American” culture was the best way
for Af. Americans to move up in society.
3.) Saw the importance of higher education, but felt blacks should become
teachers (their duty) and/or work in trades (blue collar) instead of confronting
whites in their own world.
Du Bois
1.) Thought Af. Americans should seek higher education, preferably liberal arts.
2.) Believed Af. Americans should challenge & question whites on all grounds.
3.) Saw teaching as a calling, not a duty, the “Talented Tenth” should be the
primary advocates for black rights
Jim Crow & Segregation Continue
- Schools, neighborhoods & public facilities continued to be segregated in
the North by practice (de facto) and in the South by law (de jure).
- Af. Americans were most often the last hired & the first fired.
- It would be many years before the NAACP would be successful in
protecting the rights of Af. Americans in the courts [Brown v Board of
Education, 1954] & launch the modern civil rights movement.
Ida Wells-Barnett & Segregation
- 1862: born a slave, became a teacher & writer.
- Experienced “Jim Crow” first hand (railroad).
- Lost teaching job after writing about Memphis’ segregated schools.
- As a newspaper editor, she launched a lynching investigation after her
friend was lynched.
- Devoted her life to an anti-lynching crusade.
- Met with violent reaction & intimidation.
- Forced to leave Memphis.
Ida Wells-Barnett Cont.
- Opposed Washington’s strategy, which she called “accommodation.”
- Founding member of NAACP, but left the group because it was not
militant enough.
- Campaign against lynching was not successful
in her lifetime,
- Did raised awareness of the
conditions of Af. Americans.
Daily “Bell Ringer” Warm Up
2nd Nine Weeks
Bell Ringer #9 (14 & 15 Jan)
9.) Most muckrakers believed their primary function in the progressive attack
on social ills was to:
a.) formulate a consistent policy of social reform.
b.) explain the causes of social ills.
c.) devise solutions to society’s problems.
d.) make the public aware of social problems.
CORRECT ANSWER: D
The Push To Progressivism
Reform Poster Activity
Small Group Activity
- Your group must include the following on your
Progressive Reform Poster:
1.) Name of the reform issue (10 points).
2.) A catchy slogan to influence the viewer to
your point of view. (as specific as possible
FOR or AGAINST the reform) (10 points).
3.) A color image/logo that represents your
reform goal that is logical & influential (25
points).
4.) 4-5 bullet statements that describing your
reform goal & why the reform/law needs to
be approved by the American public &
Congress (25 points).
5.) Must be clean & neat (20 points).
6.) Provide a 1 paragraph explanation of your
poster’s intent on the back of the poster paper.
Include: (10 points).
- All the names of your group members.
- How they contributed to the project.
Key Reform Issues
-Food Sanitation
-Food & Drug Safety
-Women’s Suffrage
-Labor Conditions - Factories
-Child Labor
-Jim Crow Laws
-B. T. Washington’s Views
-Du Bois Views
-Tenement Living (Cities)
-Trust Busting (Monopolies)
-Temperance
-Settlement Homes
-Muckraking Journalism
* Each reform issue will be
used only once.
- Your poster will be displayed on the
classroom, so make sure it is a quality
product.
Today’s Lesson Standard / Indicator
Standard USHC-4:The student will demonstrate an understanding of the
industrial development & the consequences of that development on society
& politics during the second half of the nineteenth & the early twentieth
centuries.
USHC-4.6: Compare the accomplishments & limitations of the women’s
suffrage movement & the Progressive Movement in affecting social &
political reforms in America, including the roles of the media & of reformers
such as Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul, Jane Addams, & Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt & Woodrow Wilson.
“Laboratory of Democracy” in Progressivism
- Many progressives wanted more democracy in society.
- 3 new reforms were introduced by progressives to force state
legislator’s to respond to voter concerns:
– Initiative
– Referendum
– Recall
Initiative – allows a group of citizens to introduce
legislation & required the state legislature to vote
on it.
Referendum – allowed proposed legislation to be
submitted to the voters for approval.
Recall – allowed voters to demand a special election
to remove an elected official from office.
Direct Elections of Senators
- Before 1913, each state legislature chose its own U.S. senators.
- Goal - force senators to be more responsive to the public, progressives
pushed for the popular election of senators.
- 1913 – 17th Amendment ratified.
Theodore Roosevelt & the Rough Riders
- Roosevelt grabbed national attention by advocating war with Spain in 1898.
- His volunteer cavalry brigade, the Rough Riders, won public acclaim for its
role in the Battle at San Juan Hill in Cuba
- Roosevelt returned a hero & was soon elected governor of NY & later
McKinley’s vice-president
Teddy Roosevelt & the Rough Riders (1898)
Teddy Roosevelt’s Rise to the Presidency
- 1901 - President William McKinley
was assassinated 6 months into his
second term,
- Theodore Roosevelt became the
nations 26th president.
McKinley’s Assassination: September
of 1901, Buffalo, NY
Teddy Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”
The Modern President
- Roosevelt was thrust into the presidency in 1901.
- Youngest president ever at age 42.
- Established himself as a modern president who could influence the media &
shape legislation.
Teddy Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”
- Roosevelt’s domestic programs were known as the “Square Deal”.
- Formed upon three basic ideas:
1.) conservation of natural resources.
2.) control of corporations.
3.) consumer protection.
- Aimed at helping middle class citizens.
- Involved attacking wealth & power (corruption) &
bad trusts while protecting business from the
most extreme demands of organized labor.
Trustbusting
•
By 1900, Trusts – legal bodies
created to hold stock in many
companies – controlled 80% of
U.S. industries.
•
Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits
under the Sherman Antitrust Act.
1. What do the lions stand for?
2. Why are all the lions coming
out of the door labeled Wall
Street?
3. What do you think the
cartoonist thinks about
trustbusting? Cite details from
the cartoon to support your
answer.
1902 Coal Strike
•
1902: 140,000 coal miners in
Pennsylvania went on strike for
increased wages, a 9-hour work
day, & the right to unionize.
•
Mine owners refused to bargain.
•
Roosevelt called in both sides &
settled the dispute.
•
Thereafter, when a strike
threatened public welfare, the
federal government was expected
to step in & help
Roosevelt & the Environment
- Before Roosevelt’s presidency,
the federal government paid very
little attention to the nation’s
natural resources.
- Roosevelt made conservation a
primary concern of his
administration.
Roosevelt was an avid outdoorsman –
here he is with author John Muir at
Yosemite Park, CA
Roosevelt’s Environmental Accomplishments
- Roosevelt set aside 148 million acres of forest reserves.
- He also set aside 1.5 million acres of
water-power sites.
- Established 50 wildlife sanctuaries & several
national parks.
Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming
National Park System
Roosevelt & Civil Rights
- Roosevelt failed to support overall Civil Rights for African Americans.
- He did, however, support a few individuals such as Booker T. Washington,
W.E.B. DuBois, & Ida B. Wells-Barnett.
Term used to
describe the
various
progressive
reforms of the
Roosevelt
administration
Teddy
Roosevelt’s
Urged Congress to pass laws to
regulate industries
Hepburn Act
authorized the
Interstate
Commerce
commission to
regulate discounts
used by RR for
bribes
Enforced the
Sherman
Antitrust Act &
successfully
sued abusive
trusts
Forced the
arbitration of
strikes (like the
1902 Coal
Strike)
The Pure Food &
Drug Act (1906)
set sanitation and
labeling
requirements for
foods
Square Deal
After reading The
Jungle urged the
passage of the
Meat Inspection
Act which set
meat inspection
requirements
Established the
United States
Forest Service
& expanded the
Park System to
preserve the
environment
Daily “Bell Ringer” Warm Up
3rd Nine Weeks
Bell Ringer #1 (18 & 22 Jan)
1.) As part of the “Square Deal” program, Teddy Roosevelt advocated all the
following except:
a.) control of the common laborer.
b.) control of corporations.
c.) consumer protection.
d.) conservation of natural resources.
CORRECT ANSWER: A
Progressivism Under President Taft
- Republican William Howard Taft
easily defeated Democrat William
Jennings Bryan to win the 1908
presidential election
- Among his accomplishments, Taft
“busted” 90 trusts during his 4 years in
office.
Taft, right, was Roosevelt’s
War Secretary
1912 Election
- Republicans split in 1912 between
Taft & Roosevelt .
- Convention delegates nominated Taft.
- Some Republicans formed a third party:
The Bull Moose Party & nominated
Roosevelt.
•The Democrats put forward a reform minded New Jersey Governor, Woodrow
Wilson
Republicans split in 1912
Wilson’s New Freedom
- As America’s newly elected president, Wilson
moved to enact his program, the “New Freedom”.
- He planned his attack on what he called the triple
wall of privilege:
- trusts
- tariffs
- high finance
W. Wilson U.S. President
1912-1920
Clayton Antitrust Act
- In 1914 Congress enacted the
Clayton Antitrust Act which
strengthened the Sherman Act
- The Act prevented companies from
acquiring stock from another
company (Anti-monopoly).
- The Act gave unions the right to
exist & strike (allowed labor unions
to be exempt from antitrust laws).
Federal Income Tax Arrives
- Wilson worked hard to lower tariffs,
however that lost revenue had to be
made up.
- Ratified in 1916, the 16th Amendment
legalized a graduated federal income
tax.
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
- Divided nation into 12 financial districts.
- Established a regional central banks in each district.
- Federal reserve banks could:
- issue new paper currency in emergency situations.
- Member banks could use the currency to make loans to customers.
- Could transfer funds to member banks in trouble, saving the banks
from closing & protecting customers’ savings.
Limits of Progressivism
- While the Progressive era was responsible for many important reforms, it
failed to make gains for African Americans.
- Like Roosevelt & Taft, Wilson retreated on Civil Rights once in office.
- Segregationists were promoted into government jobs under Wilson.
The KKK reached a membership of 4.5
million in the 1920s
Limits of Progressivism
- World War I limited continued effectiveness of progressive reforms. Little
significant progressive legislation passed after war broke out.
- Anti-German propaganda led to the passing of 18th Amendment, establishing
prohibition, a longtime goal of reformers.
- Proved impossible to enforce & was repealed (21st).
Progressive Amendments
- 16th Amendment (1913): allowed for an income tax.
- 17th Amendment (1913) provided for the direct election of senators.
- 18th Amendment (1919) made it illegal for Americans to make, sell or import
liquor-prohibition (or temperance).
- 19th Amendment (1920) gave women
the right to vote.