Lexics on Morphology and Semantics SOMEBODY Echo Carol Jane Coco Kiky Contrastive Chinese and English Word Formation Productive affix Echo Productive affix English affixes :prefix infix and suffix Chinese affixes :prefix and suffix. English and Chinese affixes can be nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs English affixes to identify people, things and shapes. Chinese affixes are mainly used to identify people. wine / tea / network / bar, motorbike-taxi/ mini -bus . 酒吧,茶吧,网吧, 摩的,面的 suffixes expressing certain occupations Painter Speaker Lawyer Doctor Engineer 画家 演讲家 律师 医师 工程师 suffixes indicating relative relationships Son Wife Aunt Uncle No suffixes indicating relative relationships in English. 儿子 妻子 嫂子/姨子/姑子 小舅子/小叔子 Sometimes we can leave “子” out. 儿/ 妻/嫂/ 舅/叔 suffix use to describe the jobs or actions of people Worker 工人 Matchmaker 媒人 Hostess 女主持人 Agent 代理人 Defendant 辩护人 Reader Laborer Leaner Reporter Eyewitness 读者 劳动者 学习者 记者 目击者 ier ist ar ian ….. Clothier 男装裁缝 Pianist 钢琴家 Vicar 教区牧师 Grammarian 文法家 ….. Liar 说谎者 Magician 魔术师 ….. Collier Dentist 矿工the labor 牙科医生 who is looking for the mine (矿 Brazier 火盆 Botanist 植物学家 Technician 技术人员 Ren: modern Chinese; more informal Zhe :classical language; academic field 睡觉的人 睡觉者 Different in some cases sleeper 骗者 骗人 liar lie to somebody Finally There is not a fixed rule for the leaner to grasp Pay more attention to the affixes and learn the words individually Arrange the words together which have the same affixes. Contrasting Chinese and English Derivation and Inflection Carol Ho 0731100054 Derivation - Process in which words are formed from existing words or bases 1) by adding affixes, 2) by changing the shape of the word, that the word class will be changed. Inflection - An alteration of the form of a word 1) by the addition of an affix 2) by changing the form of a base, that indicates grammatical features word class will not be changed Derivation: -ly Adjective adverb e.g. quick to quickly However, there are always exceptions. Examples: He was famous even then. 即使在那是他已有名气了。 ji shi zai na shi hou ta yi jin you ming qi le She spread the butter evenly on the bread. 她把奶油均匀地涂在面包上。 ta ba nai you jun yun de tu zai mian bao shang The dog came near. 狗走近来。 gou zou jin lai It’s nearly done. 这件事快完成了。 zhe jian shi kuai wan cheng le I nearly fell into the river. 我差点掉进河里。 wo cha dian diao jin he li Inflection: -s Noun in plural form e.g. dog to dogs However….. can be countable or uncountable have different meanings Examples: air airs mixture of gases 空气(kong qi) posturing 装腔作势 (zhuang qiang zuo shi) force forces power 力量 (li liang) military 军队 (jun dui) minute minutes equal to 60 seconds 分钟 (fen zhong) official record of a meeting 会议记录 (hui yi ji lu) quarter quarters one of four equal parts 四分之一 (si fen zhi yi) place of residence 住处 (zhu chu) Comparative & Superlative Comparative - of adjectives and adverbs (more/-er) - expressing a greater degree or 'more' Superlative - of adjectives or adverbs (most/-est) - expressing the highest or a very high degree In Chinese • 3 stages • not by inflecting • but using an adverb Comparative Superlative “比较”(bi jiao), “还”(hao),“较”(jiao) e.g. 比较流利 (bi jiao liu li) “最”(zui), “非常”(fei chang) , “极”(ji) e.g. 非常流利 (fei chang liu li) 还流利 (hai liu li) 流利极了 (liu li ji le) By the impact of Chinese adding “more” or “most” to ALL comparative and superlative. Actually… • usually use with 3 or more syllables e.g. beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful • “-er” and “-est” for 2 or less syllables e.g. small, smaller, smallest • e.g. good, better, best; bad, worse, worst Contrasts in Color Words Between English and Chinese Jane 0631100023 Yesterday, I went to a grocery store to buy some brown sugar and black tea. When I reached the shop I got the news that the goods there were on a white sale. Therefore, besides some brown sugar and black tea, I also bought some purple wine and brown bread. 昨天,我去杂货店买些棕糖和黑茶。当我 到了商店,我得到一个消息:这家店的东西 白色减价。因此,我除了买了些棕糖和黑 茶之外,我还买了一些紫色的酒和棕色的 面包。 No It's incorrect Color is just the byproduct of the spectrum of the light which received by human eye and processed by human brain. The meanings of the color words are different because of the differences in cultural backgrounds Translators always make errors in this area because some color words have derived meanings and cannot be translated literally. Red-红(hong2) When red has the derived meaning, it cannot be translated literally. Western people associate "red" with festivals and celebration. Paint the town red. 狂欢痛饮 Red-红(hong2) In China, 红 is a symbol of weddings, festivals, happiness and energy. It is more positive than it is in English. Also, it cannot be translated into red literally. 红娘 match-maker, go between, not red mother 红榜 honor roll, honor board, not red board Red-红(hong2) In English, sometimes, "red" is a derogatory term because people easily associate it with the color of blood. "red" relates to bloodiness, fanaticism, disaster, and pettiness. red-handed 正在犯罪 red tape 繁文缛节 Red-红(hong2) "red“in some English phrases means angry see red 很生气 waving a red flag 做惹人生气的事 Red-红(hong2) Some Chinese words with "红" cannot be translated into "red" 红糖:brown sugar 红茶:black tea 红豆:love pea Black-黑(hei 1) If black means color, it can be translated into “黑” literally. Also, in some idioms, black can be "黑“. For example, black comedy means 黑色喜剧 black list means 黑名单, black humor means 黑色幽默 Black-黑(hei 1) black in both Chinese and English is a negative word. It relates to bad, darkness and death. black sheep 害群之马 black Friday 不吉利的星期五 black lies 恶意的谎言 In some idioms, black has positive meaning. in the black means gaining profit 盈利 White-白(bai 2) Again, "white" has derived meanings which cannot be translated literally. Some Chinese words contains "白" which will not be translated into "white" 白费事 all in vain 白手起家 to build up from nothing 白痴 idiot White-白(bai 2) Some English words with "white" cannot be translated into "白" white war 没有硝烟的战争, white sale 大减价 white lie 善意的谎言,无伤大雅的谎言 Other Color Words a blue moon a green hand green-eyed purple wine brown bread 千载难逢的机会 新手 嫉妒/眼红 红酒 黑面包 So, the translation will be like this 昨天,我去杂货店买些红糖和红茶。我到 了商店,我得到一个消息:这家店的东西 大减价。因此,我除了买了些红糖和红茶 之外,我还买了一些红酒和黑面包。 The Chinese Classifier in Comparison with the English Classifier Coco 0631100006 Definition Classifiers are used along with numerals to define the quantity of a given object or objects, or with "this"/"that" to identify specific objects. (measure word) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_measure_word Generally speaking Chinese: numeral + classifier =quantitative structure English: no classifier Examples a (one) book six cars three workers ten houses five boys 一本书(yi ben shu) 六辆车(liu liang che) 三个工人(san ge gong ren) 十栋房子(shi dong fang zi) 五个男孩(wu ge nan hai) no classifier classifier Ancient Chinese Language There are no classifiers in Chinese. “撤屏视之,一人,一桌,一椅,一扇,一 扶尺而已。” (《口技》) “che ping shi zhi, yi ren, yi zhuo, yi yi,yi shan, yi fu chi er yi.” pass over the classifier Chinese Idioms 七嘴八舌 (qi zui ba she) everybody talking at the same time 九牛一毛 (jiu niu yi mao) be infinitely small 三言两语(san yan liang yu) in a few words 三头六臂(san tou liu bi) super ability Passes over the classifier In Certain Conditions Classifiers are in English. two groups of children a blast of wind 两群小孩(liang qun xiao hai) 一阵风(yi zhen feng) four blocks of houses 四排房子(si pai fang zi) a bar of chocolate 一条巧克力(yi tiao qiao ke li) Reasons The Chinese students are influenced by the native language. Chinese (classifier ) English (no classifier) For example 八枝枪 (ba zhi qiang) eight rifles eight branch of rifles (wrong) Reasons Cont. Classifiers are both in English and Chinese. “group” “群” (qun) a cluster of islands 一群海岛(yi qun hai dao) a flock of sheep 一群羊 (yi qun yang) a swarm of bees 一群蜜蜂 (yi qun mi feng) a herd of cattle 一群牛 (yi qun niu) “piece” “张”, “块” (zhang,kuai) a piece of coal一块煤(yi kuai mei) a block of coal wrong a cake of coal. a piece of chalk一枝粉笔(yi zhi fen bi) a branch of chalk Plural Classifier English: plural Classifier Chinese: singular Classifier two groups of children 两群小孩(liang qun xiao hai) three plates of dumplings 三盘饺子(san pan jiao zi) two pieces of papers 两张纸 (liang zhang zhi) streams of people 川流不息的人(chuan liu bu xi de ren) Teachers sum up the classifier “群” (“group”) and “piece” Important topic grammar exercises making sentences writing compositions encourage using the classifier in oral English …… The Contrast on Lexicalization Between English and Chinese Kiky 0631100043 Lexicalization: the process of making a word to express a concept Synthetic Expression(综合型表达法): lexicalized Analytic Expression (分析型表达法) Degree of lexicalization: English is higher Lexicalization of verbs in English and Chinese Causative Verbs Causative Analytic Expression: (syntactic causative structure) • English: make/have/get +object +complement e.g. The pain made him cry out. • Chinese: 使/令/让 + object +complement e.g. 这则新闻使大家振奋了精神 (zhe ze xin wen shi da jia zhen fen le jing shen.) Synthetic Expression: Derivation words, Single-morpheme words Derivation words Constructed by affixes: en- enrich 使…富有 dis- dispirit 使…沮丧 -fy identify 使…等同于 -ize modernize 使…现代化 We should make our country become modern. We should modernize our country. Derivation words Zero derivation (Conversion): Noun → Verb light 光 → 使…发光 * We made the room light by a lamp. We lit the room by a lamp. Single-morpheme words (simple words) excite to cause to lose calmness and have strong feelings 使兴奋,使激动 Cause L1 interference --- Negative Transfer Solution Contrastive results between English and Chinese Reference 陈定安(2006)- 《英汉比较与翻译》pp.48-49, 63-64, 72, 129-138 何善芬 (2002)-《英汉语言对比研究》pp.104-112 Lexicalization (2003-2008), TheFreeDictionary, from: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lexicalization 严佳,卞浩宇(2007)- “从词化程度看英汉使役关系表达的异同” from: http://wy.yuloo.com/wenzhang/2008-02-06/71830.html 白国芳(2007)- “英汉动词词化模式及词化程度比较分析” 陈文(2007.11)- “中英文中红,白,黑颜色习语的翻译”