Operating systems
Unit objectives:
 Identify operating system
fundamentals
 Manage directories on a Microsoft
Windows computer
 Manage files on a Microsoft Windows
computer
 Control access to files and folders on
a Microsoft Windows computer
Topic A
 Topic A: Operating system
fundamentals
 Topic B: Directory management
 Topic C: File management
 Topic D: File and folder permissions
Operating systems
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Set of software instructions
Control the computer
Run programs
Accept input
Display output
Examples:
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Windows
Macintosh
Linux
UNIX
Microsoft Windows
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Most installed client OS
First GUI: Windows 3.1
Icons and menus to perform functions
Uses a mouse or other pointing device
Windows 7 Professional Edition
Macintosh (Mac) OS
 Apple’s client operating system
 Uses a GUI
 Current version:
– Mac OS X (10.6)
– Also known as Snow Leopard
– Based on UNIX
 Revised more often than Windows
 Applications are plentiful
Mac OS X Snow Leopard
Linux
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Free client operating system
Based on UNIX
Latest kernel: 2.6.32
How to obtain:
– Download Linux for free
– Buy a distribution version
 Uses a GUI
 Many system admin tasks done at
command line
Ubuntu Linux
UNIX
 Developed in 1969 by AT&T
 Trademark owned by The Open Group
 UNIX standards:
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UNIX 93
UNIX 95
UNIX 98
UNIX 03
 www.unix.org
Windows client operating systems
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Windows NT Workstation
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows Me
Three Windows XP versions
– Windows XP Professional
– Windows XP Home Edition
– Windows XP Media Center Edition
 Windows 2000 Professional
continued
Windows client OSs, continued
 Six Windows Vista versions
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Windows Vista Home Basic
Windows Vista Home Premium
Windows Vista Business
Windows Vista Ultimate
Windows Vista Starter
Windows Vista Enterprise
 Six Windows 7 versions
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Windows 7 Home Basic
Windows 7 Home Premium
Windows 7 Professional
Windows 7 Ultimate
Windows 7 Enterprise
Windows 7 Starter
Not available in Windows 7 Home Basic
 Aero Glass and advanced window
navigation
 Easy networking and network sharing
 Windows Media Center and improved
media format support
 Multi-touch
Not available in either Win 7 Home Edition
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Windows XP mode
Domain Join
Network backup
Encrypting File System (EFS)
Location-aware printing
Remote Desktop Host
Available only in Win 7 Enterprise & Ultimate
 BitLocker Drive Encryption
 Multi-Language User Interface (MUI)
 Direct Access links to corporate
resources without a VPN
 AppLocker
 Virtual Hard Disk (VHD) disk image
booting
 BranchCache
Not available in Vista Home Basic
 Aero desktop GUI with Flip 3D
 Windows Mobility Center and Tablet
PC support
 Scheduled and network-based backup
 Windows Meeting Space
 PC-to-PC Sync
Not available in either Vista Home editions
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Multiprocessor support
Complete PC Backup and Restore
Networking Center
Remote Desktop
Domain Join
Group Policy support
Windows Fax and Scan
Encrypting File System (EFS)
Shadow Copy
P2P Meeting Place
Corporate Roaming
Offline Files and Folders
In Vista Home Premium & Ultimate
 Windows Media Center and Media
Center Extenders
 Windows DVD Maker
 Windows HD Movie Maker
 Windows premium games
Available only in Windows Vista Ultimate
 BitLocker Drive Encryption
Available in Ultimate and Enterprise
 Multi-Language User Interface (MUI)
 Subsystem for UNIX-based
Applications (SUA)
 Single Session Virtual PC
Windows XP Professional features
 Remote desktop
 Multiprocessor support
 Automated System
Recovery
 Dynamic disk support
 Fax service
 IIS/Personal Web server
 Encrypting File System
 File-level access control
 C2 certification
 Domain membership
 Group policies
 IntelliMirror
 Remote Installation
Services
 Roaming profiles
 Multilingual support
 64-bit version
 IPSec user interface
 SNMP
 Simple TCP/IP services
 SAP agent
 Client services for NetWare
 Network monitor
 Client-side caching
 Administrative tools
Windows 2000 features
 Dependability:
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Device driver verification
Scalable memory and processor support
Side-by-side DLLs
Windows File Protection
Windows Installer
 Security:
– Encrypting File System (EFS), singleuser support
– IPSec
– Kerberos
continued
Windows 2000 features, continued
 Management and deployment:
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User State Migration Tool
Hardware standards support
System Preparation Tool
Remote OS Installation
Multilingual support
Group Policy support
Microsoft Management Console (MMC)
Recovery console
Safe Mode startup options
Internet Connection Sharing
Troubleshooters
Windows 2000 mobile support
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Offline file and folder support
Offline viewing
Laptop power management features
Hot docking
Advanced Configuration and Power
Interface (ACPI)
32-bit versus 64-bit
 Refers to how the CPU accesses and
processes information
 64-bit system
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Access larger amounts of memory
Different internal command set
Provides additional features and functionality
Hardware drivers must be 64-bit compatible
Operating system must be written as 64-bit
 Microsoft’s 32-bit version referred to as x86
 Microsoft’s 64-bit version referred to as x64
Activity A-1
Selecting an appropriate Windows
operating system
The Windows 7 desktop
Pinned
applications
Desktop
shortcuts
Start menu
Taskbar
Notification
area
Sidebar with
gadgets
The Windows Vista desktop
Sidebar with
gadgets
Desktop
Recycle
Bin
Start
menu
Taskbar
Notification
area
Windows XP Professional desktop
Desktop
Recycle
Bin
Start
menu
Taskbar
Notification
area
Windows 2000 Professional desktop
Taskbar
My Computer
My Network
Places
Recycle
Bin
Start menu
System tray
Windows Aero features
 Introduced with Windows Vista
 UI for:
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Windows Vista Home Premium
Windows Vista Business
Windows Vista Enterprise
Windows Vista Ultimate
 Features:
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Windows Sidebar
Translucent windows, taskbar, and Start menu
Taskbar thumbnails
Three-dimensional Windows Flip
Windows Aero
3D Windows Flip
Windows 7 Aero features
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Aero Peek
Aero Shake
Aero Snap
Jump lists
Aero system requirements
 1 GHz 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64)
processor
 1 GB system memory
 128 MB graphics card
 DirectX 9-compatible graphics
processor that supports:
– A Windows Display Driver Model
(WDDM) driver
– Pixel Shader 2.0 in hardware
– 32 bits per pixel
Windows Explorer in Vista Professional
Date created or modified
Menu bar
Drive
Folders/
directories
Toolbar
Files
File type
File size
Windows Explorer in XP
Menu bar
Drive
Folders/
directories
Drive
Toolbar Files
Date created or modified
File size File type
Libraries
A library’s included locations
Activity A-2
Locating Windows 7 interface components
Control Panel in Classic View on Vista
Control Panel in Category View
Control Panel Search
Computer Management console
Network folder in Windows Vista
Command-line utility
Task Manager
Microsoft Management Console
Activity A-3
Observing Windows 7 system tools
Topic B
 Topic A: Operating system
fundamentals
 Topic B: Directory management
 Topic C: File management
 Topic D: File and folder permissions
Directory structure
Windows default file structure
File type
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows 7/Vista
User files
Documents and Settings
Documents and
Settings
Users
System files
Winnt
Windows
Windows
32-bit system files*
Winnt\System32
Windows\System32
Windows\System32
Windows\SysWOW64
for 32-bit on 64-bit
Windows
Windows\SysWOW64
for 32-bit on 64-bit
Windows
64-bit system files
N/A
Windows\System32
Windows\System32
Fonts
Winnt\Fonts
Windows\Fonts
Windows\Fonts
Temporary files
Winnt\Temp
Windows\Temp
Windows\Temp
Program files**
Program Files
Program Files
Program Files
Offline files and
folders
Winnt\CSC
Windows\CSC
Windows\CSC
Navigating directories using the GUI
1. Open Windows Explorer
2. 7/Vista: In Folders pane, click arrow
next to drive or folder to expand it
XP/2000: In navigation pane, click +
next to drive or folder to expand it
3. Select drive or subfolder in the
Folders or navigation pane to view its
contents in the details pane
Activity B-1
Navigating a directory tree using the
Windows GUI
Navigating using the command prompt
 MS-DOS navigation commands
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cmd (32-bit)
command (16-bit)
dir
chdir or cd
Cmd (command)
Dir
Wildcard characters
 Use to display a subset of directories
and files:
–*
–?
 Examples:
– dir *.txt
– dir 200?.txt
Chdir (cd)
 Displays the name of the current drive
and directory
Help
 General help:
help
 Command-specific help:
cmd /?
 Syntax:
– Upper-case are required characters
– Lower-case are variable strings
Activity B-2
Using the command prompt
Activity B-3
Navigating a directory tree at the
command-line
Creating directories in the GUI
1. In the Folders or navigation pane,
select the drive or folder where you
want to create the new folder
2. 7/Vista: Choose New, Folder
XP/2000: Choose File, New, Folder
3. Type a name for the new folder
4. Press Enter
– Max # of allowable characters in file
path is 255
Activity B-4
Creating directories using the
Windows GUI
Creating directories at the command prompt
 At the command prompt:
mkdir drive:path
md drive:path
Parameter
Description
drive
Specifies the drive on which you want to create the directory.
path
Specifies the name and location of the new directory. The maximum length
of any single path from the root directory is 63 characters, including
backslashes (\).
Spaces in commands
 16-bit command.com doesn’t allow
spaces
 32-bit cmd.exe treats spaces as
delimiters and treats each word after
the command as a separate
parameter
 To force the command interpreter to
recognize the spaces, enclose in
quotation marks any file or folder
names that include spaces
Activity B-5
Creating directories at the command-line
Copying directories in the GUI
1. In Folders or navigation pane, select
directory you want to copy
– Use Ctrl key to select more than one
2. Right-click selection and choose Copy
3. In Folders or navigation pane, right-click
destination location
4. Choose Paste
Activity B-6
Copying a directory using the
Windows GUI
Copying directories using the command prompt
 Copy — copies one or more files to
another location
 Xcopy — copies files (not including
hidden and system files), directories,
and subdirectories
Copy
 copy source destination
Xcopy
 xcopy source destination
continued
Xcopy, continued
Activity B-7
Copying a directory at the
command-line
Removing directories using the GUI
1. Right-click folder you want to delete
(in either pane of Windows Explorer)
2. Choose Delete
3. Click Yes to confirm
Activity B-8
Removing a directory using the
Windows GUI
Removing directories using the command prompt
 rmdir/rd
 With rmdir/rd, delete any files and
subdirectories in that directory
 rmdir drive:path
 rd drive:path
 Can’t delete the current directory
Activity B-9
Removing a directory at the
command-line
Topic C
 Topic A: Operating system
fundamentals
 Topic B: Directory management
 Topic C: File management
 Topic D: File and folder permissions
Binary and text files
 Two types of computer files:
– Binary
– Text
 Binary files
– Read by computer, but not by humans
– Program files
 Text files
– Typically in ASCII format
– Read by humans using a text editor
– Data files
ASCII
 American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
 Pronounced “ask-ee”
 Code represents English characters
as numbers
 Each letter assigned a number from 0
to 127
File-name extensions
 Three-letter extension
 Indicates the file type
 Used by OS to open appropriate
application
 Windows hides extensions
Common file extensions
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.bat
.bin
.bmp
.gif
.jpeg
.jpg
.png
.tif
.com
.exe
.hlp
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.chm
.htm
.html
.inf
.ini
.msi
.rtf
.sys
.txt
.vbs
Additional extensions found at
www.fileinfo.com/common.php
File names and extensions
 MS-DOS file names
– Eight-character limit
– “8.3”
 Eight characters for the name
 Three characters for the extension
 Separated by a period
 Windows file names
– 255-character limit
 FAT16: Extensions of 0-3 characters
 FAT32 and NTFS: Extensions of 0-255
characters (total name can’t exceed 255)
Creating text files
 MS-DOS edit command
 Windows GUI text-editing application
Creating a text file with edit
1. At DOS prompt, type edit and press Enter
2. Enter the desired text
3. Choose File, Save As (or press Alt, F, A)
4. Press Alt+D; then use arrow keys and Enter to
navigate to desired directory
5. Press Alt+N
6. Type a file name and extension
7. Press Tab to highlight the OK button; then
press Enter
8. Press Alt, F, X to exit the edit program
Creating a text file in Notepad
1. Click Start and choose All Programs,
Accessories, Notepad
2. Enter the desired text
3. Choose File, Save As
4. Select the desired directory
5. Type a name for the file
6. Verify that Text Documents (*.txt) is
selected in the Save as type box
7. Click Save
8. Choose File, Exit
Editing text files
 MS-DOS edit command
 Windows GUI text editing application
Activity C-1
Creating a text file using the MS-DOS
text editor
Editing a text file with edit
1. Type
edit drive:\path\filename
and press Enter
2. Modify the text
3. Choose File, Save or press Alt, F, S
4. Press Alt, F, X to exit
Editing a text file in Notepad
1. Click Start and choose All Programs,
Accessories, Notepad
2. Choose File, Open
3. Navigate to the folder containing the
text file
4. Select the desired file
5. Click Open
6. Modify the text
7. Save the file and exit the program
Activity C-2
Editing a text file using the MS-DOS
text editor
Batch files
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Contain multiple commands
The OS runs commands in the file
Used for repetitive tasks
Created in any text editor
You can enable or disable the display
of commands while batch file is
running
– Echo on|off
Activity C-3
Creating a batch file using Notepad
File attributes
 Indicate to OS how files should be
used
 Types:
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Read-only
Hidden
System
Archive
Index (in Vista)
Activity C-4
Modifying file attributes
Attrib.exe
 Removes or assigns attributes
 System or hidden attribute must be
removed before another attribute is
assigned
 Recognizes wildcards
– ?
– *
continued
Attrib.exe, continued
Activity C-5
Modifying file attributes using attrib.exe
Topic D
 Topic A: Operating system
fundamentals
 Topic B: Directory management
 Topic C: File management
 Topic D: File and folder permissions
Sharing files with local users
 Each user has a personal folder
 Private
 Access granted to user and
administrator
 Contains other folders; vary based on
OS
Windows 7 private folders
Windows Vista private folders
Windows XP private folders
Public folder sharing in Vista and 7
 Easiest way to share files and folders with
other users
 Other users can:
– Open
– Edit
– Delete
Shared Documents
 Used by Windows XP
 Same function as Vista’s Public folders
 Fewer subfolders
Activity D-1
Sharing files in the Public folder
with local users
HomeGroups in Windows 7
Activity D-2
Exploring homegroups
Permissions
 Two types:
– Share
– Local NTFS
 Share permissions:
– 7/Vista:
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Reader
Contributor
Owner
Co-owner
– XP/2000:
 Read
 Change
 Full Control
NTFS
 File security provided by NTFS
 Windows client OSs supporting NTFS:
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Windows NT Workstation
Windows 2000 Professional
All Windows XP editions
All Windows Vista editions
All Windows 7 editions
 More specific and varied than share
permissions
 Classic File Sharing and Security interface
NTFS file permissions
File permission Allows users to
Full control
Change file permissions
Take ownership of the file
Complete tasks allowed by all other file
permissions
Modify
Modify the file
Delete the file
Complete tasks allowed by the Read &
Execute and Write file permissions
Read & execute
Run applications
Complete tasks allowed by the Read file
permission
continued
NTFS file permissions, continued
File permission Allows users to
Read
Read the contents of the file
View attributes assigned to the file
View the file’s owner
View permissions assigned to the file
Write
Overwrite the contents of the file
Change attributes assigned to the file
View the file’s owner
View permissions assigned to the file
NTFS Folder permissions
Folder
permission
Allows users to
Full control
Change permissions for the folder, its
subfolders, and files
Take ownership of the folder
Delete the folder, its subfolders, and files
Complete tasks allowed by all other folder
permissions
Modify
Delete the folder
Complete tasks allowed by the Read &
Execute and Write folder permissions
List folder
contents
View the names of files and subfolders within
a folder. Not inherited by subfolders.
continued
NTFS Folder permissions, continued
Folder
permission
Allows users to
Read
View the contents of the folder, its subfolders,
and files
View the folder’s owner
View permissions for the folder, its
subfolders, and files
View attributes of the folder, its subfolders,
and files
Write
Create subfolders and files within the folder
Change the attributes assigned to the folder,
its subfolders, and files
View the folder’s owner
View permissions for the folder, its
subfolders, and files
Guidelines for NTFS permissions
 Each user can have multiple NTFS file
and folder permissions assigned, plus
permissions assigned to his/her
groups
 NTFS permissions are cumulative
 NTFS permissions are inherited
 Explicit denial overrides all
corresponding permissions
 Administrators can take ownership
and change permissions
Assigning NTFS permissions
 Simple File Sharing:
– Windows XP Home
– Windows XP Media Center Edition
– Windows XP Professional non-domain
members
 Windows 7 and Vista don’t use Simple File
Sharing
 Can disable Simple File Sharing in
Windows XP Professional
 Effective permissions = sum of share and
NTFS permissions
Effective permissions
 Sum of share and NTFS permissions
 More restrictive permission between
the two determines access
 Microsoft uses “effective permissions”
to refer to resulting abilities of a user
or group
– Effective Permissions tab in Advanced
Security Settings dialog box
Activity D-3
Setting NTFS permissions
Unit summary
 Identified operating system
fundamentals
 Managed directories on a Microsoft
Windows computer
 Managed files on a Microsoft Windows
computer
 Controlled access to files and folders
on a Microsoft Windows computer