Carl Jung: Analytical
Psychology
“Your vision will
become clear
only when you
look into your
heart. Who
looks outside,
dreams. Who
looks inside
awakens.”
Chapter Outline
1. Differences with Freud
2. The Life of Jung (1875-1961)
3. Psychic Energy
4. The Systems of Personality
5. The Development of the Personality
6. Questions About Human Nature
7. Assessment and Research
8. Reflections
Differences with Freud
• Sexuality: Jung broadened Freud’s
definition of libido/ psychic energy
• Argued that we are shaped not only by
the past but the future as well
• Placed greater emphasis on the
unconscious
Jung and Freud
• “The meeting of two personalities is like the
contact of two chemicals substances if there
is any reaction, both are transformed” –Jung
• Freud selected Jung to be his spiritual heir/
successor and crown prince
• Freud was a father figure for Jung (20 yrs.
older)
• Met 1907; friendship ended 1913
Jung’s Life
• Born in Switzerland
- Emotionally unstable mother
- Weak and powerless father
• Childhood characterized by loneliness and
turning inward
• A wooden doll friend
• Studied medicine; psychiatry
• Became one of Freud’s disciples and then
severed their relationship in 1913
Jung’s Life Cont…
• Neurotic episode at 38 (similar to
Freud)
• Self analysis of his unconscious
• Developed his theory of personality
• Long and fruitful professional life
• Taught at a university and held a
private practice
• Became famous in America
Psychic Energy
• Libido
-Diffuse and general life energy
-Energy that fuels the personality
• Psyche
-Jung’s term for personality
• Ego
-Center of consciousness
Psychic Energy Cont.
• Used physics concepts
• Principle of opposites
-conflict btw opposing processes
• Principle of equivalence
-redistribution of energy
• Principle of entropy
-balance w/in the personality
Psychological Attitudes
• 2 Attitudes
• People have both, but one is
dominate
• Extraversion
-Orientation toward others
• Introversion
-Orientation toward self
Psychological Functions
• SENSING (S) vs. INTUITION (I)
-how we take in information
• THINKING (T) vs. FEELING (F)
-how we make decisions/ come to judgments
Added later by researchers (Katharine Cook
Briggs and Isabel Briggs-Myers)
• JUDGING (J) vs. PERCEIVING (P)
-how we relate to the outer or external world.
Psychological Types
• Based on interactions of attitudes and
functions
– Extraverted thinking (logical, objective)
– Extraverted feeling (motional, sensitive)
– Extraverted sensing (outgoing, adaptable)
– Extraverted intuitingreative)
Psychological Types
• Based on interactions of attitudes and
functions
– Introverted thinking (interested in ideas)
– Introverted feeling (reserved, deep)
– Introverted sensing (outwardly detached)
– Introverted intuiting (unconscious
focused)
Myer’s Briggs Type Indicator
• http://www.developandgrow.com/life
coach/blog/free-on-line-myersbriggs-personality-tests/
• http://similarminds.com/jung.html
• Free online version
Unconscious
• Personal Unconscious- Material that was
once conscious
• Complexes: A core organized around a
common theme
– May be conscious or unconscious
– May be helpful or harmful
• Collective Unconscious: Accumulation of
inherited experiences, deepest level of the
psyche
Archetypes
• Images of universal experiences
contained in the collective
unconscious
• hero, mother, child, God, death,
power, wise old man
Archetypes Cont.
• Persona-Public face or role
• Anima- a woman’s masculine side
• Animus- a man’s feminine side
• Shadow- primitive animal instincts, evil,
immoral side, creativity, vitality too
• Self-unity, integration, harmony of the
total personality/ emerges in middle age
Personality Development
• We are shaped by our future and past
• We continue to grow past age 5
• Jung did not propose a stage model but
highlighted periods of development
– Childhood: ego development begins,
distinction bw self and others
– Puberty to young adulthood: demands of
reality are strong, conscious focus on
education, career, and family
– Middle age (35-40): Significant time of
transition, actualize the self
Personality Development, cont…
• Individuation: Integration of conscious and
unconscious aspects of the personality,
developing one’s self
– Must abandon behaviors which guided first
half of life
– Allow self to be guided by the unconscious
– Dethrone the persona and acknowledge the
shadow
– Come to terms with psychological
bisexuality (or opposite sex characteristics)
– Results in to transcendence: unification of
opposing aspects within the psyche
Human Nature
• Personality determined by childhood
experiences and archetypes
• Accounted for free will and spontaneity
arising from the shadow archetype
• Each individual is unique, but that
fades over time
• Optimism – We are all motivated to
grow and develop
• Warned about the dangers in Western
culture
Assessment
• Drew on science and the supernatural
• Developed theory from dreams, cultures,
ancient religions and myths.
• Unorthodox approach to patients
• Used three techniques to evaluate
personality.
– Word association test: Uncover complexes
– Symptom analysis: Similar to catharsis
– Dream analysis: Prospective and
compensatory
Assessment cont…
• Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
(MBTI)
– Developed in the 1920’s by Katherine
Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers
– Based on Jung’s personality types
– Popular self report inventory
– Often used in employee hiring and
promotion decisions
– http://www.myersbriggs.org/
Research on Jung's Theory
• Case Study: Life-history
reconstruction.
• Some evidence for introversion and
extraversion using the MBTI.
• Evidence that dream patterns relate
to types.
• Empirical evidence for individuation.
• Evidence for midlife crisis in women.
Reflections on Jung’s Theory
Contributions
• Considerable impact on many disciplines
• Word association inspired the
development of the Rorschach and liedetection techniques
• Concept of complexes, introversion and
extraversion are widely used
• Recognition of cultural, social, and
historical influences
• Useful concepts for practitioners
Reflections, cont’d.
Contributions
• Jung influenced Maslow, Murray,
Adler, Erikson, and Cattel
• Concept of midlife crisis is seen as a
necessary step in development
• Formal training now available
Reflections, cont’d.
Criticism
• Concepts difficult to understand
• Writings lack internal consistency
and systematization
• Too readily embraced the occult and
supernatural (mythology, religion)