[UNIT 3 – MACROMOLECULES ]
CLASS NOTES OUTLINE
1. Define valence electrons -
2. Carbon has exactly ___________ valence electrons. This makes it easiest to ____________
electrons with other elements, forming ______________ bonds.
3. Define organic compounds –
4. Define macromolecules –
5. The four classes of macromolecules are:
a.
b.
c.
d.
6. Define polymer –
a. What is the only organic molecule that is NOT a polymer?
7. Starch is a polymer. ( True / False )
Carbohydrates
8. Carbohydrates are ______________.
a. They are made of what three elements?
9. Carbohydrates are the main source of _______________ for all life.
10. Define monosaccharides –
11. The three types of monosaccharides are:
a.
b.
c.
12. Monosaccharides serve as a main source of __________________ for cells.
Written by James Dauray
http://www.aurumscience.com/biology/index.html
1
[UNIT 3 – MACROMOLECULES ]
CLASS NOTES OUTLINE
13. Define disaccharides –
a. Sucrose:
b. Lactose:
c. Maltose:
14. Polysaccharides are made of _____________________ sugars.
15. The two main purposes of polysaccharides is to provide:
a.
b.
16. Starch is a _________________ polysaccharide that is only found in _______________.
17. Starch is made of which monosaccharide?
18. Glycogen is a ________________ polysaccharide that is found only in ______________.
a. What two organs is glycogen stored in?
b. What happens when an athlete “hits the wall”?
19. Cellulose makes the ___________________ in plants.
a. What monosaccharide is cellulose made from?
b. Why can’t we digest cellulose?
20. What animals can digest cellulose?
a. What do they have that allows them to do this?
21. Give two examples of organisms in which chitin can be found.
Written by James Dauray
http://www.aurumscience.com/biology/index.html
2
[UNIT 3 – MACROMOLECULES ]
CLASS NOTES OUTLINE
Lipids
22. Lipids do not form ______________.
23. Lipids are considered hydrophobic, meaning __________________________________.
24. What two molecules are fats made of?
__________________________
+
________________________________________.
25. What is the purpose of glycerol?
26. What is the purpose of the three fatty acids (think hydrocarbons from yesterday’s lecture)?
27. What are the two ways that fatty acids can vary?
a.
b.
28. Saturated fatty acids have the ____________________________________ and
___________________________.
29. Unsaturated fatty acids have _______________________________________________.
30. Saturated fatty acids come from _____________ sources and are _____________ at room
temperature.
31. Unsaturated fatty acids come from ______________ or ______________ and are
__________________ at room temperature.
32. What is different about a phospholipid?
a. What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?
b. What part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?
33. When phospholipids are added to water, they form a ____________________.
Written by James Dauray
http://www.aurumscience.com/biology/index.html
3
[UNIT 3 – MACROMOLECULES ]
CLASS NOTES OUTLINE
34. Draw and label a phospholipid bilayer:
Proteins
35. Proteins account for more than ___________of the mass of cells.
36. List the five functions of proteins:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
37. Proteins are made of chains of __________________.
a. How many different amino acids are there?
38. The _______________________ of a protein determines its function.
39. Define primary structure –
a. What determines the primary structure of a protein?
40. Define secondary structure –
a. What determines secondary structure?
41. Give the two types of secondary structure:
a.
b.
42. Define tertiary structure –
a. What determines tertiary structure?
Written by James Dauray
http://www.aurumscience.com/biology/index.html
4
[UNIT 3 – MACROMOLECULES ]
CLASS NOTES OUTLINE
b. Define disulfide bonds –
c. What two effects do disulfide bonds have on hair?
43. Define polypeptide –
44. Define quaternary structure –
a. How many polypeptides is hemoglobin made of?
Sickle-Cell Anemia
45. A slight change in the _________________ structure can drastically change the
______________ of a protein. This change in structure will affect the proteins’
___________________.
46. Define sickle-cell anemia –
a. What is the main symptom of sickle-cell anemia?
47. Draw a normal blood cell:
48. Draw a sickle-cell:
49. This single gene that is affected changes a single______________________ in the
_____________ structure of hemoglobin.
50. Protein shape can also be affected by _______________________ and
_____ changes.
51. When a protein loses its normal shape, this is called ___________________________.
a. A denatured protein is _______________________________.
b. Denaturing is ______________________________________________________.
Written by James Dauray
http://www.aurumscience.com/biology/index.html
5
[UNIT 3 – MACROMOLECULES ]
CLASS NOTES OUTLINE
Nucleic Acids
52. Nucleic acids are polymers made of monomers called _____________________.
53. The two types of nucleic acids are __________________________________ and
________________________________________.
54. The genetic material that organisms inherit from parents is called _____________.
55. Refer to figure 5.25. In a eukaryotic cell, DNA in the nucleus programs __________________
production in the cytoplasm by dictating synthesis of mRNA.
56. The mRNA interacts with the cell’s protein-synthesizing machinery to direct production of a
__________________________________.
57. Complete the following: _________________  RNA _____________________.
58. ________________________________ are polymers made from monomers of nucelotides.
59. What three components make up nucleotides?
60. In DNA, the sugar is _________________________ while in RNA, the sugar is
_____________.
61. What is meant by the fact that DNA polynucleotides, or strands, are antiparallel?
Written by James Dauray
http://www.aurumscience.com/biology/index.html
6