Apartheid
South Africa 1948-1991
Hannah Barr, Tammy Bosch,
Courtney Kristen, Kassandra
The Apartheid
South Africa 1948-1991
Apartheid (Afrikaans term) means
“apartness”, separateness, and
segregation
System of legislation that enforced
policies of racial segregation for all
non-whites
Ethnic/Races Groups
Minority Group: Whites -13% of total population
(mainly Dutch, and British, but also German and French)
Majority Group: Non-whites -approximately 87% of total population
-Blacks (Khoi-San, Xhosa (Nelson Mandela), Zulu, Ndebele, Sotho,
Shangaan, Venda) -75% of total population
-Coloured (mixed race)- 9% of total population
-Indians -3% of total population
South Africa Pre 1948
White supremacy had been a central aspect in South Africa since the
Europeans (British and Dutch) colonized in 1652
Dutch colonized first, pushing aside the natives as they believed they were
superior; British also colonized and this lead to the Boer War (1899-1902)
between the British and the Dutch and the British won
British created the South Africa Act 1910, establishing the Union of South
Africa
To create white supremacy, the British and Dutch united together
Why the Apartheid was enforced:
Urbanization in South Africa: more black people began working in
factories and operating machinery (it was cheap labour)
The growing working class and the growing trade union was a threat to
the white rule
In response, the Nationalist Party comes to power in 1948 to stop the
liberalisation and enforce the segregation policies: the apartheid
Key Leaders
Non-White
Nelson Mandela: ANC- First Black
President 1994-1999
Witty Mandela: Nelson Mandela was
her husband; social activist
Desmond Tutu: social activist
White
Daniel Francois Malan: first
Prime Minister in Apartheid Era
Frederik Willem de Klerk:
National Party- President 19891994
National Party
All-white, conservative government party
Won the election of 1948 under the slogan “apartheid”
Committed on maintaining the separation between the whites and the blacks
Daniel Francois Malan was the first leader in the apartheid era
Hendrik Verwoerd “architect of apartheid”
Legislations of South Africa 19481991
- Majority of apartheid legislation enacted
following the election of the National Party in
1948
- Unlike other countries, racial segregation in
Apartheid countries such as South Africa
was defined in their legislation
Examples
1. Population Registration Act 1950
-
Foundation for Apartheid Law
Group classifications of the same racial characteristics
Black, White, Coloured
Criteria: colour of the hair, skin colour, facial features,
socioeconomic status
Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949
Immorality Amendment act of 1950
Repealed on June 17, 1991
Job Reservation & Economic Apartheid
1. Native Building Workers Act 1951
- Legalized training of blacks in construction jobs
- Reduced amount of jobs available in other professions
- Black people forbidden to employ white workers in their homes
2. Native Labour (Settlement of Disputes) Act 1953
- Prohibited strike actions of Africans
- War Measure 145 - prohibited Africans from striking
- Racially segregated trade unions
- Trade unions not recognized legally
- Workers committee
- Repealed in 1981 under Labour Relations Amendment Act
Segregation in Education
1. Bantu Education Act
- Enforced racially separated schools and
facilities
- Direct black or non-white youth away from positions
they weren’t allowed to hold in society
- Provide necessary skills required to work as labourers
- Repealed in 1979 under Education and Training Act
Geographic Segregation
1. Natives Land Act 1913
- One of the first pieces of legislation passed by the
Union Parliament aimed at segregation
- Designated regions of South Africa to be owned by “natives” (black people)
- 10% of the entire land mass
- Black farmers tenant were not allowed to farm on land owned by white people
- Repealed by the Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act of 1991
Pass Laws
- Passport system limited movements of black Africans
- Carry pass books when traveling away from their homes
Native Urban Areas Act 1923
- Specific areas of South Africa “white” areas
- Black people must carry a pass
- Arrested and sent to a rural area
- Requirements:
- the person was born and raised since birth in the area
- the person had been employed by an employer in the area for ten years
- Act was repealed in 1986
Development & State Security
1. Native Administration Act of 1927
- Executive government had authority over “native” reserves and had power
to govern them
2.
-
Suppression of Communism Act 44 of 1950
Banned the Communist Party of South Africa
“Bringing about any political, industrial, social, or economic change within
the union by the promotion of disturbance or disorder”
Silenced critics of segregation and apartheid
Take down ANC and Pan Africanist Congress of Azani organizations
Repealed by Internal Security Act in 1982
African National Congress Party (ANC)
Established January 8th, 1912 by the leaders of
black church groups and organizations
Objective was to “unite Africans”
Labelled as communists by the white government
Key leader was Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu
Several sub-groups: ANC Youth League, PAC, Veteran’s League, Women’s
League
Nelson Mandela
Face of the anti-apartheid movement and global advocate for human rights
Commander-in-chief for ANC’s armed wing (Umkhonto we Sizwe) but
participated in peaceful protests
In prison 1964-1990
South Africa’s first black president 1994-1999
Nobel Peace Prize and honorary citizen of Canada
Winnie Mandela- Emerged as a leading opponent of apartheid
Nelson Mandela & ANC
-
-
-
Election of the National Party and introduction of apartheid
and segregation inspired Mandala to take a stand in politics
1944 - Bantu Social Centre in Johannesburg ANCYL
established
Encourage youth to stand up to the segregation occurring
within the country
Programme of Action - boycotts, strikes, civil disobedience
and other non-violent defiance tactics
Facilitated a mass movement in South Africa
Nelson Mandela & ANC
-
-
-
1952 - Campaign for the Defiance of Unjust Laws
Traveled across the country with the ANC and the
South African Indian Congress
Spread awareness of these through protests against
discriminatory policies
Create an ungovernable country - apartheid regime
to give up its unjust policies
1952 - Mandela and Tambo: provided free or lowcost legal counsel to victims of the apartheid
legislation.
Office destroyed and burned down in 1960
The Defiance Campaign 1952
- April 6 1952- "A National Day of Pledge and Prayer": boycotted many
festivities
- Rallies in Johannesburg,, Port Elizabeth, Durban, and Cape Town
- The Defiance Campaign - June 26, 1952
- Volunteers included Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu. Africans and Indians
came together, as well a few white and coloured people to join together
- Freedom songs, signs, cheers
- Mandela and supporters went into the Boksburg near Johannesburg without
permits
- Campaign spread to East London, Cape Town and Durban.
The Defiance Campaign 1952
- Mid-December 8,057 volunteers arrested
- Short-term imprisonment or fines, as offences were mostly minor
- Government arrested national leaders in Johannesburg and Eastern Cape
- Charged under the Suppression of the Communism Act with promoting
communism
- Successful - caught attention of United Nations
- This campaign caught the attention of the United Nations
- More than 8000 people went to jail, and ANC membership rose by the
thousands
Sharpeville Massacre
-21st March 1960,
-Sharpeville: a township south of Johannesburg
-organized by sub-group PAC (Pan Africanist Congress)
-point was to protest new pass laws: now women and men had to carry passes
- organizers had informed police prior to protest
-5000-7000 women, men, children, and grandparents gathered
-69 dead, 186 injured
-known as “Human Rights” day now
-led to banning of groups like the ANC and PAC
-ANC and PAC went underground and both started armed divisions of their groups
Arrests and Trials
-1956: Mandela, Tambo, Sisulu and 153 others arrested for high treason under
the Suppression of Communism Act: “Treason Trial”
-1961: him and 27 others charged with High Treason- found not guilty
-1962: Mandela goes underground and illegally leaves the country and when
he returns, he is arrested and sentenced to five years in jail and hard labour
-1964: Eight of the Rivonia accused (including Mandela) are convinced and
found guilty for four charges of sabotaged- sentenced to life in prison-served
the next 27 years on Robben Island and Pollsmoor prison in Cape Town
Desmond Tutu
South African social rights activist
First black Archbishop of Cape Town and bishop of the Church of the
Province of Southern Africa (now the Anglican Church of Southern Africa)
Supported an economic boycott of his country
Strongly opposed the "constructive engagement" policy of the Reagan
administration in the United States
Frederik Willem de Klerk (F.W. de Klerk)
Leader of the National Party; President of South Africa 1989-1994; winner
of the Nobel Peace Prize
Reform: hoped to negotiate and bring an end to Apartheid and create a
new Constitution based on “one person, one vote”
1990: Released Nelson Mandela and lifted ban of liberation movements
1992: called for referendum for the reform policies (69% support) and
negotiated with Mandela (and other black leaders), creating democratic
constitution and free election
Nelson Mandela’s speech after his release from prison:
Election of 1994
Free vote election: everyone could vote
F.W. de Klerk was the leader of the National
Party
Nelson Mandela was the leader of the African
National Congress Party; they won the most seats
Nelson Mandela became South Africa’s first black
president and F.W. de Klerk became the Second
Deputy President (both won Nobel Peace Prize)
The new South Africa
-still led by ANC and President Jacob Zuma
-tension towards government
-some tension between races (decreasing between some youth)
-current struggle between DA (Democractic Alliance) and the ANC
-DA: liberalism (South Africa); their policies are focused towards benefits for the
people- not themselves
-new xenophobic attacks between Africans
-increased amount of violence: even police officers have become violent
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWlF4lrf1F
g
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa32793081
People
Legislations
Dates
Groups
Events
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400
Who was South Africa’s first
black president?
Answer
Nelson Mandela
Back
Who was the the first leader
of the National Party during
the Apartheid Era?
Answer
Daniel Francois Malan
Back
Who was the leader of the
National Party during the
1994 elections?
Answer
F.W. de Klerk
Back
Who created the ideology of
the Apartheid?
Answer
Hendrik F. Verwoerd
Back
What is a pass law?
Answer
A type of passport system that limited the movements of black
Africans. They had to carry pass books when traveling away
from their homes
Back
What act facilitated the government’s
take down of groups like the ANC?
Answer
Suppression of Communism
Act 1950
Back
As stated in the Native Labour Act of
1913, approximately which percentage
of the entire land mass of SA were
“natives” allowed to own?
Answer
10%
Back
What was the goal of Bantu
education?
Answer
To direct black or non-white
youth away from positions they
weren’t allowed to hold in
society
Back
What year was Nelson
Mandela elected president?
Answer
1994
Back
What year was Nelson
Mandela released from
prison?
Answer
1990
Back
In what year was the
Apartheid legislated?
Answer
1948
Back
When did Nelson Mandela
die?
Answer
2013
Back
Who is the minority group in
South Africa?
Answer
Whites
Back
Name the four major ethnic
groups in South Africa
Answer
Whites, Indians, Coloureds,
Blacks
Back
Which Europeans were the
first to colonize South Africa?
Answer
Dutch
Back
Name two Black groups in
South Africa?
Answer
Khoi-San, Xhosa, Zulu,
Ndebele, Sotho, Shangaan,
Venda
Back
What was the purpose of the
protest that lead to the
Sharpeville Massacre?
Answer
Organized by the PAC to
protest new legislation of the
Pass law
Back
Who was the Boer War
between?
Answer
Dutch and British
Back
What was the outcome of the
Defiance Campaign?
Answer
-Campaign caught the attention
of the United Nations
-8000 people went to jail but
ANC membership rose by the
thousands
Back
How is the modern movie,
District 9, related to the
Apartheid?
Answer
Allegory for District 6, which is a
municipality in Cape Town during the
Apartheid Era that was made up of
different immigrants that were removed
from their homes in the 1970’s.
Back