NEW IMPERIALISM:
MOTIVES AND TACTICS
Nineteenth-Century Empires
SUPERQUIZ
Section II – PART 2
13 questions – 32.5%
pp. 39-44
• European Expansion in the Midcentury
• India and the Rise of British Sovereignty
– The British East India Company
– Further British Expansion in Asia
• The “Sick Men”: The Ottoman Empire and China
– The Ottoman Empire
– China
• Expansion in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Rim
– Southeast Asia
– The Pacific Rim
– Japan
European Expansionism: Europe
Dominates the World
• Europeans engaged in increasingly intense
protection of new commercial interests in Asia
and Africa during the 19th century
• Driven by ____________________
• British (3 types of power)
– technological,
– military,
– and economic power
derived from this process of industrialization
• The_________ took the lead in developing and
protecting overseas commercial contacts
India
• Europe’s 19th century economic penetration of Asia exploited
centuries-old trading posts
• __________________________had served as the chief participants in
Asian-European trade from the 17th century on. 3 such companies:
– The Dutch East India Company
– French East India Company
– and British East India Company
• Europeans clustered in trading posts along the coasts of these 4:
–
–
–
–
India
Java
the Philippines
China
• Another name for these commercial centers was ________
• 3 Key ports:
– Batavia
– Canton
– Bombay
Different nationalities dominated
Asian trade during different historical
periods
• __________________headed trade with Asia
in the 16th and 17th centuries
• late 17th century saw the rise of ___________
• by the early 18th century Asian trade was
dominated by these 2 powers:
--French
--British
Dominant Powers
British domination of Asia
• Began WHEN and WHERE?
– In 1757
– At Battle of Plassey
• British defeated the nawab of Bengal (who & how)
– Robert Clive
– bribed Mir Jafar to throw the battle in exchange for the latter’s
ascension to the nawab of Bengal
• SIGNIFICANCE of the BATTLE OF PLASSEY
– crushed the flailing _____________________
– solidified the political power of the ________________________
• previously it had possessed no distinctive features from other trading
companies
Sir Robert Clive
Clive and Mir Jafar
after the Battle of Plassey
BATTLE OF PLASSEY:
Economic Disaster for BENGAL
• BEFORE: Bengal = hub of Indian commerce
– _______of the British East India Company’s trade came from Bengal
– Bengal had received New World ________________________for its textiles, spices, and
metal goods
• Britain gained access to enormous amounts of wealth
– British paid for Bengali goods with the ___________________________from Bengal
– Bengal lost control of its _____________________________
• The British followed this pattern of conquest throughout India
–
India’s economy transformed from a free market economy to a ______________ economy
• India essentially lost its trade connections to the outside world
• Through____________________, the British ensured that Indians received very little
benefit from exports to Britain
• _____________ served as the base of British territorial expansion in India
through the 18th and 19th centuries
British Imperialism
British rule over India permanently altered
the Indian economy’s structure and focus
•
Industrialization in Britain stopped importation of what key Indian product?
Indian calicoes and other textiles
• India thus had to become a supplier of:
raw materials for Britain
• British textile mills demanded 2 key raw materials from India:
cotton and indigo
• The Indian market also served as a great dumping ground for:
British manufactured goods and textiles
– Indian ______________________ faced a sharp decline during the 19th century
– By the 1840s, British imports accounted for more than _______of Indian textile
consumption
• Indians abandoned _____________________________as a result of the
commercialization of Indian agriculture
– The Indian peasantry remained more vulnerable than ever to___________
India was a major
supplier of raw
materials
Indians must
produce raw
materials for
Britain
Jewel in the Crown
Tea, indigo, coffee,
cotton, and jute,
opium
Indians must
buy finished
goods from
Britain
From India to the rest of Asia
• The British East India Company sought to extend
its power through __________________to
protect its Indian interests
– ___________ constituted a major threat to the
company’s expansion
• In the 1840s, Britain annexed 2 regions west of India
as buffer zones against Russia
– Punjab
– Sind
AFGHANISTAN resisted annexation
• The Afghan Wars of
– 1839-1842
– 1878-1880
• Britain
– never formally ________________Afghanistan
– By the 1880s, however, Afghanistan had practically
become a British __________state
BURMA
• currently known as _________________
• The British annexed Burma after a series of
wars in
– 1826
– 1852
– 1886
6…2…6
2+3 = 5 5+3 = 8 2…5…8
The “sick men”
• Europeans labeled two major Asian empires “sick men”
– Ottoman Empire : Sick Man of Europe
– The Qing dynasty: the Sick Man of the East
• Unlike it had in India, Europe did not implement
_______________in the Ottoman Empire and China
• Europeans used both
– political maneuvering and
– financial conquest
• These methods avoided the ________________of direct rule
• Europeans used these 2 political powers as buffers against
these 2 rival powers:
– Russia
– Japan
DIRECT RULE vs. INDIRECT RULE
Direct Rule:
The actual administration of government by
representatives of the imperial power, usually supported
by military and civilian services.
French tried direct rule.
Indirect Rule:
Ruling through cooperation with
native ruler or rulers who profit from
relationship.
British used indirect rule.
Example was the Raj in India.
the
a
OTTOMAN EMPIRE: The Sick Man of
Europe
• Ripe for western
infiltration
• The empire crossed
wide stretches of land
– _______and _______:
east
– ______and_________=
south
– the _______ = north
• Peak of political power:
• The 16th Century
OTTOMAN EMPIRE: The Sick Man of
Europe
Territorial Losses: 1800-1914
OTTOMAN EMPIRE: The Sick Man of
Europe
• Provincial governors’ ambitions increasingly
challenged the authority of what sultan?
– Mahmud II
• sultan of the Ottoman Empire in the late 18th and
early 19th centuries
• The _______________
identity of most Ottoman
subjects did give
• cultural and
• political cohesion
Tanzimat
• Translates to ___________________________
• Mahmud II’s attempt to re-energize OTTOMAN EMPIRE through
– technological,
– administrative,
– and legal…
….________________________ of the Ottoman Empire
• Supported by whom?
– Europeans (proprietary reasons)
• The British especially
• Opposed by whom (2 groups)?
– Muslim clerics
– military men
Who feared Western society would pollute the Islamic culture
Ottoman Empire begins to depend on
Britain in _______
• EGYPT
– Broke away from Ottoman control
– seized control (of what area/ when)
• of SYRIA
• In 1831
• The sultan asked __________ to restore Ottoman control in
Syria
• The British and the _____________
– demanded that _________________be fully implemented in
return for British military action
• The British and French also demanded these 2 things:
– extraterritorial judicial rights
– trade privileges
A Defacto Colony
• By the _________, the Ottoman Empire was a
defacto __________ colony, which had to
– import large quantities of manufactured goods (2)
• Machinery
• Textiles
– and export raw materials to Britain (3)
• Opium
• Cotton
• Cereals
• Local Ottoman textile industries mostly failed
during this period
CRIMEAN WAR
• 18___ to 18___
• The Ottoman lost economic
independence
– borrowed money from (2 countries)
• the British
• The French
at unfavorable repayment terms
• The Ottoman _______________ Commission
– committee formed in ______
– formalized British and French control of the Ottoman economy
– Europeans gained authority over (3 key sources of revenue)
• tariffs,
• taxation, and
• the provincial tribute systems
Cultural Cohesion of Ottoman Empire
Disintegrated
• as Europeans centralized their control over the polity
– The British and French aligned with _______________
minorities in the empire
– __________ and ____________ intermediaries could
purchase European passports
• Some allowed _______________________reserved for Europeans
– Internal discord increased
• privileged groups grew wealthy
• peasants and artisans suffered
• Europeans saw themselves as civilizers of the
“Oriental” empire
– sought to prop up ________________
– eradicate all traces of ________________
CHINA: The Sick Man of the East
• European imperial domination of China mostly followed the
pattern of the Ottoman Empire
• The _______ dynasty
– ruled China since the mid ________________________
– came from the foreign ______________ minority
– At the beginning of the 19th century, sought to expand its Asian
empire
• China kept in isolation from Europe
– had no knowledge of Enlightenment philosophy
– European manufactured goods held no allure for the Chinese
• In contrast, Europeans held insatiable desires for Chinese
–
–
–
–
•
paper,
silk,
tea,
porcelain, etc.
The Opium Trade & Tea
Ships moored at Lintin, near Canton, and the opium was sent up the coast in local craft. Opium was shipped in chests, each
weighing about 60 kilograms. The Chinese paid in silver – a gross profit of 1,000 silver dollars was made on each chest.
HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller
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Opium reversed trade imbalance
in the late 18th century
• All levels of Chinese society smoked opium
• Chinese government ________________________of opium
– Trading companies (British East India Company) flooded the Chinese
market with opium
• Chinese demand skyrocketed in response to tever-increasing supply of opium
• Brits got cheap opium from India
– Europeans used opium profits to pay for Chinese goods, especially tea
• By early 19th century, opium had wreaked heavy damage on China
– Social damage
– Economic damage
• SILVER:
– Europeans stopped paying for Chinese goods with silver
– Silver shortages occurred throughout China
• Large segments of Chinese society experienced opium addiction
The Chinese Empire under Siege
• The Opium War & the Unequal Treaties
– The Opium Trade &
Drying Tea in
Tea
China
Chinese Opium Den
HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller
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First Opium War
• Chinese emperor attempted to
– blockade the Port of ___________in ______
– Seize merchants’ opium supplies
• The _________ sent naval force
• First Opium War
• Years:
• 1840-1842
• Loser:
– Chinese lost
• ______________________
political cartoon
• Appeared
– during the First Opium
War
– in French humor magazine
___________________
• features a Brit trying to sell
Chinese man opium
• Caption: “I say, you must
buy this poison
immediately. We want you
to really poison yourselves,
so that we will have enough
tea to comfortably digest
our beefsteaks!”
The Opium
War
The Chinese Empire under Siege
• The Opium War & the Unequal Treaties
HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller
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Treaty of __________
• Ended 1st Opium War
• Britain
– gained control of __________________
– received trading rights in ______ ports
• China was forced to compensate Europeans
for the war
Second Opium War
• same issues as the first Opium War
• Chinese defeated and forced to cede 3 things:
– extraterritorial rights,
– missionary protection,
– and trading privileges to
•
•
•
•
Britain,
the United States,
France,
and Russia
• The Qing emperor refused to ratify peace treaties
– French and British occupied____________in _______
– Troops burned imperial gardens at the
__________________________
– Russia occupied ____________________
The Chinese Empire under Siege
The Taiping Rebellion
/ IDST 2373 Dr.century
Keller
East Asia inHIST
the2322
nineteenth
37
Taiping Rebellion
• 18____ to 18_____
• Reaction to the Opium Wars’
– humiliation and
– economic hardships
• Millenarian peasant movement’s goals:
– to overthrow the European-dominated Qing dynasty
– Create an egalitarian, harmonious society
• Over _______________Chinese died
• Europeans intervened in the mid 1850s to protect their trading privileges
– General _________________________________crushed the rebellion
• with the Western-trained _____________________________
• in ______________
– But sporadic resistance continued until ____________
• European efforts to save the Qing dynasty greatly
strengthened the _________________interests in China
The Chinese Empire under Siege
Final Assault on the Taipings at Nanjing, 1864
HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller
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Sphere of influence
• An area over which a
powerful nation claims a
“vital interest” and, in
reality, claims the right to
exert dominance.
• An outside power claimed
economic (trading)
privileges.
• ______________ was the
best example.
Never formally colonized China
• Except for ______________________
• European traders remained in their port cities
– Foreigners did not penetrate far into Chinese society
• British-Chinese relations did retain deeply colonial overtones
– The British sought to make the empire pay for itself
– ___________= the center of this self-sustaining economic model
• ___________ essentially financed Britain’s trade with China
– The British obtained opium from India at dirt cheap prices
– used in exchange for Chinese luxury goods
• Both India and China lost access to ______________through British
economic domination
– China threw away its silver reserves in order to obtain more and more
opium
• _____________peasants in the countryside remained discontent in
both (2 subject countries)
– India
– China
Southeast Asia
• European involvement in India and China led to expansion into Southeast Asia
• The British East India Co. initially established fortified bases in Southeast Asia
–
–
in the 1780s
protected the crucial trade route from India to China
• Dutch asked the British to oversee the former’s Southeast Asian holdings
– 1795: The French occupation of _____________________during the French
Revolution diverted Dutch attention
– At the time, the_______constituted the largest European power in Southeast Asia
• _________: The Dutch regained control of their Southeast Asian territories
•
The British
– received additional territory during this period
– Temporary rule spurred demand sfor greater involvement in Southeast Asia
• By the _____________(date),
– the British emerged as the primary European commercial power in the region
– The British possessed_____________________by this time, including the 3 ports
of
• Malacca,
• Penang, and
• Singapore
The trade economy ended
• soon after the British East India Company gained
control of _________________________
• ____________________________= loss of trade
monopoly with China
– The company’s interest in the India-China sea route faded
• Southeast Asia shifted from a trade depot to a raw
materials provider in these 2 key products:
– Tin
– rubber
Southeast Asia soon found itself in the traditional colonial
economic arrangement of producing raw materials for
Europe
Independent political powers in Southeast
Asia gradually fell under European
influence
• ____________
• currently known as ______________________________
• cited by historians as the exception to European rule over Southeast Asia
– lost its political and cultural sovereignty to the British
– technically retained its__________________independence
• Siamese monarch abandoned traditional isolationist attitude in 1820s and 1830s
– resumption of relations with Europe resulted in the surrender of some of Siam’s
border territories and the negotiation of peace treaties
– This helped maintain Siam’s political independence
• The king had to engage in a program of _________________________ in order
to fend off direct conquest by Europeans
– included a European-style system of ______________________
– Appointment of foreign advisors to the ____________________
• essentially dictated Siamese policy decisions concerning European interests in the region
• The decision to modernize Siam along Western lines represented the
_____________ colonization present around the world
European Imperialism in the Pacific
• Settler Colonies in the Pacific
Imperialism in Oceania, ca. 1914
HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller
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European Imperialism in the Pacific
• _________ Colonies in the Pacific
– Imperialists in Paradise
• Australia
• Pacific Islands
Queen Liliuokalani
HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller
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The Pacific Rim
• Europeans established SETTLER COLONIES in (2):
– Australia and
– New Zealand
• These settlements stood in contrast to the implicit
colonization of the rest of the Pacific Rim
• Their colonization deviated from the traditional
ideologies of the early 19th century (2):
– liberal paternalism
– economic imperialism
Australia: British Penal Colony
• Founded in…
– 1788
• humane alternative to…
– capital punishment
• British government viewed
– emigration of free labor as a drain on Britain’s manpower
– But countless land-hungry settlers immigrated
• In the 1840s,
– British settlement of Australia increased
– The first generation - cash incentives to immigrate
– The Australian Gold Rush of ______________(date)
• drastically increased emigration from Britain
New Zealand
• followed a settlement path similar to that of
____________________
– British settlers first arrived in ____________
– The establishment of the
_________________________________________
encouraged immigration to the region
– The British government actively attempted to
discourage emigration to New Zealand
•
Settlement of Australasia mirrored the
17th and 18th century settlement of
______________
This European expansion included (3 key aspects)
– decimation of indigenous populations,
– a thirst for land, and
– the frontier mentality
•
European diseases killed most natives
– Expropriating settlers forced most of the survivors off of their native lands
•
Settlers killed off entire ecosystems while converting forests and prairies into
farmland
– Indigenous populations lost many of their major ________________sources in this manner
•
The British government offered military support for settlers and helped displace
local populations
•
______________________Treaty
– 18 ___
– British settlers signed it long with the British government
– promised to protect the land rights of local __________
– Settlers quickly broke this treaty, leading to violent conflict
– The British government intervened, crushing Maori resistance by
the__________
1850s: One Million + Immigrate
• Mostly to_________________
• The British government turned a corner and saw
emigration as an ____ & ____ necessity
– economic and
– demographic
• British-descended settlers in these colonies enjoyed
privileged positions because of their large numbers
– colonists were also known as _____________________
– began to identify themselves as ________ of Australasia
– these “natives” increasingly called for_______________
Independence came slowly
to the Pacific Rim
• Australia and New Zealand gained limited autonomy in
the ___________
– Dominion status the next step toward independence
• granted domestic autonomy to colonies
• But Britain kept control over
– foreign policy and
– trade
• In 1867, dominion status was first bestowed on
– CANADA
• 1907: (2 countries)
– AUSTRALIA
– NEW ZEALAND
• 1910: (1 country)
– SOUTH AFRICA
Japan
• First European failure to spread the continent’s influence
– escaped _____________and ____________ European rule
– the only country to do so in 19th century Asia
• For the first two-thirds of the 19th century, it appeared
Japan would follow in the footsteps of the Chinese
– In the late 18th century, Europeans and Americans had
attempted to end Japan’s…(foreign policy outlook)
• ISOLATIONISM
– ____________mounted the first substantial attempt to do so
• American naval commander _________________coerced
the Japanese ______________ government to open some
of its ports to Western trade in _______
– A treaty confirmed these economic actions
– European nations soon followed
– By the mid 19th century, small-scale European penetration of
Japan had begun
5
Meiji Restoration
Period lasting from 1868 to 1912.
Meiji means “enlightened rule.”
Goal: “A rich country, a strong
military”
New leaders set out to study
western ways, adapt them to
Japanese needs and beat
westerners at their own
game.
Fall of Tokugawa Shogunate leads to
Dramatic Shift
• 1868 - _____________________________
– deconstructed the 700 year-old Japanese feudal system
• Japan was propelled into a position of global power
– Rapid ________________________ and
– a ________________________ of government and education
• Japan’s strength allowed the country to retain control of
the Westernization process
• Europe had no chance to control Japan through
___________ colonization
• Japan soon revised the ________trade treaties it had
signed during the mid 19th century
• By 18____, Japan began extending its influence and forcing
trade concessions from other countries
• This process started in ____________
5
Growing Military Strength
As a small island nation, Japan had few resources essential to
industrial growth.
Spurred by –isms:
__________________and __________________, Japan built an empire.
1894:Sino-Japanese
War
•Though outnumbered,
Japan defeated China
with their modern
technology.
1904: Russo-Japanese
War
•Japan’s armies
defeated Russia in
Manchuria.
•Japanese navy almost
destroyed a Russian
fleet
•1905 Treaty of
Portsmouth: Japan
gains control of
Manchuria and Korea
Japanese Rule Korea
•1910: Japan annexes
Korea
•Japan modernizes
Korea but profits went
to Japanese
•Imposed harsh rule on
Koreans
•Korean rebels created
nationalist groups
The Emergence of New Imperial Powers
• Imperial Japan
– Early Japanese Expansion
– The ________-Japanese War
– The ________-Japanese War
Baron Kogoro Takahira
Sergei Witte
Russo-Japanese Peace Conference Representatives ~ Postcard
HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller
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pp. 34-42
DEFINITIONS, pp. 39-44
• SATI
• The practice of a widow throwing herself
on the funeral pyre of her husband
• FACTORIES • Trading posts
• TANZIMAT • A program of administrative, legal, and
technological westernization initiated by
REFORMS
the Ottoman sultan in the 1830s
DEFINITIONS, pp. 39-44
• OPIUM
WARS
• Series of wars fought by British after
Chinese emperor tried to blockade sale of
Opium in China
• TAIPING • 1850-64 peasant movement to overthrow
REBELLION Qing dynasty; resulted in 20 million deaths
• CHARTER • British East India Co. lost monopoly in
ACT of 1833 Chinese trade and dominance in the IndiaChina trade route
DEFINITIONS, pp. 39-44
• WAITAINGI
TREATY
• MATTHEW
PERRY
• 1840 treaty which promised Maoiris
protection of land rights; quickly violated by
settlers
• American naval commodore who forces
Japanese to open ports for trade in 1854
• Attempted reform of Japanese feudal system
• MEIJI
RESTORATION which promoted INDUSTRIALIZATION and
WESTERNIZATION
• DOMINION
• Classification which offered domestic
STATUS
autonomy to settler colonies but retained
European control over foreign policy and trade
2.06: TRUE - FALSE
• 1. Nineteenth century Europeans were more
convinced of their superiority than ever
before.
• FALSE
– LESS CONVINCED
– THEY EVEN BECAME CRITICAL OF THEMSELVES
AND THEIR COLONIZATION OF THE WORLD
2.06: TRUE - FALSE
• 2. Late Eighteenth century colonizers like
James Cook sought to colonize just as their
predecessors had done before.
• FALSE
– DO THINGS DIFFERENTLY AND TO LEGITIMIZE
THEIR ROLE AS CIVILIZERS.
2.06: TRUE - FALSE
• 3. All Hindus practiced the ritual of sati.
• FALSE
– ONLY CERTAIN GROUPS OF UPPER-CLASS HINDUS
2.06: TRUE - FALSE
• 4. British victory at the Battle of Plassey dealt
a critical defeat to the Mughal Empire and put
the Dutch East India Company into a position
of dominance.
• FALSE
– British East India Co.
2.06: TRUE - FALSE
• 5. India remained a supplier of finished textile
products even after the beginning of British
rule.
• FALSE
– BECAME A SUPPLIER OF RAW MATERIALS AND
COTTON AND INDIGO
2.06: TRUE - FALSE
• 6. The chief ally of the British in Central Asia
was Russia.
• FALSE
– ADVERSARY
2.06: TRUE - FALSE
• 7. Europeans intervened in the failing
Ottoman Empire and Qing China much as they
did in the Mughal Empire.
• FALSE
– DIFFERENTLY THAN THEY HAD IN THE MUGHAL
EMPIRE, EXPLOITING THE FAILING EMPIRE
FINANCIALLY AND POLITICALLY BUT NOT SEEKING
DIRECT RULE
2.06: TRUE - FALSE
• 8. The Ottoman Empire remained strong even
into the nineteenth century.
• FALSE
– DECLINED SHARPLY FROM ITS PEAK POINT IN THE
SIXTEENTH CENTURY
2.06: TRUE - FALSE
• 9. The Ottomans fought the French and British
in the Crimean War.
• FALSE
– SOUGHT HELP FROM THE FRENCH AND THE
BRITISH TO HELP THEM FIGHT AGAINST THE
RUSSIANS.
2.06: TRUE - FALSE
• 10. The majority of the Ottoman population
benefitted from the European presence of the
nineteenth century.
• FALSE
– Only a privileged part
2.07: LISTING
• 1. List three terms of the Treaty of Nanjing
which ended the first Opium War. (p. 42)
– British given control of Hong Kong
– British given trading rights in five Chinese ports
– Chinese forced to pay indemnity for the war
2.07: LISTING
• 2. List three ways in which indigenous
populations suffered under European
imperialism in Australasia. (p. 43)
– European disease decimated the population
– lost land rights
– lost major food sources since ecosystems were
destroyed
Europe Spreads to Africa
• The greatest imperial shift during the 19th
century was Europe’s changing stance
regarding Africa
2.07: LISTING
• 3. List the few places where European
colonization had taken place in Africa prior to
the nineteenth century. (p. 44)
• Portugal in West Africa (Angola)
• French in Senegambia region (Senegal)
• Dutch and English settlers on the Cape of
Good Hope
Early interactions
• Most Europeans had limited knowledge and
interest in Africa prior to the late 18th century
– This indifference and ignorance stemmed from a
lack of __________ with Africa
– Only a few European interactions had occurred by
this time period
• Portuguese slave traders settled in ______________
on the western coast
• The Senegambia region, specifically Senegal, served as a home to
______________ traders
• Dutch and English settlers had established a colony on
________________________________________
• Europeans represented Africa as outside ______________
in writings, visual imagery, and maps
–
Africans were ostensibly savage brutes
• Africans as a _________source only reinforced the idea of
Africans remaining outside of humanity
Europeans Interact with Africans
• Proponents of a free market saw Africa as
potential market
– dumping ground for European _________________
• Africa also served as a source for _____________
– West Africa exported ________oil and _______oil
– These goods lubricated European
__________________________________
• This economic prosperity led to Europeans
visualizing Africa as a potential site for Civilization
• If Africa became a European trading partner,
Africa had markets, cities, and states of its own
Growing Public Awareness of Africa
• The rise of the _____________________demonstrated the
sudden awareness of Africa’s economic potential
– This company dedicated itself to the African commercial
expansion of ______________
– Scottish explorer ______________worked for the company
• He led expeditions on the _______________in West Central Africa in
17____ and 18__
• These voyages led Park to encounter the _____________and
_____________states
• These two societies________________ _______________ confirmed
beliefs that Africa could become a British trading partner
– Mungo Park wrote ________________________________about
his expeditions in West Africa
• included a piece of art showing __________ in ___________ country
• Explorers’ accounts of Africa proved enormously popular and helped
spark public interest in Africa
Mungo Park
Europeans Face Multiple Obstacles in
Africa
• ____________devastated Mungo Park’s
two expeditions of the Niger River
– Until the mid_______century, disease posed a
threat to European-African commercial ties
– Europeans had previously held the upper hand
in immunity to diseases
• African diseases now overwhelmed Europeans
much as European diseases had overwhelmed
______________________
Europeans Face Multiple Obstacles in
Africa
• these 4 diseases ravages Europeans:
– DYSENTERY
– YELLOW FEVER
– TYPHOID
– MALARIA
• 19th century Africa is often known as the
___________________________as a result of the
potency of diseases
• Methods for treating malaria were ineffective or
__________in themselves
– Some Europeans attempted to cure malaria with
__________________
Dealing with Malaria
• European chemists discovered
that_____________could cure malaria in the
1820s
– Quinine derived from the bark of the
______________ tree in _______________________
– By the 1850s, Europeans used quinine
___________________ in order to avert contraction
of malaria
• Europeans faced incredibly high death rates from
African diseases
– Disease killed more European soldiers than warfare in
Africa through the 1870s
High Death Rates from Disease
• Europeans faced incredibly high death rates
from African diseases
– Disease killed more European soldiers than
______________ in Africa through the 1870s
Geographic Obstacles
Geographic Obstacles
Geographic Obstacles
Geographic Obstacles
• African physical features created great challenges
for European explorers
– The invention of the ________________in the ____th
century partially fixed this problem
• The steamboat applied James Watt’s steam engine to
transportation
• Europeans could now explore continental rivers in
– Africa,
– Australia, and
– Asia
• At rapid speeds even against the wind and the current
Geographic Obstacles
• _____________ exploration of Africa, however,
remained difficult for a substantial period of time
– Steamboats had to be
• dismantled,
• carried around ___________and then
• reassembled
• Europeans gained access to almost all areas of
Africa following the use of steamboats
– Areas that lacked ______________________remained
largely untouched by Europeans
– These regions were among the last parts of Africa to be
______________________
Movement towards colonization
• Most challenges facing Europeans in the
penetration of Africa had been removed or
solved by the mid _____ century
– ______________________ were often among the first
people to enter into regions of Africa
• Many of these missionaries were ___________________
who sought to end ________________in Africa
• These religious zealots sought to convert people to
Christianity and westernize “primitive” natives
• To these people, conversion to Christianity and cultivating
beneficial __________________ relationships went hand in
hand
– Both of these goals moved Africans along the civilizing process of
Westernization
Movement towards colonization
• African mission stations attracted other
Europeans
– ______________ often utilized the knowledge of
missionaries for economic benefit
– Missionaries sought _________________
protection
• These desires involved European governments in Africa
Explorers raised public interest about
Africa
• Many explorers embarked on ______________
to raise money from these 3 sources
– government,
– general public, and
– scientific authorities
….for further African expeditions
– The most successful African explorers were often
the most skilled ____________________
– Quite a few of these men became national heroes
• _______________________is one such man
Quick Facts: David Livingstone
Dr. David Livingstone was a Scottish minister. He is the most famous
European missionary of the Age of Imperialism.
Livingstone traveled to South Africa as a missionary in 1840 at the age of 27.
Livingstone went on to become one of most famous explorers of central
Africa. He is known as the first European to travel the breadth of the
continent of Africa from east to west. He was also the first known
European to see Victoria Falls.
Livingstone is best know for his disappearance and the subsequent search for
him be the American newspaper reporter, Henry Stanley. From 18631869, Livingstone completely lost contact with the outside world. When
found, Stanley uttered the famous words, “Livingstone, I presume?”.
Livingstone died in Africa in 1873.
David Livingstone
• VICTORIA FALLS
DAVID LIVINGSTONE
This missionary-explorer
published the book titled
--WHEN?
1857
--The work describes
Livingstone’s dual quest
to open central Africa to
both
• religion and
• trade
Explorers raised public interest about
Africa
• __________________
represented a different
take on the African
explorer
– The ________________
hired this AngloAmerican to locate
Livingstone after the
latter went missing in
Central ______________
Explorers raised public interest about
Africa
– After the ________
publication of
___________________,
Stanley became an
instant hero
Misinformation & Negative
Stereotypes
• Explorers often misinformed their audiences and
perpetuated negative stereotypes of Africans
– Henry Stanley was instrumental in associating Africa
with ____________ in the European mindset
– Stanley used imagery such as (3)
• immorality,
• savagery, and
• irrationality
to describe Africans
Writers captivated by Stanley’s
Account
Edgar Rice Burroughs
Joseph Conrad
• American novelist
• wrote :
• Polish-English novelist
• Conrad published
• WHEN?
• in 1912
• WHEN?
• In 1902
Expanding into the Interior
• Europeans began expanding from their existing
bases in Africa during this time
• The Portuguese started exploring from their
___________ settlements
Expanding into the Interior
• The French moved from Saint Louis into
____________
• Similarly, the French moved from ____________
farther into the interior of Algeria
– French took Algiers in ___________
– The French fought a costly war in the 1840s and 1850s
against Algerian guerillas
• __________________headed these well-armed
African troops
• By _________, France could claim Algeria as a
colony
Dutch Landing in Africa 1652
FYI Summary: South Africa
• Boers were descendants of Dutch sailors who had settled in
southern Africa in the mid 1700s. The Boers lived a relatively
solitary, agrarian/rancher lifestyle.
• By the early 19th century the British took control of the Cape of
Good Hope and the Cape Colony.
• The Boer farmers clashed with their new British rulers.
• In the 1830s, the Boer farmers migrated north (the GREAT TREK)
from the Cape Colony and established three independent Dutch
colonies (Natal, Transvaal, and the Orange Free State).
• In 1867, diamonds were discovered in the Orange Free State.
Thousands of British colonists migrated to OFS. There was strife
between the Boers and British in the OFS. In 1887, gold was
discovered in the Transvaal.
The Great Trek, 1835-45
Afrikaners
The Great Trek
It’s easy as 3,4,5!
• The Great Trek from ______ to
______resulted from _________Afrikaners
fleeing British control in southern Africa
– These Africans migrated north of the __________
River seeking land of their own
– By the late 1830s, the Afrikaners established
independent republics in the ___________, the
___________________, and the
_______________
The Struggle for South Africa
Diamond Mines
Raw Diamonds
Cecil Rhodes
(1853-1902)
“The Colossus of Rhodes”
Boer-British Tensions Increase
 1877 – Britain annexed the Transvaal.
 1883 – Boers fought British in the
Transvaal and regained its
independence.
.
 1880s – Gold discovered in the
Transvaal
The Boer War: 1899 - 1900
The Boers
The British
AFRIKANERS
• The Afrikaners were largely selfemployed as _____________________
• They also engaged in ongoing territorial
battles with the ________
–The ________often fought the Afrikaners
–This tribe was a southern Bantu people
Afrikaner Expansion
• The __________felt threatened by Afrikaner
expansion
– Britain annexed the__________ province in
______to cut off the Afrikaners from the _______
– Officially, the British recognized the sovereignty of
the _____________________and the
_____________in _________
• The British, however, constantly intervened in BantuAfrikaner conflicts
Europeans: violent confrontations with
African political entities in a state of flux
– The __________ of South Africa = perfect example
• During the ________, King __________________built
a powerful Zulu empire in the ___________ region
– King Shaka lived from ________o _________
– This sparked disturbances throughout southern Africa
• The raiding armies of Shaka sent many Bantu peoples
seeking refuge
– The________________were one of these peoples
– Bantu peoples fled south into British territory or north into
________________land
• _____________ and Afrikaners thus warred
constantly over land
People in History: Shaka and Resistance
• Zulu Wars
Slide 121
Anglo-Zulu War
• Zulus began to migrate north from ______to _____
– led to an armed conflict
• The Anglo-Zulu War lasted from ______to ______
– conflict erupted from tensions due to____________
expansionism into Zulu territory
– The Zulus temporarily defeated the British at the
________________________: key importance=
• first victory of an African force over a European power
– BUT….the British went on to crush the Zulus
Battle of Isandlwana
Battle of Isandlwana
European expansionism :
opportunity to control Egypt
• Egypt was coveted because of its location on
the _______________
– This represented a strategic post on the trading
route to______________
– The _________________________had controlled
Egypt since the ___________century
• ________________took the opportunity to
invade Egypt in__________when Ottoman
control weakened
– British forces backed by Ottoman Turks defeated
Napoleon’s troops at the
__________________________________
• The sultan of the
Ottoman Empire lost
control of Egypt when
____________________
• seized power
– This _____________officer
served in the Ottoman
empire of reoccupation
– British and French
commercial interests as
well as the sultan’s
continued resistance
spoiled Ali’s plans for
_____________________
EGYPT and COMMERCE
• Europeans controlled a large portion of Egypt’s
_____________by the mid 19th century
– European __________________ often financed Egyptian
modernization projects
– These projects included the ______________and an
Egyptian _______________system
• The Suez Canal connected the __________Sea and the
__________________________Sea
• ___________________________oversaw this project
that lasted from ____________o _____________
• The railway system ran from ___________________ to
__________________
Lesseps supervising Suez Canal
RECAP
Industrial
Revolution
Markets for
Finished
Goods
Source for
Raw
Materials
European
Nationalism
Missionary
Activity
European
Motives
For Colonization
Military
& Naval
Bases
Social
Darwinism
Places to
Dump
Unwanted/
Excess Popul.
European
Racism
“White
Man’s
Burden”
Humanitarian
Reasons
Soc. & Eco.
Opportunities
Pp. 44-45
• 1. Europeans who had previously ignored
Africa began to see it as a potential
marketplace as a…___ & _____
• source of raw materials and
• an outlet for the sale of manufactured goods.
Pp. 44-45
• 2. The African Association was dedicated to…
British commercial expansion in Africa.
Pp. 44-45
• 3. Mungo Park, the best known associate of
the African Association, explored…
• up the Niger River in West Central Africa in
1795 and 1805, bringing him in contact with
the advanced states of Fulani and Bambara.
Pp. 44-45
• 4. Africa became known as “The White Man’s
Grave” because…
• so many Europeans died from African
diseases like dysentery, yellow fever, typhoid,
and malaria
Pp. 44-45
• 5. Africa’s topography proved to be difficult for
Europeans until the invention of the…
• steamboat which allowed for the exploration
of the interior of the African continent.
Pp. 44-45
• 6. Missionary work in Africa wasn’t only about
saving souls anymore; rather, attention was
turned to…
• ‘Europeanizing’ the natives through the
cultivation of commerce.
Pp. 44-45
• 7. Many Europeans who sought to explore
Africa publicized their travel through…
• books and
• lecture tours in hopes of raising money for
future expeditions.
Pp. 44-45
• 8. An explorer’s ability to publicize and raise
money for his campaigns often depended on
his…
• skill as a speaker and rhetorician
Pp. 44-45
• 9. David Livingstone was the author of
Missionary Travels and a…
• missionary-explorer who became a national
icon.
Pp. 44-45
• 10. Henry Stanley became an overnight
celebrity when he was hired to…
• find Livingstone when he was missing and
• published a work about it in 1872 called How
I Found Livingstone.
p. 45
p. 45-47
p. 45-47
STOP