Unit 1 Flashcards
[Biochemistry]
What are the 6 Biological Elements?
•
•
•
•
•
•
C
H
O
N
P
S
What are the 4 Biomolecules?
•
•
•
•
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
What is ATP?
• Adenosin Triphosphate
• Energy storing molecule
How do you release energy from ATP?
• Remove a phosphate
How do you store energy in ATP?
• Bond / Add a phosphate
What are all of the Characteristics of
Life?
• Maintain homeostasis
• Metabolize nutrients + Excrete
Waste
• Respond + Adapt
• Contain a Genetic Code + Reproduce
Are Viruses Living?
• No
• They cannot…
–Reproduce
–Maintain Homeostasis
–Metabolize / Excrete
… on their own
What are atoms?
• Basic units of matter
What are cells?
• Basic units of life
What is Kinetic Energy?
• Energy being used right now in a cell
What is Chemical Potential Energy?
• Energy stored in the bonds of
molecules
What element is an organic molecule
made of?
• carbon
What is a Monomer?
• The basic unit / building block that
makes up larger molecules.
What are Polymers?
• Larger molecules (made of
monomers)
List out the levels of biological
organization:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Atoms / Molecules
Organelles / Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
What is the Monomer of a
Carbohydrate?
• monosaccharide
What is the Polymer of a
Carbohydrate?
• polysaccharide
What is the function of
Carbohydrates?
• Provide immediate / intermediate
energy
Why do Polysaccharides provide more
energy for you?
• They have more bonds
What are the Monomers for Lipids?
• Fatty Acids + Glycerol
What are some Lipid Polymers?
• Phospholipid
• Neutral Fat
What is the function of a Lipid?
• Provide long term energy storage
What is the Monomer for a Protein?
• Amino acid
What is the Polymer of an Amino
Acid?
• Polypeptide
• Enzymes
What is the Function of Proteins?
• Express DNA code
• Catalyze reactions
What does it mean to denature a
protein?
• Change the shape, and function of
the protein…
• …the protein stops working!
What denatures a protein?
• Heat
• Acid
What happens when you mix Liver
and Hydrogen Peroxide?
• Bubbles
• Enzyme in Liver (Catalase) breaks
down Hydrogen Peroxide
What is the Monomer for a Nucleic
Acid?
• nucleotide
What are the Polymers of Nucleic
Acids?
• DNA
• RNA
What is the Function of a Nucleic
Acid?
• Store the genetic code of a cell
What does “polar” mean?
• The molecule has an uneven
distribution of charges across its
length….
• … One end is more positive
… One end is more negative
Unit 2 Flashcards
[Cells & Cell
Processes]
What are the 3 parts of the Cell
Theory?
• Cell are the basic units of life
• All living things are made of cells
• Cells come from other cells
What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?
• Modern eukaryotic cells evolved
from prokaryotic cells living
symbiotically with one another.
• Chloroplasts + Mitochondria were
once free-living bacteria that then
lived inside larger cells.
What is a Prokaryotic Cell?
• Cell without a nucleus
What is a Eukaryotic Cell?
• A cell with a nucleus
What is a Unicellular Organism?
• An organism made of only one cell
What is a Multicellular Organism?
• An organism made of many
specialized cells
What is diffusion?
• The movement of particles from
high to low concentration.
• NO Energy
• Goes until it reaches equilirium
What is Osmosis?
• The movement of Water particles
from high to low concentration.
• NO Energy
• Goes until reaching equilibrium
What is Active Transport?
• The forced movement of particles
across the cell membrane.
• USES ENERGY
What is Facilitated Diffusion?
• The assisted movement of larger
particles across the cell membrane.
• Through protein channels.
• No Energy.
What is Endocytosis?
• Pinching off of cell membrane…
• Bringing materials INTO cell
What is Exocytosis?
• Pinching off of cell membrane…
• Pushing OUT waste
Describe a Hypertonic Cell…
• There is MORE water inside the cell,
than outside.
How will water move in a Hypertonic
cell?
• Water will move from HIGH  LOW.
• Water will leave / exit the cell.
Describe a Hypotonic Cell…
• There is LESS water inside the cell,
than outside.
How will water move in a Hypotonic
cell?
• Water moves HIGH  LOW.
• Water will move INTO the cell.
Describe an Isotonic Cell…
• There is an equal amount of water
inside and outside the cell.
• The cell will not fill or lose water…
What is a cell membrane made of?
• Phospholipid Bilayer
Name the
Organelles in this
picture:
1- golgi body
2- endoplasmic
reticulum
3- lysosome /
peroxisome
4- ribosomes
5- ribosomes
6- mitochondria
7- lysosome /
peroxisome
8- cell membrane
9- nucleus
10- centrioles
Name the Function
of the Organelles in
this picture:
1- Package + Ship proteins
2- Fold proteins
3- Lysosomes use Lysozyme to
break down cell parts /
toxins
Peroxisomes use Catalase to
break down Hydrogen
Peroxide
4- Assemble amino acids to
make a protein
5- (same as #4)
6- Complete cellular respiration
to make ATP
7- (see #3)
8- Control what enters / exits
9- Store DNA / genetic code
10- Organize DNA during
division
1- Nucleus
Name the
2- endoplasmic
Organelles in this reticulum
picture:
3- vacuole
4- mitochondria
5- chloroplast
6- cell membrane
7- cell wall
#3
Which of the
organelles below #5
#7
are unique to
PLANTS?
Name the Function
of the Organelles in
this picture:
1- store DNA / genetic
code
2- fold proteins
3- store water + maintain
cell shape
4- Complete cell.
Respiration to make
ATP
5- Complete
Photosynthesis to
convert SUNlight into
Sugar + Oxygen
6- Control what enters /
exits
7- Extra support +
protection
What is Hydrolysis?
• A cell process in which water is
ADDED…
• Polymer  Monomer
• Energy released from broken bonds
What is Dehydration Synthesis?
• A cell process in which water is
REMOVED…
• Monomers  Polymer
• Energy stored in new bonds
What does this diagram show?
•
•
•
•
Dehydration Synthesis
Water is being removed
Monomers  Polymers
Energy stored in new bonds
What does this diagram show?
• Hydrolysis
• Water added
• Polymer 
Monomers
• Energy released
from broken bonds
Unit 3 Flashcards
[Photosynthesis
& Cellular
Respiration]
What is the chemical equation for
Photosynthesis?
Sun + CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2
In words, What is Photosynthesis?
• The reacting of sunlight, carbon
dioxide and water…
• …. Producing glucose and oxygen.
What are the reactants for
Photosynthesis?
• Sunlight
• Carbon dioxide
• water
What are the products for
Photosynthesis?
• Glucose
• oxyge
Which organelle completes
Photosynthesis?
• chloroplast
How is energy transferred during
Photosynthesis?
• Energy is transferred from the Sun
to the bonds of Glucose
How is energy converted during
Photosynthesis?
• Energy is converted from
electromagnetic energy  chemical
potential energy
What is the overall purpose of
Photosynthesis?
• Convert the un-useable energy from
the Sun  useable energy in the
form of sugar / glucose
What is the chemical equation for
Cellular Respiration?
C6H12O6 + O2  H2O + CO2 + ATP
In words, what is Cellular Respiration?
• The reacting of glucose and oxygen..
• …producing carbon dioxide, water,
and ATP.
What are the reactants for Cellular
Respiration?
• Glucose
• Oxygen
What are the products for Cellular
Respiration?
• Carbon dioxide
• Water
• ATP
Which organelle completes Cellular
Respiration?
• Mitochondria
How is energy transferred during
Cellular Respiration?
• Energy is transferred from the
bonds of glucose  bonds of ATP
How is energy converted during
Cellular Respiration?
• Energy is not converted
• It stays in the form of chemical
potential energy
What is the overall purpose of Cellular
Respiration?
• To release the energy from glucose,
and store it in the bonds of ATP.
How do we rely on plants?
• We rely on plants to produce:
–Glucose / sugar
–Oxygen
How do plants rely on us?
• They rely on us to produce:
–Carbon dioxide
–Water
Unit 4 Flashcards
[Cell Division]
What is asexual reproduction?
• Reproduction with only 1 organism
• Offspring are identical to parent
What is sexual reproduction?
• Reproduction with 2 parents
• Offspring are genetic variants of
parents
What is Binary Fission?
• A type of asexual reproduction
• Bacteria copy themselves + divide in
half
What is Conjugation?
• When bacteria exchange plasmids.
• Can lead to antibiotic resistance.
What is the Cell Cycle?
• Process in which cells prepare for
division…
–Grow
–Copy organelles
–Copy DNA
… AND actually divide
What are the 4 phases in the Cell
Cycle?
•
•
•
•
G1
S
G2
M
Which phases are in Interphase?
• G1
•S
• G2
What takes place during G1 and G2
phases?
• The cell…
–Grows
–Copies organelles
What happens during the S phase?
• DNA is copied
What happens during the M phase?
• The cell actually divides
Identify each stage in the Diagram
Below:
[This shows the Cell
Cycle]
• A = G1 phase
• B = S phase
• C = G2 phase
• D = M phase
Identify each stage in the Diagram
Below:
[This shows the Cell
Cycle]
• A = G1 phase
• B = S phase
• C = G2 phase
• D = M phase
What is Mitosis?
• Cell Division for nonsex / somatic
cells
What is Meiosis?
• Division for sex / gamete cells
Mitosis starts 2n / Diploid, and ends…
• 2n / Diploid
Identify the Mitosis Stages in the
diagram:
• A – Metaphase
• B-Telophase &
Cytokinesis
• C—Anaphase
• D—Prophase
What happens during Prophase of
Mitosis?
• Nucleus dissolves
• Chromosomes form
• Spindle fibers prepare
What happens during Metaphase of
Mitosis?
• Sister chromatids line up in the
center of the cell.
What happens during Anaphase of
Mitosis?
• Sister chromatids separate.
What happens during Telophase &
Cytokinesis of Mitosis?
• Chromosomes unwind
• Nuclei reform
• Cytoplasm splits
Meiosis starts 2n / Diploid, and ends…
• 1n / Haploid
What happens during Prophase 1 of
Meiosis?
• Nucleus dissolves
• Chromosomes form
• Spindle fibers prepare
What happens during Metaphase 1 of
Meiosis?
• Pairs of homologous chromosomes
line up in the center of the cell
• Crossing over
What happens during Anaphase 1 of
Meiosis?
• Homologous pairs of chromosomes
separate
What happens during Metaphase 2 of
Meiosis?
• Sister chromatids line up in the
center of the cell
What happens during Anaphase 2 of
Meiosis?
• Sister chromatids separate
What happens during Telophase &
Cytokinesis of Meiosis?
• Chromosomes unwind
• Nuclei reform
• Cytoplasm splits
How many cells do you end up with in
Meiosis?
•4
What is Crossing Over?
• Exchange of alleles between nearby
homologous chromosomes
• Happens during Metaphase1 of
Meiosis
What is the Law of Segregation?
• Each sex cell ends up with only ½
genetic info…
• OR
• Each sex cell ends up with only 1
allele per gene
What is the Law of Independent
Assortment?
• Each sex cell ends up with a random
combination of alleles
What is happening in this picture?
• Crossing Over
What is happening in
this picture?
• A-C =
Meiosis 1
• D-G =
Meiosis 2
• G = 1N cells
What is cancer?
• Uncontrolled cell growth and
division.
How many chromosomes should a
normal human have?
• 46 total
• 23 pairs
What are the sex chromosomes of a
male?
• XY
What are the sex chromosomes of a
female?
• XX
What is shown in this diagram?
• Karyotype
• Error 
#23 has too
many sex
chromosom
es! XXY!!