Ch. 9 & 10
Medieval Europe
Middle Ages 500 AD - 1500 AD
period bt. ancient times & modern period
I. Germanic Kingdoms
A. Franks *strongest of Germanic Tribes
(modern France & Germany) France = Franks
B. Frankish Rulers (Merovingian Rulers)
1. Clovis 481 AD
*1st Barbarian King
to become Christian
“Jesus Christ, if you shall grant me
victory over these enemies, I will
believe in you and be baptized!”
Battle of Alamanni 496 AD
*control of old Western Roman Empire
2. Charles Martel “Charles the Hammer”
Battle of Tours 732
*defeated invading Muslims
*1st battle Knights wore Armor
*starts Feudalism in Europe
(rewarded Knights with land)
3. Pepin the Short 752
(son of Charles Martel)
*elected King of Franks
Pope Bishop of Rome
*approved this appointment
justified churches
authority over political rulers
4. Charlemagne “Holy Barbarian” 768 – 814
“Charles the Great”
4 Contributions to History:
1. United Europe 1st time “King Father of Europe”
Carolingian Empire *old Western Roman Empire
Germany, France, N. Spain, & Italy
Charlemagne’s Statue in Paris
2. Spread Christianity:
Tithe 10% income paid to church
Emperor of Romans Christmas Day 800 AD
Pope Leo III *crowned Charlemagne
Founded: Holy Roman Empire
Aix-la-Chapelle *capital
near Aachen, Germany
Counts *Kings rep.s who ruled a region
Missi Dominici (Lords Messengers)
Monks find abuses by Counts
3. Carolingian Renaissance
*rebirth in classical education (Greek & Roman)
Carolingian Minuscule
*form of writing we use today
Monks copied Bibles
4. Feudalism land grants to nobles
Treaty of Verdun 843 AD
*divided Charlemagnes Empire 3 Kingdoms
3 grandsons after death
Charles the Bald
France
Louis the German
Germany
Lothair
Middle Kingdom
II. Vikings 700 – 1100 AD Viking Age
Vik (Bay or Inlet)
A. Scandinavia: *Norway, Sweden, & Denmark
Norse - Northmen
B. Invade Europe: “To go Viking”
“Scourge of Europe”
“God, deliver us from the fury of the Northmen”
European Prayer
Berserker *Viking Warrior
Blood Eagle form of torture
Danegeld *gold or silver - pay off Vikes
“Paying through the nose.”
C. Great Explorers:
Longboats “Dragon Ships”
70ft. Long / 16ft. wide (hold 30 – 40 men)
Erik the Red *discovers Greenland 983 AD
Lief Erickson 1000 AD
*landed at Newfoundland (N. America)
Vin Land
Lief Erickson statue St. Paul Minn.
D. Colonization
Kiev, Russia 800 AD
founded by Rus (Viking Warrior)
Normandy (Men from the North) France 911 AD
founded by Rolf the Walker
E. Norse Gods:
Wotan (Odin) *Wednesday
*Chief Viking God
Raven “Eyes of Wotan”
Asgard *Viking Heaven
Valhalla *home of Gods
Thor *God of Thunder *Thursday
Mjolnir Thor’s hammer
Tyr God of War
F. Sagas
long stories & legends of Viking adventures
G. Vikes became Christians
III. Feudalism
A. Charles Martel *starts feudalism
Fief *grants of land
B. Feudal Society:
Kings
Lords *great noblemen
Vassals *lesser Lords
Dukes, Counts, & Barons
granted land
swore homage to Lord
Knights *mounted Warriors
Merchants & Artisan’s
Serf *Peasants
60% population
granted use of land
bound to manor
C. Feudal Contract
*rules bt. Lord & Vassal
Homage *public ceremony Vassal swore allegiance
Lord owned land
vassal right to use it & serfs who lived there
40 Days military service to Lord
Relief ransom payment for captured Lords
D. Manor *large estate / land & village
*economic unit of Middle Ages
provide food, shelter, & protection
farms & pastures for livestock
shops, clothing, & food all produced in Manor
Domain *land kept by Lord
Castle *fortified home base for protecting manor
Keep *main part of castle
Moat ditch filled with water
E. Knights in Armor
*dev. invention of stir-up
Chain mail
armor made of metal links
sword, shield, & lance
Coat of Arms *symbol of indv. Knight
Joust *contest among Knights
William Marshal 1189
*greatest Knight of all time
William Marshal
Chivalry *code of conduct for Knights
Code of Chivalry:
brave in battle
generous
loyal
keep your word
courteous to women
Rules of Warfare:
Peace of God
*no fighting on Holy Land ex. Churches
Truce of God
*forbid fighting on weekends & Holy days
80 days a year Knights could fight
Knights *mounted warrior
nobles proved themselves in battle
Squire *Knights Assistant age 15
training & up keep of weapons & horse
Page *learn Knightly manners
age 7
IV. Medieval Church: 1200’s church power peaked
*Christian Church dominates Europe
functions of modern gov. ex. laws, courts, & taxes
A. Church Hierarchy:
1. Pope *Bishop of Rome Papa (Latin for Father)
spiritual leader of Christendom
Gregory the Great 590 AD
*1st Pope hold great power
2. Cardinals
*advisors & elect Popes
3. Bishop *manage Diocese
Cathedral - Bishop’s official church
King appointed Bishops (Lord or Vassal)
4. Parish Priest *Mass
collected taxes, care sick & poor, & teachers
B. Canon Law *Church Laws
1. Excommunication *kicked out of church
can't receive sacraments
2. Power to tax *Tithe
Peters Pence one penny tax everyone in a home
C. Monasticism
Monks *total dedication to god
Missionaries *sent to spread religious message
Abbot *Head Monk of Monastery
1. St. Benedict 500 AD
monastery at Monte Cassino, Italy
Benedictine Rule *Laws regulated Monks
“Idleness the enemy of the soul”
teachers
Pretzels (small reward)
memorized prayers
copy books Bible
2. St. Francis of Assisi 1210 AD
Franciscans *help poor
3. St. Dominic Spanish Priest
Dominicans *built schools & teachers
preached repentance of sins
D. Problems of Church
1. Corruption wealth & luxury
2. Heresy *question church doctrines
Heretic *unbelievers
3. Inquisition 1232 - 1400's
*torture & execution of Heretics
Pope orders Dominicans to seek out Heretics
V. Crusades 1095 – 1291
Christian Knights vs. Muslims
A. Jerusalem *captured by Seljuk Turks 1071
B. Council of Clermont 1095
Pope Urban II *called for Crusades “God wills it!”
Reasons for Crusades:
*rescue Holy Land
*forgiveness of sins
*died gained salvation
*taxes & debts excused
Peoples Crusade
Peter the Hermit *led unarmed Peasants to Holy Land
thousands slaughtered
C. First Crusade 1096 - 1099
*Crusaders capture Jerusalem “River of Blood”
Knights slaughtered Muslim & Jewish
10,000 Butchered
Set up 4 Feudal States:
Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch, & Tripoli
Crusaders *Latin for Cross
*Soldiers of Christ
Red Cross *symbol of Crusaders
D. Second Crusade 1144 - 1148
*Muslims 1st success against Christians
Edessa falls to Turk
Conrad III & Louis VII
liberate Edessa
Germany
France
total failure
E. Third Crusade “3 Kings Crusade” 1189 - 1192
Jerusalem fell to Muslims 1187
Saladin the Magnificent *Muslim General
King Richard “The Lion Hearted” England
couldn't win Jerusalem back
King Philip Augustus France
Frederick Barbarossa Holy Roman Empire drowned
Knights Templar *protect Christians traveling Holy Land
F. Fourth Crusade 1204
*merchants from Venice, Italy
paid Crusaders to destroy Constantinople
G. Children’s Crusade 1212
Nicholas & Stephen
led 20,000 French & German kids
*sold into slavery N. Africa
Hugh the Iron & William the Pig
H. Results of Crusades:
*Military Failure
*Holy Land Muslim control
power of Church increases
shipbuilding expanded
increase in trade Middle East
power of Kings increased
VI. Middle Ages Life
A. Revival of Trade
feudal war limited trade
Wool *basis of trade
Trade Fairs *market places
Hanseatic League *assoc. of German cities (80)
B. Growth of Towns
permanent headquarters for merchants
Inns to shelter traveler’s
Artisans set up shops
Charters *guaranteed town peoples rights
C. Middle Class
Bourgeoisie *France
Burgesses *England
Burghers
*Germany
D. Guilds *1st Unions
*merchants & artisans
set prices, wages & quality standards
Just Price
*cost of materials plus reasonable profit
pricing goods at what people would pay sinful
E. Apprentice System
training to become artisan
1. Master Craftsman *guild member
2. Journeymen paid wages while worked for master
*submit Masterpiece
3. Apprentice learn from Master (age 7 – 8)
F. Economics
1. Money Economy 1200’s
2. Usury *loan interest outlawed by Church
3. 1st Bankers wealthy Italians 1300’s
Bank - Banca – bench moneychangers used
G. Feudal Justice
Trial by Ordeal
painful physical test ex. Hot Iron
God decided guilt or innocence
Trial by Combat Knight vs. Knight
H. Agricultural Improvements:
*crop rotation fallow
horseshoe / iron farm implements
food surpluses feed growing populations
I. Medieval Literature
1. Beowulf
*Anglo-Saxon warrior 700 AD
defeated Grendel
2. Song of Roland 1100 AD
*Charlemagne’s knights
3. Troubadours *traveling poet-musicians
songs of love & feats of knights
4. The Divine Comedy by Dante
*journey from heaven to hell
5. Canterbury Tales by Chaucer 1386 AD
*pilgrims journey to Canterbury, England
VII. Europe Late Middle Ages: Time of Trouble
A. Bubonic Plague “The Black Death” 1347 - 1351
1/3 of Europe died 19 - 38 million
originates Asia / spread trade routes
*Fleas on Black Rats
Flagellants *whip themselves beg forgiveness
from God
Plague punish man for sins
Some of these early treatment included:
bathing in human urine
wearing of human excrement
placing of dead animals in homes
use of leeches
drinking molten gold/powdered emeralds
incising (cutting) and draining of abscesses
(bubo)
placing patients in pest houses and isolate
them from the general public
eating figs before six in the morning
chopping a snake up everyday
trying to fall asleep on the left side of the
bed
not to sleep during the day
not exercising
not eating any desserts
Ring around the Rosies London 1664
nursery rhyme during the plague
Ring around the Rosie
Pocket full of Posies
Ashes, Ashes
We all fall down
The "ring around the rosies" refers to
the sores and the "pocket full of
posies" refers to the flowers carried in
the pockets of the dying to conceal the
smell. The children skip in a circle
holding hands and drop into a heap at
"we all fall down."
B. Hundred Years War
*France vs. England 1337 -1453
Causes of War:
Eng. controlled part of France
Edward III King of England 1337
claimed right throne of France
English Victories:
Battle of Crecy & Battle of Poitiers
new weapons: long bow & cannons
end of Knights in Armor
C. French Civil War
Burgandy *supported English
vs.
Orleans
Joan of Arc “The Maid 1412 - 1431
*inspire French victory over England
May 30, 1431 *Burned at the stake
witch & heretic
Charles VII
becomes King of France
D. Decline of the Church
1. Babylonian Captivity 1309 - 1377
*headquarters of Pope to Avigon, France
Pope pawn of French Kings
decline in Papal prestige / greed $$$
2. Great Schism 1378 - 1417
*2 Popes Rome & France
VIII. Growth of European Kingdoms:
A. England
1. Anglo-Saxons *2 Germanic Tribes
Engla – Land “ Land of the Anglo’s”
Shires *districts of Eng.
Sheriff *district governor
2.Danes invade conquered much of Eng. 800
Danes English called Vikes
Dane-Gold heavy taxes paid to Danes
3. Alfred the Great drove Danes out of Eng. 886
revival learning & literature
4. King Canute of Denmark 1019 - 1035
Dane King conquered Eng. 1019
1st Vike leader welcomed as equal to Christian Kings
“Northern Empire” Eng. part of his Empire
Danes driven out after his death
5. Edward the Confessor 1042 - 1066
religious fanatic (very weak King)
Westminster Abby Church in London
built by Edward the Confessor
died childless - Battle for English throne dev.s
6.William the Conqueror - Duke of Normandy
Edward promised William the throne
vs.
King Harold II
Saxon King crowned King Jan. 16, 1066
Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings Oct. 14, 1066
William the Conqueror defeated
King Harold’s Anglo-Saxon Army
Lords swore allegiance to William
William King of Eng. 1066 – 1087
Domesday Book
1086
info. on all property - tax purposes
ex. land & livestock
7. Henry I (3rd son William The Conqueror)1100 - 1135
1st Norman King: born & educated in England
(never smiled - death of son)
Exchequer central treasu
8. Henry II “Godfather English State” 1154 - 1189
laid foundation of our legal system
Kings Law replaced Feudal Law
Circuit Judges traveled countryside to hear cases
Common Law Laws Common to all Eng.
decisions of Royal Courts recorded
Henry II tried to take power from Church Courts
Thomas Becket Arch Bishop of Canterbury
opposed Kings policy
“Is there no one who will rid me of this vile Priest?”
Henry II
4 Knights kill Becket in Cathedral 1170
became a Saint / Canterbury Shrine
9. Eleanor of Aquitane “Queen of 4 Kings”
most powerful woman of era
Married: King Louis VII of France 1137 - 1152
Henry II of Eng. 1154 - 1204
Mother: Richard I & King John of Eng.
10. King Richard I “Lion Hearted” hero from Crusades
11. King John “Soft Sword”
weak King Excommunicated 1209
Nobel’s Revolt
Battle of Runneymeade 1215
“Gods Army” (Nobel’s Army) defeated King Johns
Magna Carta (Great Charter) 1215
one of most important documents in history
Provisions:
limited power of King
took power from King
guaranteed rights of Lords (citizens)
King not above law
Limited Monarchy:
King does not have absolute power
basis for Democratic gov. in Eng.
King John placed his seal on the Magna Carta
12. Edward I “Long Shanks” 1295
needed $$ for war with France
Parliament (To Talk) legislative body of Eng.
2 Houses of Parliament:
House of Lords
Nobles & Bishops
House of Commons Knights & townspeople
yard & acre standardized measurements
Sir William Wallace “Braveheart”
Scottish national hero resisted English rule
invaded England 1297
B. France
Chalemagnes Empire divided after death 834 AD
1.Capetian Dynasty 987 AD - 1328 AD
line of Kings ruled France
2. Hugh Capet “Count of Paris” elected King 987
took power & land from Lords
added feudal land: marriage, war, & diplomacy
crown hereditary
3.Philip II Augustus 1180 - 1223 AD
drove English out of France (Normandy & Aquitaine)
defeated King John of Eng.
power of King supreme
4. Philip IV “The Fair” 1285 - 1314
created French legislature
Estates General French Legislative Assembly
1st Estate - Clergy
2nd Estate - Nobles
3rd Estate - Townspeople
C. Holy Roman Empire 962 AD - 1200 AD
Germany, Austria, & Italy
1.Otto I crowned “ Emperor of the Romans” 962
invaded Italy - protect Pope
D. Byzantine Empire Eastern part of Roman Empire
1.Constantinople (Byzantium)
“Crossroad of the World
Eastern Orthodox Church headquarters
Hagia Sophia Church of Holy Wisdom
2. Emperor Justinian 527 AD - 565 AD
preserved Roman Law (Justice)
Justinian Code: The Body of Civil Law
basis for modern legal system
2. Battle of Manzikert Seljuk Turks
over ran Byz. Empire 1071 AD