Review guide - Exam 2
In preparation for the upcoming exam, please be familiar with/know the following for
Chapter 6:
- the 6 functions of the skeletal system
- what bone tissue consists of
- Bone cell type, functions, and origin
- Differences in structure of Compact bone vs Spongy bone
- Parts of long bone structure
- the processes of intra-membranous and endochondral ossification and what
types of bones each forms
For Chapters 7 & 8:
- types of bones based on shape
- general types of bone surface markings (Table 7.2)
- the identity of the cranial and facial bones of the skull and how most of these bones
are connected together (what joint type?)
- the structural features of the vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral,
coccygeal) – know differences between axis and atlas vertebrae
- the parts of the thoracic bones (sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae, and what bones
articulate where)
- the number of bones within each structural subdivision of the axial & appendicular
skeleton; which bones of the axial and appendicular skeletons come in pairs (have a
left and right counterpart on each side of the body) – see table 7.1
-the bones of the pectoral girdle, arm, forearm and hand and how they interface
(what bones/bone parts articulate to form joints); the bones of the pelvic girdle,
thigh, leg, and foot and how they interface (what bones/bone parts articulate to
form joints).
-Differences between the male and female pelvis
Chapter 9:
-Be able to classify the types of joints according to structure and/or function (know
table 9.2) and recognize basic structural features/characteristics of each type
(especially a typical synovial joint)
- the types of movement at synovial joints (table 9.1)
-characteristics of 6 synovial joint classes (figure 9.10)
Chapter 10:
- the functions of skeletal muscle
- the 3 types of muscle tissue and the distinguishing characteristics of each
- the general structural organization of skeletal muscle (refer to figure 10.1)
- the basic components of the muscle fiber/cell
- the structural arrangement within a myofibril, including the types of filaments &
proteins and regions/components (bands, zones, discs, lines) of a sarcomere; be
familiar with what the different regions represent and how/why they change or do
not change appearance during contraction
- the events that occur in the sliding filament mechanism contraction cycle (figure
10.6)
- the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction leading to contraction of
muscle (figure 10.10)
- Factors leading to relaxation of muscle
- the difference between unfused and fused tetanus
- what constitutes a motor unit; the extent of motor unit recruitment and its impact
on tension/force and fatigue (what pattern of motor unit recruitment helps prevent
fatigue? How are precision movements different from those requiring less precision
and more tension?)
- the differences between isometric and isotonic contractions and how concentric
compares to eccentric contraction (are these last two contractions isometric or
isotonic?)
-compare and contrast the three types of skeletal muscle fibers, slow oxidative, fast
oxidative-glycolytic, and fast glycolytic, according to structural and functional
characteristics (use table 10.4)