BHG I:
PENYELESAIAN
PERTIKAIAN ALTERNATIF
(ADR)
FEM4123
PENDEKATAN TRADISIONAL
TERHADAP PERTIKAIAN
Pertikaian personal atau komersil
biasanya
melibatkan
perasaanperasaan
berikut:
marah
sedih,
kecewa, tidak pasti, bimbang dan
keinginan
untuk
tidak
mahu
dipersalahkan.
Perasaan ini jika tidak ditangani akan
mengaburi konflik yang sebenar di
mana yang menjadi isu kini bukan lagi
wang atau gantirugi tetapi ‘prinsip’
peribadi.
Sambungan
Individu akan menyakinkan diri bahawa
dialah yang betul dan mula melihat
pihak
yang
satu
lagi
sebagai
penipu,musuh dan perancang masalah
tanpa
memberi
peluang
untuk
perbincangan.
Pihak yang satu lagi juga akan
mempunyai pandangan yang sama.
Pertikaian
yang
sebegini
akan
berlanjutan dan tiada kesudahan serta
merosakkan
hubungan
di
masa
hadapan.
Sambungan
Amalannya, khidmat guaman akan
digunakan
bagi
membawa
pertikaian/konflik ke mahkamah untuk
diselesaikan secara adversari.
Walaupun
keputusan
mahkamah
mungkin adil tetapi kemungkinan
melibatkan kos yang tinggi, mengambil
masa yang lama dan hanya berpihak
kepada satu pihak tetap ada.
Sambungan
Pendekatan penyelesaian konflik secara
menang-kalah di mahkamah akan
menyebabkan
pihak
yang
kalah
mengalami kekecewaan.
Pihak yang menang juga mengalami
kerugian dari aspek masa yang
dihabiskan dan kos yang perlu
ditanggung.
PENDEKATAN ALTERNATIF
Menyedari kelemahan sistem adversari
ini, kaedah penyelesaian alternatif
diperkenalkan:
 Mediasi
 Arbitrasi
 Negosiasi
 Perbicaraan Mini
 Ombuds
 Konferen Penyelesaian
MEDIASI
Mediasi
adalah
satu
proses
persendirian di mana pihak ketiga yang
neutral akan membantu pihak yang
terlibat
berbincang
mengenai
pertikaian mereka.
Pihak yang terlibat mempunyai peluang
untuk menjelaskan isu, kepentingan,
kefahaman dan perasaan masingmasing.
Sambungan
Mereka
juga
akan
berkongsi
maklumat-maklumat yang relevan dan
cuba bertolak ansur dan bersamasama memikirkan penyelesaian terbaik
terhadap pertikaian mereka.
Penyertaan pihak terlibat dalam proses
mediasi adalah secara suka rela dan
mediator tiada kuasa untuk membuat
keputusan terhadap pertikaian.
Sambungan
Tugas mediator: membantu pihak
terlibat melihat pertikaian mereka
secara konstruktif supaya keputusan
yang adil dan boleh diterima oleh
kedua-dua pihak dicapai.
Mediator mendengar, memberi peluang
pihak terlibat meluahkan perasaan,
melakukan eksplorasi isu, membina
kepercayaan di antara pihak terlibat
dan beri galakan di mana perlu.
Aspek kerahsiaan diberi perhatian –
without prejudice.
ARBITRASI
Proses persendirian di mana pihak
bertikai bersetuju seorang/beberapa
individu akan membuat keputusan
selepas mendengar pembuktian dan
hujah daripada kedua-dua pihak.
Proses seakan-akan perbicaraan.
Perbezaaan: lebih cepat dan kurang
formal, arbitrator tidak perlu merujuk
undang-undang
tertentu
dalam
membuat keputusan.
NEGOSIASI
Proses suka rela dan tidak formal di
mana pihak bertikai mengenalpasti dan
melakukan
eksplorasi
isu,
cuba
mencapai persetujuan bersama dalam
menyelesaikan isu yang timbul.
Pihak bertikai boleh diwakili oleh
peguam.
Perbezaan dengan mediasi – tiada
individu neutral yang membantu pihak
bertikai bernegosiasi.
PERBICARAAN MINI
Proses persendirian di mana peguam
kedua pihak membentangkan kes
seperti dalam perbicaraan.
Selepas
pembentangan
penasihat
neutral dan wakil kedua pihak
(biasanya
eksekutif
kanan)
cuba
menyelesaikan pertikaian.
Sambungan
Jika gagal: penasihat neutral atas
permintaan
pihak
bertikai
boleh
menjadi
mediator
dan
memberi
pandangan tentang keputusan yang
mungkin
dibuat
jika
kes
ke
perbicaraan.
OMBUDS
Pihak ketiga yang dilantik oleh institusi
contohnya, universiti, hospital, agensi
kerajaan untuk menyiasat aduan oleh
pekerja, pelanggan atau wakil rakyat.
Pihak ketiga ini akan menyiasat aduan
secara bebas dan adil.
Proses suka rela, persendirian dan
non-binding.
KONFEREN PENYELESAIAN
Pihak yang bertikai bersama hakim
yang ditugaskan akan berjumpa dan
cuba menyelesaikan kes sebelum
perbicaraan.
Hakim seorang yang neutral dan bantu
pihak bertikai melihat pilihan-pilihan
penyelesaian.
Proses
biasanya
singkat,
kurang
penglibatan pihak bertikai dan isu
biasanya isu legal.
BENEFITS OF ADR
Speed
Cost-effectiveness
Confidentiality
Control
Commercial Focus
Positive Relationship
CASES SUITABLES FOR ADR
The cost of litigaton is expected to be
disproportionate to the claim.
The parties are deadlock in settlement
negotiations.
Complexity of law, facts or relations
are
likely
to
protract/prolong
particularly susceptible to appeal.
There are multi-actions involving
common parties.
Continue
The issues are highly complex and
involve multi-parties.
The issue involved sensitive or require
the disclosure of sensitive information.
The parties do not wish for any
publicity.
CASES NOT SUITABLE FOR ADR
When a legal, commercial or other
precedent needs to be set.
Where summary judgement is available
quickly and efficiently.
Parties require emergency injunction or
other protective relief.
Where publicity is actively sought.
Where there is no real interest of
settlement.
KESIMPULAN
Penyelesaian
pertikaian
alternatif
memberi peluang dan ruang kepada
pihak bertikai untuk berbincang dan
bertolak ansur – penyelesaian cara
baik.
Pendekatan gain-gain.
Jika gagal, pihak bertikai masih boleh
membawa kes ke mahkamah kecuali
jika
proses
berbentuk
binding
arbitration.
KESIMPULAN
Penglibatan
peguam
bergantung
kepada jenis penyelesaian pertikaian
alternatif yang dipilih.
Peguam biasanya terlibat jika pihak
bertikai diarah menggunakan ADR oleh
pihak mahkamah.
Biasanya peguam berperanan sebagai
penasihat atau advokat.
KESIMPULAN
“Discourage litigation. Persuade your
neighbour to compromise whenever
you can. Point out to them how the
nominal winner is often really a
loser…in fees, expenses and waste of
time. As a peacemaker, the lawyer has
a superior opportunity at being a good
man. There will still be business
enough” (Abraham Lincoln, 1850)
BHG II:
MEDIASI UNDANGUNDANG KELUARGA
MEDIASI KELUARGA
Kaedah
mediasi
ini
sebenarnya
bukanlah satu kaedah baharu dalam
menyelesaikan pertikaian. Kaedah ini
telah lama digunakan di kebanyakan
budaya timur seperti China, Jepun,
Korea, India dan Malaysia sendiri.
Malah dalam Islam telah wujud lebih
1400 tahun yang lepas.
Arus
permodenan
menyebabkan
sistem
tradisi
ini
kini
kurang
berfungsi.
SAMB…
Islam amat menggalakkan sebarang
pertikaian di selesaikan dengan cara
baik bagi mengelakkan permusuhan di
antara pihak yang bertikai.
Terdapat banyak ayat-ayat Quran yang
menerangkan
tentang
prinsip
penyelesaian
pertikaian
melalui
kaedah perundingan.
SAMB…
Surah An Nisa’:114 “Tidak ada kebaikan
pada kebanyakan bisik-bisikan mereka,
kecuali (bisik-bisikan) orang yang
menyuruh bersedekah, atau berbuat
kebajikan atau mendamaikan di antara
manusia. Dan sesiapa yang berbuat
demikian dengan maksud mencari
keredhaan Allah, tentulah Kami akan
memberi kepadanya pahala yang amat
besar”.
PRINSIP NILAI MEDIASI
‘Memaafkan itu amat mulia’.
Konsep mediasi atau sulh yang
dianjurkan
oleh
Islam
dapat
mengelakkan pihak yang bertikai
menyimpan dendam antara satu sama
lain.
Hubungan kemanusiaan yang produktif
di masa hadapan dapat dipelihara.
MEDIASI DAN KONFLIK
KELUARGA
Konflik keluarga melibatkan kes-kes
seperti
perkahwinan,
perceraian,
penjagaan anak dan pembahagian harta.
Banyak
kajian
lepas
yang
telah
membuktikan perceraian memberi kesan
negatif
kepada
kesejahteraan
ahli
keluarga terutamanya anak-anak.
Dengan kaedah mediasi pasangan yang
bercerai akan melalui proses perceraian
secara baik (positive divorce).
SAMBUNGAN
Nilai seperti hormat menghormati
antara satu sama lain, kepercayaan,
tolak ansur, cuba memahami dan yang
penting cuba mencari penyelesaian
untuk
kebaikan
bersama
diberi
perhatian.
Pasangan yang bercerai masih boleh
menjadi sahabat dan menjalankan
tanggungjawab sebagai ibu dan bapa
walaupun mereka tidak lagi tinggal
sebumbung.
MEDIASI DAN MAHKAMAH
Court-attached/assisted
mediation
telah lama diamalkan di Amerika
Syarikat,
Australia
dan
United
Kingdom.
Di Asia Tenggara, Mahkamah Keluarga
Singapura merupakan yang pertama
menggalakkan kaedah alternatif ini.
Sejak 1995, kebanyakan kes di
Mahkamah
Keluarga
Singapura
diselesaikan
secara
mediasi
dan
konsiliasi.
SAMB…
Untuk kes perceraian yang ditentang
(contested divorce cases), kurang 0.5%
kes
yang
meneruskan
prosiding
perbicaraan di mahkamah.
Litigation is therefore, used as a last
resort after all attempts to settle the
case amicably have failed.
MEDIASI UNDANG-UNDANG
KELUARGA DI MAHKAMAH SYARIAH
MALAYSIA
Proses mediasi atau sulh setakat ini
telah dijalankan di Selangor (2002) dan
Melaka.
Penguatkuasaan
sulh
di
Selangor
berdasarkan seksyen 47 dan 48
Enakmen keluarga Islam 2003, seksyen
99, 94, 131 Enakmen Kanun Prosedur
Mal Syariah Selangor (2003) dan Kaedah
Tatacara Mal (Sulh) Syariah Selangor
2001.
SAMB…
Negeri-negeri lain sedang dalam
proses mendraf prosidur proses sulh
ini dalam enakmen keluarga masingmasing. W.Persekutuan sudah ada
tetapi belum dikuatkusakan.
Mahkamah Syariah akan menasihatkan
pihak yang terlibat supaya berunding
dahulu (proses sulh) secara baik bagi
mencapai
persetujuan
terhadap
penyelesaian pertikaian.
IMPAK PERCERAIAN
TERHADAP KANAK-KANAK
Kes-kes yang digalakkan untuk proses
sulh termasuklah pertikaian berkaitan
harta
pusaka,
penjagaan
anak,
perceraian, nafkah anak, muta’ah dan
harta sepencarian.
Daripada 307 kes sulh yang didaftarkan
di antara Mei hingga Julai 2002, hanya
38
kes
menggunakan
kaedah
penyelesaian di mahkamah.
SAMB…
Pada tahun 2003, 90% kes sulh berjaya
diselesaikan (Berita Harian).
Mediasi
undang-undang
keluarga
(sulh) tidak dinafikan telah berjaya
membantu mahkamah syariah dalam
mengurangkan
jumlah
kes-kes
tertunggak.
KAJIAN LEPAS BERKAITAN
MEDIASI KELUARGA
Research studies across a number of
countries have emphasized that family
lawyers tend to take a conciliatory and
cooperative rather than adversarial
approach to practice (Hunter, 2003).
Mediatory approaches and negotiated
outcomes are less costly in economic
and emotional terms than courtassisted outcomes, particularly where
children are involved and provide better
basis
for
continuing
parental
responsibility following divorce.
SAMB…
Court professionals are not trained to
handle emotionally-charge litigants in
dealing with very private, family related
matters (Beck, 1999).
The proponent of family law mediation
state that mediation combines the
personal/relational and legal aspects of
divorce
by
offering
parties
a
confidential and cooperative problemsolving process (Folberg & Milne,
1988).
SAMB…
The central quality of mediation lies in
its capacity to re-orientate the parties
toward each other, not by imposing
rules on them, but by helping them to
achieve a new and shared perception of
their relationship, a perception that will
direct their attitudes towards one
another (Fuller, 1971).
SAMB…
Beck and Biank (1997) describe the
process of divorce mediation as one
that 'empowers and supports' the
divorcing couple both during and after
the divorce.
The opportunity to develop or maintain
a constructive parental relationship
and a belief that agreements are
workable and fair under the existing
circumstances (Emery & Wyer 1987,
Pearson & Thoennes 1984)
RUMUSAN
Menangani pertikaian dari perspektif
yang konstruktif membuka ruang
kepada penyelesaian yang mengambil
kira kebaikan bersama.
Penyelesaian cara baik amat penting
dalam menangani pertikaian keluarga
kerana hubungan keluarga adalah
hubungan yang suci lagi berkekalan.
Berakhirnya ikatan perkahwinan tidak
menamatkan
tanggung
jawab
seseorang sebagai ibu dan bapa
BHG III:
REKONSILIASI & TRIBUNAL
PERKAHWINAN
RECONCILIATION AND MARRIAGE
TRIBUNAL
RECONCILIATION
Steps at reconciliation must be taken by the
parties to a marriage.
S. 55(1) Law Reform (Marriage & Divorce)
1976 : before presentation of a petition for
divorce, the petitioner should have recourse
to the assistance and advice of such persons
or bodies…for the purpose of effecting
reconciliation.
CONTINUE
S. 55(2): if there is reasonable possibility
of a reconciliation, the court may adjourn
the proceedings for such period as it
deems fit to enable attempts for
reconciliation.
S. 57(2): every divorce petition must clearly
state that steps had been taken to effect
reconciliation.
S. 106 exempts this requirement for
divorce under ss. 51 (conversion to Islam)
and 52 (mutual consent).
CONTINUE
S. 106(1) other exemptions:
1. Petitioner has been deserted.
2. Respondent residing abroad.
3. Respondent failed to attend reconciliation.
4. Respondent is imprisoned for a term of 5
yrs or more.
5. Respondent
suffering
from
incurable
mental illness.
6. Court satisfied that reference to conciliatory
body impracticable.
CONCILIATORY BODY
A council set up for the purpose of
reconciliation by the appropriate authority
of any religion, community, clan or
association.
A Marriage Tribunal – a unit in the
Department of National Registry.
Any other body approved by the Minister in
charged of the registration of marriages.
If conciliatory body failed to reconcile the
parties – refer to Marriage Tribunal for the
area in which the parties reside.
If parties are living in different area – the
Marriage Tribunal for the area they last
reside together.
CONTINUE
The conciliatory is given 6 months to
resolve the matrimonial difficulty.
Parties cannot be represented by lawyers.
Family members may represent the parties.
Any other person must get the leave from
conciliatory body to represent parties.
Fail to reconcile: issue certificate to the
effect. May append recommendation
regarding to maintenance, division of
matrimonial property and custody of infant
children, if any.
PROBLEMS AND DIFFICULTIES
FACED BY CONCILIATORY BODY
Familial ties – parties seek help from family
members.
Failed: consult lawyer who will advise on
procedures,
requirements,
implications
relevant to divorce proceeding.
Decision to go ahead with petition for divorce
– signals the absence of any likelihood of
reconciliation.
So, reference to conciliatory is a waste of time
and resources.
WEAKNESSES OF MARRIAGE
TRIBUNAL
The members of conciliatory are strangers –
parties hesitant to disclose private details of
their marriage.
Presumption of bias, judgmental, unhelpful,
prejudice, impartial.
Frequent postponements of hearing due to
difficulty in securing attendance of all
members on the appointed dates.
Delay aggravate tense and unfortunate
situation of the parties.
The members of conciliatory body are not
experts on the issues. – unable to perform
duty efficiently.
Appointment of member to the Marriage
Tribunal is not permanent – could not
make decision because members are
transferred to other department.
Attendance to conciliation process in not
compulsory.
Lack of coordination, standardization and
direction (Nora, 2005).
BHG IV:
SULH AND TAHKIM
SULH
Literal: termination of a dispute.
Terminology: an agreement entered
into by the disputing parties for the
purpose of settling once and for all the
dispute between them.
Process of restorative justice and
peacemaking.
Process of resolving dispute amicably.
TAHKIM
Literal: to make someone as an arbitrator
(hakam) and to authorise him to make
judgement.
Terminology: an appointment by the
disputing parties of someone (hakam) to
judge between them.
Hakam is like a judge who has the power
to give judgement.
A form of sulh.
AUTHORITIES OF SULH
Can be found in several places in the
Qur’an. Eg: Al Hujurat:9, A;Nisa’:35,
114, 128, Al Baqarah: 178, 182, 224,
228.
“If you fear a breach between them
(husband and wife) appoint two
arbiters, one from his family and the
other from hers. If they wish for peace,
Allah will cause their conciliation, for
Allah hath full knowledge, and is
acquainted with all things” – Al Nisa’:35
Continue
Hadith: “Sulh is permissible among
Muslims except the one which makes
the unlawful as lawful and which makes
the lawful as unlawful. Muslims are
bind
by
their
promises
except
promises that permit the unlawful as
lawful and the lawful as unlawful” –
narrated by Kathir bin Abd Allah.
Sunnah: the setting of Hajar Aswad
during the reconstruction of Ka’bah.
SULH IN FAMILY DISPUTE
Matters: relating to property rights,
non-property rights or rights that
arise either during the marriage or
after divorce.
Hakam or mediator is under a duty to
render justice in his judgement.
“Whoever
judge
between
two
disputing parties (by way of tahkim)
and both of them agree with the
arbitrator whereas he does not do
justice between them, Allah will curse
him.” – hadith Prophet Muhammad
s.a.w.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN SULH AND
TAHKIM
Voluntary and parties
consented.
Mediator facilitate the
discussion of the issues in
dispute.
Disputants responsible for
the agreement.
The agreement is not
binding unless endorsed
by the court.
Use to resolve past or
present dispute.
Informal.
Voluntary and parties
consented.
Hakam plays the role of a
judge - excluding the
formal procedure.
Hakam make the decision
on the issues of dispute.
The decision is binding as
if it is made by the court.
Can be used to resolve
future dispute.
Quasi-judicial
PROVISIONS ON SULH
 1st state to draft the procedure: Federal
Territories of Kuala Lumpur. Later followed by
Selangor and Melaka.
 Proactive state in implementing sulh:
Selangor.
 Relevant laws in Selangor:
1. The Family Law Enactment 2003 (IFLE): s. 47,
48.
2. The Syariah Court Civil Procedure Enactment
2003 (SCCPE) : s. 99, 94 and 131.
3. The Syariah Civil Procedure (Sulh) Rule 2001.
SECTION 47 IFLE– CONCILIATORY
COMMITTEE
 S 47(5): “Where the other party does not consent to the
divorce or it appears to the court that there is
reasonable possibility of a reconciliation between the
parties, the court shall, as soon as possible, appoint a
conciliatory committee consisting of a religious officer
as Chairman and two other persons, one to act for the
husband and the other for the wife and refer the case
to the committee.”
 In practice:
Counselling
registration
Department
Chairman is usually the head of family
and Development Unit or the Head of
of Marriage and Revocation Unit in the
of Islamic Religion of Selangor.
EXEMPTION OF SECTION 47
Desertion.
Residing outside Peninsular Malaysia – unlikely
to be within the jurisdiction of the court within
6 months.
Imprisonment for a term of 3 yrs and more.
Incurable mental illness.
Exceptional
circumstances
which
make
reference
to
a
conciliatory
committee
impracticable.
SECTION 48 IFLE - HAKAM
 The court may appoint two hakam to act on behalf of
the husband and wife respectively if it is satisfied that
there is constant quarrels between them.
 Preference: close relatives who know the circumstances
of the case.
 Hakam will be directed by the court.
 If the hakam are unable to agree or if the court
dissatisfied with their conduct: appoint another hakam.
SS 99, 94 AND 131SCCPE 2003
 S. 99: Any parties to a proceeding may convene sulh at
any stage of the proceeding according to the
established rules and procedure.
 Absence of those rules and procedure:
hukum syarak.
resort to
 S. 94: recording of settlement reached in any
proceeding including sulh. The record of settlement
shall afford as a defense by way of res judicata.
 S. 131: Judgement based on consent or agreement of
parties including sulh may be recorded at any time.
THE SYARIAH CIVIL PROCEDURE
(SULH) RULES 2001
Enforced in 2002.
Not applicable in divorce cases.
Determination of date: on registration day.
Sulh will convene in 21 days.
Failure to attend Majlis Sulh: penalised –
imprisonment not more than 6 months or a
fine not more that RM2000.
Confidential
Non-compliance of Consent Order amount to
contempt of court
JABATAN KEHAKIMAN SYARIAH
MALAYSIA
 Play important role in upgrading the quality of services
of the syariah courts.
 Provide Working Manual and Code of Ethics to guide
sulh officers in performing their duty effectively.
 Provide ongoing training to enhance mediation skill.
 All sulh officers must attend training course conducted
by The Accord Group, an international (based in Sidney,
Australia) dispute resolution firm specializing in
mediation.
 Eg.
of
Skills
imparted:
conflict
management,
communication, how to represent client.
 Qualified for Associate membership of the UK Chartered
Institute of Arbitrators.
CASES THAT CAN BE RESOLVED BY
SULH









S. 13 : consent of wali.
S. 18(1) (c): Wali hakim
S. 23(1): Poligamy
S. 47: Application of divorce
S. 49: Khulu’
S. 50: Ta’liq
S. 53: Fasakh
S.57: Confirmat’n of divorce
S. 58: Mut’ah
S. 60: Maintenance
S. 66: ‘Iddah maintenance
S. 67: Amendment of wife
maintenance
S.70: Outstanding
maintenance
S. 73: Maintenance of
children
S. 82: Custody of children
S. 122: Harta sepencarian
S. 133: Failure to abide
maintenance order
S. 154: Enforcement order
SULH PROCESS
 Review case file.
 Ensures sulh officer has jurisdiction and Notice has
been served or not to parties in sulh.
 Conduct Majlis Sulh.
 Agreed: record agreement in sulh, draft Consent
Agreement, review Consent Agreement,
 Court endorsed Consent Agreement: Judgement Order
 Disagreed: proceed for trial in court, Judgement Order.
 Case closed.
EFFECTIVENESS OF SULH IN SELANGOR
 64% as compared to 34% cases referred for trial. Only 2
% adjourned. (JAKESS: May 2002 to December 2006).
 Of 2555 cases registered from May 2002 to December
2003, 68% were succesfully settled by sulh, 26% by trial
in court and only 6% adjourned (Raihanah, 2005).
 87% parties of sulh reported that they were highly
satisfied with sulh, 13% reported that thay were
moderately satisfied with sulh, none reported having
low satisfaction with sulh (Sa’odah, 2010).
 Majority or the parties of sulh were able to discuss
issues resulted from their divorce and together they
came up with agreed aolution (Sa’odah, 2010).
 97% parties of sulh would recommend sulh to any
person having similar problems (Sa’odah, 2010).
CONSLUSION
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Sulh is very effective in resolving dispute amicably.
Empowering process.
Gain-gain situation.
Preserve future relationship between parties in dispute.
Spill-over result: decrease of backlog cases in court.