 Objectives:
 Today I will be able to:



Identify and name the functional groups in organic
compounds
Explain the definition of an isomer
Differentiate between cis and trans isomers
 Informal assessment – monitoring student
interactions and questions as they complete the
practice
 Formal assessment – analyzing student responses to
the practice
 Common Core Connection
 Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them
 Reason abstactly
Lesson Sequence
 Evaluate: Warm-up
 Explain: Isomers, Cis vs. Trans
 Explore/Explain: Functional Groups
 Elaborate: Worksheet
 Evaluate: Exit Ticket
Warm Up
Draw the structure and determine what is
wrong with the name
1 – ethyl -3-methyl-2-propylpentane
2-methyl-3,4-ethylnonane
2,2- dimethyl-2-pentene
Objectives
 Today I will be able to:
 Identify and name the functional groups in organic
compounds
 Explain the definition of an isomer
 Differentiate between cis and trans isomers
Homework
 Cation/Anion Quiz sometime the week of September
8-11
 Solubility Rule Quiz sometime the week of September
15-19
Agenda
 Warm-up
 Isomers, Cis vs. Trans
 Functional Groups
 Practice Worksheet
 Exit Ticket
Complete the functional groups outline using your
textbook. We will review as a class.
Complete the practice problems at your desk. We will
review the answers as a class.
The Shapes of Organic Molecules
 In the VSEPR model, the bonds to a carbon are
comprised of four electron pairs:
 Single bonds: tetrahedral
 One double bond: trigonal-planar
 Two double bonds: linear
 This helps to determine molecular shapes and how
they will react with other molecules and how quickly
The Stabilities of Organic
Substances
 Triple bonds are stronger than double bonds which are
stronger than single bonds; this results from
decreasing bond length
 Most reactions between oxygen and organic
compounds are exothermic and stable at room
temperature
 Special stability is associated with the presence of
aromatic rings due to the overlap of the pi orbitals of
the carbon atoms that cause the electrons to delocalize
(resonance structures)
Solubility and Acid/Base Properties
of Organic Substances
 Carbon Carbon and Carbon Hydrogen bonds are the
most prevalent in these substances
 Overall low polarity and soluble in nonpolar solvents
 Molecules are soluble in water have polar groups on the
surface of the molecule
 Acidic substances: carboxylic acids –COOH
 Basic substances: amines –NH2, -NHR, -NR2
 Amino Acids: contain both the carboxylic acid and
amino groups; amphoteric (acting as either an acid or
base)
Introduction to Hydrocarbons
Alkanes (Ethane) CH3 CH3
http://www.knowledgerush.com/wiki_image/a/ae/Ethane.png
Alkanes
 An organic compound containing only single bonds
 Geometry of each carbon atom is tetrahedral with sp3
hybridization
 These are considered saturated hydrocarbon
http://wpcontent.answers.com/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Ch4_hybridization.svg/178px-Ch4_hybridization.svg.png
Alkanes
 Straight chain hydrocarbons: carbons atoms are joined
in a single continuous chain
 Branched chain hydrocarbons: hydrocarbon chains
with four or more atoms can form branches rather
than straight chains
 Structural isomers: compounds with the same
molecular formula but different bonding
arrangements; also known as resonance structures
Nomenclature of Alkanes
1.
Find the longest carbon chain and use the number of
carbon atoms
http://image.tutorvista.com/content/organic-chemistry/alkanes-nomenclature.gif
Nomenclature of Alkanes
2. Number the carbon atoms with the lowest number at
the closest substituent
3. Name the substituent groups and if there is more
than one group list them in alphabetical order with
the carbon number attached
Alkyl group: removing an H atom from an alkane to
form a substituent group
Cycloalkanes
 Cycloalkanes are rings or cycles of alkanes
 These are shown as simple polygons when they are
drawn
 Rings with less than five atoms are considered
unstable
 Most cycloalkanes behave like unsaturated
hydrocarbons
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alkanes/cyclos.gif
Alkane Reactions
 Alkanes are relatively unreactive because of their
stable state
 Combustion: basic reaction for use of fuels
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/onlcourse/chm110/labs/world3images/lab2b.GIF
Alkenes
 An unsaturated hydrocarbon with a double carbon
carbon bond
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Ethylene-2D.png
Alkene
 There are several isomers that exists for an alkene
when there are four or more carbon atoms
 Geometric isomers: compounds that have the same
molecular formula and the same groups bonded but
different spatial arrangements; results from the carbon
carbon double bond’s resistance to twisting
Alkynes
 An unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a triple
carbon carbon bond
 These compounds are highly reactive
http://wikipremed.com/image_science_archive_th/030101_th/197600_800px-Acetylene-
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
 Are planar rings with a sigma and pi bond
 Chart of common aromatic ring systems are on page
977
http://www.chem.lsu.edu/lucid/courseinfo/chem1002/Image20.gif
Functional Groups:
Alcohols and Ethers
 A functional group is a site
of reactivity in an organic
molecule that controls how a
molecule behaves and
functions
 See page 980 for reference to
chart
Alcohols
 Alcohols are hydrocarbon derivatives in which one or
more hydrocarbons of a parent hydrocarbon have been
replaced by an –OH (hydroxyl group)
http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/f/m/aceticacid.jpg
Ethers
 Ethers are compounds in which two hydrocarbon
groups are bonded to one oxygen; can be formed from
two molecules of alcohol by splitting out a molecule of
water
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Dimethyl-ether-2D-
Compounds with a Carbonyl Group
 A carbonyl group is a functional group that contains a
carbon oxygen double bond
C=O
 Aldehydes: have at least one hydrogen atom attached
to the molecule
 Ketones: Occurs at the interior of a carbon chain,
therefore enclosed by carbon atoms
Aldehydes and Ketones
 Aldehyde
 Ketone

http://www.chemistry-drills.com/icons/1.JPG

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Ketone-general.png
Carboxylic Acids
 These acids contain the carboxyl functional group
(-
COOH) and can be produced by the oxidation of
alcohols
http://www.biology.lsu.edu/introbio/Link2/fatty%20acids.gif
Esters
 Carboxylic acid that undergo condensation reaction
with alcohols
 Hydrolysis of an ester in the presence of a base is called
saponification
http://www.wiredchemist.com/images/structure5.
Amines and Amides
 Amines are organic bases and amides are the products
of a condensation reaction between an amine and a
carboxylic acid
http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/r/s/tertiaryaminegroup.j