Surprise Quiz
Test dividers up
One piece of paper
No talking
Review Quiz
• When water dissociates what are the two
types of ions that you will find?
• Why is water a thermoregulator?
• Oil does not dissolve in water. What is
the scientific term for this?
• How does salt dissociate in water?
• What does a buffer do and how do you
make one?
Organic vs. Inorganic
• Organic molecules have carbon as the central
atom
• There are some inorganic molecules that
contain carbon
– CO2 CO CaCO3
Monomer vs. Polymer
• A monomer is a single unit or a single type of
molecule
• A Polymer is made up of many monomers
Monomer
Polymer
Monosaccharide
Polysaccahride
Amino Acid
Protein
Nucleotides
Nucleic Acid (DNA and
RNA)
CARBOHYDRATES
• The basic formula for carbohydrates is H-C-OH
• This is used for short-term energy
•This is an example of a Monomer
•This is glucose
•This is a monosaccharide
Carbohydrates
• When two monomers come together they
combine
• Two monosaccharides come together and
form a disaccharide
Formation of a disaccharide
H2O
Two glucose molecules
 Maltose
Condensation Synthesis
• Also called a dehydration synthesis
• Its called synthesis because it makes
something
• This is when two monomers combine and
then a water is released
Hydrolysis reaction
• This is the breakdown of large polymers into
smaller monomers
• Water is added to a polymer and it breaks up
• Draw the hydrolysis reaction of a disaccharide
Carbohydrate Polymers
• Starch – This is a long chain of glucose that is
found in plants. It has a few branches. Its used
for food.
• Glycogen – This is a long chain of glucose that
is found in animals. It has many branches. Its
used for food.
• Cellulose – This is a long chain of glucose
found in plants. It is linked differently and has
no branches. It is used for structure and
support
Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
• Starch- this forms a bond between the first
carbon and the 4th carbon
• Glycogen- this forms a bond between the first
carbon and either the 4th carbon or the 6th
carbon. This makes it very branched
• Cellulose- this forms a bond between the first
carbon and the 4th carbon. However each
glucose is flipped
Lipids
•
•
•
•
Lipids are types of fats and oils
They do not dissolve in water
Oil is found in plants
Fat is found in animals
– Fat is used for
• Insulation from the cold
• Protective cushion for organs
• Used for long term energy storage
Condensation Synthesis
Condensation of Lipids
+ 3H2O
This is called a
Neutral Fat.
When a glycerol
bonds with
three fatty acids
Neutral Fats
• Neutral fats are fats that are on a persons
waist or legs
• They are called neutral fats because they are
non-polar and have no charge
• Some fats are polar and do have a charge. One
of these are called phospholipids
Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids
• Saturated fatty acid – this is a fatty acid with
no double bonds present
• Unsaturated fatty acid– This is a fatty acid
with double bonds present
phospholipid
Phospholipids
• These are found in cells
• They are what create the outside of a cell
Fatty Acid
Chains
Polar Head
• Hydrogen bonds form between the
phospholipid "heads" and the watery
environment inside and outside of the cell
• Hydrophobic interactions force the "tails" to
face inward
•Phospholipids are not bonded to each other,
which makes the double layer fluid
Steroids
• All steroids have 4 carbon rings that are
attached
This is the basic
steroid
backbone. There
are many types
of steroids but
they all have this
backbone
Steroids
• On a test you may see a picture of a steroid
like this
Steroids
Proteins
• They have structural functions
– Ex. Bone, nails, hair, ligaments, tendons, muscles
• Some are enzymes
– Enzymes speed chemical reactions
– Some enzymes break up starch and some break
up other proteins
– There are many different enzymes
Proteins
• Proteins are made up of Amino Acids
• The condensation synthesis of many amino
acids makes proteins
Amino Acid
• Amino acids are the monomer of proteins
• All have carboxylic acid side and a amine side
The “R” group.
Different for
every amino acid
Draw the condensation synthesis of
two amino acids
Also called a
Peptide Bond
Peptide Bonds
• When two amino acids are bonded together it
is called a dipeptide
• When there are many amino acids bonded
together its called a polypeptide
Primary Structure
• Proteins are many amino acids joined together
– This is called primary structure
Secondary structure
• The polypeptide folds and twists and forms
hydrogen bonds with itself
– This is called secondary structure
Tertiary Structures
• After the secondary structure forms the “R”
groups form covalent bonds with each other
• An example of an “R” group bond is the S-S
bond also called the disulphide bond
Quaternary Structure
• When multiple polypeptides come together
they form a larger protein. This is Quaternary
structure
We can see two
polypeptides together
Quaternary Structure
• Hemoglobin is a protein that is in blood cells
• They have Fe2+ in the protein and this is what
makes blood red
Nucleic Acid
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA
(ribonucleic acid) are nucleic acid polymers
• Nucleotides are the monomers
• Nucleotide is made up of a Pentose sugar, a
phosphate and a nitrogen containing base
• There are 5 types of nitrogen containing
bases.
– Adenine
– Thymine
– Guanine
– Cytosine
– Uracil
(A)
(T)
(G)
(C)
(U)
DNA double helix
• Hydrogen bonds is what holds the double
helix together
• They form from complimentary base pairs
– Thymine -- Adenine
– Guanine -- Cytosine
 2 hydrogen bonds
 3 hydrogen bonds
Differences between DNA and RNA
• They both have a Sugar and Phosphate
Backbone
• However RNA used Ribose for its sugar and
DNA uses Deoxyribose
Sugar
–
Nitrogen
Phosphate
containing
Backbone
Bases
• DNA is double stranded or a Double Helix
• RNA is a single strand no helix
• DNA uses the nitrogen containing bases
– Adenine
– Thymine
– Guanine
– Cytosine
• RNA uses the nitrogen containing bases
– Adenine
– Uracil
– Guanine
– Cytosine
ATP
• ATP  Adenosine Triphosphate
• Adenine + Ribose sugar + 3 phosphates
• Glucose has too much energy so it is
converted into ATP molecules
3 Phosphates
Adenine
Ribose
• When ATP releases energy it turns into ADP
which is called Adenosine diphosphate
• One bond is broken and this releases a lot of
energy
• The energy released from ATP is used by your
body to make things like proteins or other
polymers
• ATP is also used by your muscles to make
them move
Review for the Test
• Chapter 2 questions
– Page 43 questions 1 to 12