PHYLOGENETIC TREE
CLASSIFICATION AND
TAXONOMY
BIOLOGY 11
CLASSIFICATION
• Grouping of objects or information based on
similarities
• Biological Classification- how biologists group and
categorize extinct and living species
• Taxonomy is the field of biology concerned with
identifying and classifying organisms
WHO AM I?
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I walk on all fours.
My body is stout with an arched back.
My body sparsely covered with coarse hairs.
My ears are disproportionately long, and my tail is
very thick at the base and gradually tapers
I have an elongated head.
My mouth is small and tubular.
I like to dig with big sturdy claws.
Each toe bears a large, robust nail which is
somewhat flattened and shovel-like, and appears
to be intermediate between a claw and a hoof
AARDVARK!
WHY CLASSIFY?
• There are many different systems with obscure
names for animals… some based on physical and
behavioural characteristics
• Some scientists would look at that same animal and
describe it differently, making it nearly impossible to
identify any organisms
• Imagine going shopping in a grocery store that had
no system for organizing food into categories… how
long would it take for you to find something?
WHY IS A SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
NEEDED?
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Organize species into groups and discuss them
Show relationships between organisms
Identify new organisms and keep track of them
Accurately and uniformly name organisms
• Prevents misnomers such as “starfish” and “jellyfish” that
aren’t really fish. “Seahorse” is not a horse.
• Humans are Homo sapiens
• Uses same language (latin) for all names
EARLY TAXONOMY
Aristotle was the first taxonomist dividing organisms
into land, sea, & air dwellers
Linnaeus developed the modern system of naming
known as binomial nomenclature.
Linnaeus grouped species according to shared
physical characteristics
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
• Each organism has a two-part Latin name
• The first half is the GENUS, which is common to
several species, and the second half is the SPECIES
name, unique to that particular organism.
• Ex. All chickadees are in the Genus Pocile while individual
types of chickadees will have their own species name like
atricapillus. Scientifically, a Black-capped chickadee will
be called an Pocile atricapillus.
• The two-part name is called the scientific name.
Poecile atricapillus
Poecile rufescenes
RULES FOR NAMING ORGANISMS
• Using binomial nomenclature
• Genus name + species name
• Genus name is capitalized, species name
is not
• Both names are in italics or underlined (if
handwriting)
• Examples: Homo sapiens (Humans)
• Felis catus (House Cat)
TAXONOMY
• The science of naming and assigning organisms to
groups
• Groups of similar organisms are called taxa (singular
taxon)
• There are EIGHT taxa within taxonomy
• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
Very large/general group of organisms
Very small/specific group of organisms
USE YOUR CELL!
• Using your cell phone, find the Taxons for one
organism we have not talked about
• Examples- Kangaroo - Gold fish - Wild Rose - Kiwi Douglas Fir Tree
EXAMPLE OF CLASSIFICATION
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Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Primata
Family:
Hominidae
Genus:
Homo
Species: sapien
• Scientists would use the term Homo sapien to refer
to humans. In latin Homo sapien means “wise
man”.
• These groups can be remembered using several
mnemonics, for instance:
• KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS,
SPECIES
• Kids Play Catch Over Farmer Green’s Stable.
• King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti.
MODERN 6 KINGDOM TAXONOMIC SYSTEM
KINGDOM MONERA DIVIDED
• All prokaryotes belong to the kingdom Monera
• Includes both Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
• Archaebacteria live in harsh environments like very
salty lakes; intestines of mammals; and hot, sulfur
springs & may be autotrophs or heterotrophs
• Eubacteria are “true” bacteria some of which cause
disease
PROKARYOTE VS EUKARYOTE
APPENDAGES
BINARY FISSION
PLEASE MAKE A CHART
KINGDOM EUBACTERIA AND
ARCHAEBACTERIA
KINGDOM PROTISTA
• Includes unicellular and a few simple multicellular
eukaryotes
• They have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles
• Some are “plant-like”, some are “animal-like”
• They may be autotrophic (ex. Euglena) or
heterotrophic (ex. Amoeba)
KINGDOM FUNGI
• Include mushrooms, molds, mildews, yeast and
many relatives
• They are eukaryotic
• They are absorptive heterotrophs - they digest food
using enzymes & then absorb it
• Fungi act as decomposers or parasites in nature
KINGDOM PLANTAE
• Stationary, autotrophic, multicellular, eukaryotes
that photosynthesize and produce oxygen
• Plantae include mosses, ferns, cone-bearing plants,
and flowering plants
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
• Multicellular, eukaryotic and heterotrophic (that is,
they rely on other organisms for their nourishment)
• Most members can move from place to place
• Include fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and
mammals - also includes sponges, jellyfish, several
phyla of worms, sea stars, insects and a host of
other organisms
THE CHORDATES
THE INVERTEBRATES
• Crash Course: Taxonomy: Life’s Filing Cabinet
• Questions
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Pg. 320 # 1
Pg. 323 # 2, 3
Pg. 325 # 3
Pg. 329 #1-3
HOW ARE RELATIONSHIPS
DETERMINED?
• Phylogeny - Evolutionary history or similarities between
modern and fossil organisms
• Behavioral - similar behavioral patterns
• Geographical - location of the species on earth
• Development - similarities in developmental stages
• Biochemistry - closely related species have similar DNA
and similar chromosomal structure as well as similar
proteins (eg. both humans and cats produce lactose,
lizards do not)
COMPARING HUMAN PROTEINS TO
OTHER PRIMATES
• For each primate
listed, determine
how many amino
acids differ from
the human
sequence. Record
those numbers.
• Calculate the
percent difference
by dividing those
numbers by 15 and
multiplying by 100.
• Which primate is most closely related?
Least closely related?
• Construct a diagram of primate
evolutionary relationships that most
closely fits your results.
PHYLOGENY- EVOLUTIONARY HISTROY
• Phylogenetic trees are branching diagrams showing
how organisms are related
• Organizes living things based on their evolution
• Common ancestor is shown at the base of the tree most modern organisms shown at tips of branches
• Each time a branch divides into a smaller branch, it
represents speciation
CLADOGRAMS
• Show relations based on characteristics such as
feathers, hair, scales, etc.
• http://ccl.northwestern.edu/simevolution/obonu/cl
adograms/Open-This-File.swf
CLADOGRAM MINILAB
• With a partner, complete the cladogram mini lab
• Take 10-15 minutes to complete all questions
• Be prepared to share your answers with the class
DICHOTOMOUS KEY
• Allows the user to determine the identity of items in
the natural world, such as trees, wildflowers,
mammals, reptiles, rocks, and fish.
• Keys consist of a series of choices that lead the user
to the correct name of a given item.
• Always give two choices in each step.
WHEN CONSTRUCTING, KEEP IN MIND:
• Questions must have a yes or no answer
• Use constant characteristics rather than variable
ones.
• Use measurements rather than relative terms like
"large" and "small".
• Use characteristics that are available to the user of
the key
• Make the choice a positive one - something "is"
instead of "is not".
DICHOTOMOUS KEY
WHAT ELSE COULD HAVE BEEN USED
TO SEPARATE THESE ORGANISMS?
ACTIVITY: MAKING A DICHOTOMOUS
KEY
EVOLUTION CONCEPT MAP
• A concept map is used to show the relationships
between different ideas
• Use your Learning Outcome sheets for Evolution and
Taxonomy and create a concept map
• Use all main ideas and vocab words on your maps
• Where ideas are connected, provide reasoning on
arrows.
AN EXAMPLE…