 Compared
to New England the
Chesapeake was a dispersed community
 Based on a hierarchical system
› Rich land owners
› Indented servants
› Slaves.
 Region
been developed on the back of
Tobacco
 Vast profits over a period of 11 years from
1618
 1629 the bottom dropped out of the
market
 Drop in profits led to a situation whereby
 Indentured servants
 have no or little money or opportunities
to set themselves up as plantation
owners
 Plantation owners able to survive
through
› Expanding length of indenture
› Increasing punishments for infractions of
contract
 Renting
land,
 Selling other crops
 From money earned from positions in the
local government.
Wealthy
landowners
also closed up
people forced to either
work as poorly paid
and abused servants or
to flee from the local
area into the ever
expanding
backcountry
 Bacon
 29 year
old Cambridge
graduate
 wealthy English Family
 related by marriage to the
governor of Virginia Sir
William Berkley.
 Bacon was given a land
grant and also a seat on the
council.
 Many
people outside the wealthy
looking for scapegoats for their
situation
 July 1675 a group was found.
 Group of Doeg Indians raided
plantation on the outskirts of
colony
 Plantation of Thomas Mathews
 Not a random attack by “wild
Indians”
 Attempt to get paid for goods that
Mathews had obtained from the
tribe.
 Several
Indians killed
 herdsman of Mathews
plantation killed
 Local colonists went after
Doeg Indians
 Killed ten or more
 also killed a number of
Susquehannocks
 at peace with and regularly
traded with the English.
 Governor
Berkeley
stepped in
Attempted
to restore order
Ordered investigation
set up meeting between
English and Susquehannocks
 During meeting local militia
killed the chiefs sent to
negotiate.
 Susquehannocks went on a
series of retaliatory attacks
Bacon’s overseer was killed.
Berkeley
planned a series of
forts to protect the outlying
communities.
paid for out of taxes
Outlying
planters
Financially strapped by low
Tobacco prices
 preferred the cheaper
option
Outright
war to kill all Indians
and seize their lands.
Elected
Bacon as
their leader
April 1676
Led 300 men on an
all out attack on
the local Indian
population
Found only friendly
Indians but killed
them anyway
 Bacon’s popularity high
 Legislature passed legislation
› allowed for any Indians to be
that
termed enemies if they left their
village without permission from the
English
› this would then allow their lands and
property to be taken.
 How
would you react if 1000
angry men came charging
towards your village?
 Rich
landowners planned to
expand wealth
 Governor realized policy not
working
 ordered the end of hostilities
 Bacon
returned at the head of his
army and rode into Jamestown.
 Chased the governor away
 Burnt the capital building
 offered freedom to any of Berkeley’s
supporters, servants or slaves who
joined him
Bacon
and rebellion was
at the height of power
Bacon died
› possibly of dysentery
Rebellion was over.
Berkeley regained control
› punished Bacon’s
supporters severely
 English
government sent to troops to quell
uprising
› Virginia at peace long before they arrived.
 Authorities
recalled Berkeley
 New governor implemented some reforms,
but also hit rebels hard
› executing leaders
› imprisoning others
 sending
message that rebellion was never
justified, no matter what the provocation.
 long term effect Indian frontier again
pushed back.
Instability on frontier, mixing of freed
servants, blacks, Indians; taxes high,
discontent over spending priorities, so
rebellion a symbol of class conflict
2. lower death rates and immigration of
royalists meant social mobility falling, est
of First Families of Va – even Bacon
excluded
3. Bacon as popular democratic hero,
struggling vs tyranny – failure leads to
‘end of American Independence’
1.
 Indian
– White relations at low ebb by
1670s.
 Treaties with Indians not kept
 Metacom – named ‘King Philip’ by
whites, chief of Wampanoags,
 Specific grievances
› loss of tribal lands
› effect of alcohol and guns on people
› Puritan treatment of ‘praying Indians’
 confined to praying villages, taken away from
homes and families
War probably planned by Metacom
betrayed by Christian Indian, John
Sassamon
 Sassamon murdered


› seen as evidence his warnings were
correct

3 Wampanoag Indians tried and
executed for his murder
› real suspicion directed at King Philip

Puritans mount pre-emptive strike vs
Wampanoag in late 1675
 Wampanoags
have better of initial
skirmishes
 Nipmuc, Narragansett, Pocasset and
Pocomtuck joining in – general Indian
war
 War drags on in to 1676
 Indians unable to fight long war
› lack supplies and planning
 English
re-group, re-supply, and
counter-attack
 capture and kill King Philip
 3000
Indians killed (50% of
popn)
› loss of tribal leaders
› exile of many Indians to west
› captives sold into slavery
› remaining tribes confined to
praying villages
 End
Indian threat in New
England
cost
£100,000
› came close to bankrupting
many colonies
2500
white settlers killed,
(10% of white men of
fighting age)
damaged 52 of 90
settlements in New England
› totally destroyed 12
Psychological
pain
‘so dreadful a judgment’
warning from God
yet victory shows God still on
white side

White
settlement restricted,
doesn’t reach 1675 levels
again until 1710
 1670s
threatened but ultimately
confirmed English control over the
Native Americans
› 1680 sees Pueblo revolt for Spanish
Also
 Va
and NE still developing and
finding their feet
 1670s show tensions between new
and old settlers
 1)
The Carolinas
 1663 territory to the south of Virginia
granted to eight politically powerful
individuals
› 6 also directors of the Royal African
Company – would be important in the
growth of the region
 Colony
named Carolina in honor of
Charles II
 Popular with planters from Barbados,
where land was limited.
 Established
new capital at Charles
Town 1670,
 planters grew rice and indigo and
began importing large numbers of
African slaves.
 2)
New York
 1664 became New York from New
Amsterdam
 Many Dutch merchants remained in
New York, & Dutch influence over
language and culture lingered





3) Pennsylvania and New
Jersey
Both proprietary colonies
like Carolina and New
York, no charter, proprietor
effectively a self ruling
prince.
William Penn granted
colony to repay a debt
owed by Charles II to
Penn's father.
Penn = Quaker, a religious
dissident, potential
troublemaker.
New colony lets Charles II
get rid of large numbers of
Quakers.








1681 Philadelphia ‘brotherly
love’ founded
Fastest growing in America
Policy of total religious
toleration,
Attracted religious migrants
from Europe.
Good relations with local
Indians. ‘Walking purchase’
Penn attempted a Holy
Experiment not unlike Puritans
but more tolerant, emphasis
on personal morality
Did not prevent political
problems between Penn and
the settlers,
Charter of Privileges in 1701
giving the assembly rights over
legislation.
 Indian
– White relations at low ebb by
1670s.
 Treaties with Indians not kept
 Metacom – named ‘King Philip’ by
whites, chief of Wampanoags,
 Specific grievances
› loss of tribal lands
› effect of alcohol and guns on people
› Puritan treatment of ‘praying Indians’
 confined to praying villages, taken away from
homes and families
War probably planned by Metacom
 betrayed by Christian Indian, John
Sassamon
 Sassamon murdered

› seen as evidence his warnings were
correct

3 Wampanoag Indians tried and
executed for his murder
› real suspicion directed at King Philip

Puritans mount pre-emptive strike vs
Wampanoag in late 1675
 Wampanoags
have better of initial
skirmishes
 Nipmuc, Narragansett, Pocasset and
Pocomtuck joining in – general Indian
war
 War drags on in to 1676
 Indians unable to fight long war
› lack supplies and planning
 English
re-group, re-supply, and
counter-attack
 capture and kill King Philip
 3000
Indians killed (50% of
popn)
› loss of tribal leaders
› exile of many Indians to west
› captives sold into slavery
› remaining tribes confined to
praying villages
 End
Indian threat in New
England
cost
£100,000
› came close to bankrupting
many colonies
2500
white settlers killed,
(10% of white men of
fighting age)
damaged 52 of 90
settlements in New
England
› totally destroyed 12
Psychological
pain
‘so dreadful a judgment’
warning from God
yet victory shows God still on
white side

White
settlement restricted,
doesn’t reach 1675 levels
again until 1710
 1670s
threatened but ultimately
confirmed English control over the
Native Americans
› 1680 sees Pueblo revolt for Spanish
Also
 Va
and NE still developing and
finding their feet
 1670s show tensions between new
and old settlers
Restoration of crown
under Charles II in
1660
 Royal government
wants to tighten
control of the
colonies
 particularly the
north
 1st step the passing

 Restricted
all trade with the empire to
ships built in England or its colonies
 High value commodities, that produced
tax revenue, were ‘enumerated’
› That is they had to be shipped to England
alone
 Non-English
European goods had to be
imported through England
 Aimed at introducing control and
mercantilism




1684 English Government
revokes Massachusetts
bay charter
Annulled the charters of
Connecticut and Rhode
Island
In 1686, Charles II with no
son dies, his brother
James II becomes King
Announces the Dominion
of New England 1686





Included all of New
England’s former
colonies
New York and New
Jersey added
Ruled over by on
English Royal Governor
No elected body for
Boston
Planned to be one of
two super colonies






1686 Andros arrives in Boston
Brings two companies of
Redcoats
Leads attacks on Puritans
Congregational meeting
houses used for Church of
England services
Reintroduced Christmas and
maypoles
Claimed the power to revoke
land grants and power to
assess rent on new distribution
 Andros
increases taxes
 effectively taxation without
representation enforces Navigation
Acts
 appoints cronies to high office
 rules with absolutist air ‘either you are
subjects or you are rebels’
 Widespread fear of French in Canada,
stirring up Indians,
 Suspicion of James’s pro-French
policies
 Louis XIV not seen as good role model.





King James has
Catholic son
Whigs and Tories invite
William of Orange
(stadholder in
Netherlands)
James flees to France
William & Mary take
English throne
English throne again
becomes Protestant
Indians start to harass settlements in
Northern New England
 Andros sends troops north, leaving
Boston defenceless, troops mutiny at
Saco River, April 1689.
 Popular uprising, led by elite merchants
and puritans, who feared an uprising
led by mob
 Andros unable to secure any support,
flees to city fort

 Downfall
of Andros
in 1688/9
encourages Dutch
resurgence in New
York
 Led by Jacob Leisler
 Dutch merchant,
overlooked for
official position by
Andros
 Leisler
rules New York 1689-91
 Professes loyalty to William
 but refuses to hand over control to
English officials in 1691.
 Crushed by English forces
 Leisler hanged for treason.
 Harsh reprisals vs Dutch
 Message - rebellion not tolerated.
 Decline of Dutch culture
accelerated
Power vacuum – Council of Safety
established to manage affairs until return
of charters and guidance from William
 Charters returned 1691, but Massachusetts
Bay became Royal Colony
 New governor Sir Wm Phipps = merchant,
not puritan.
 Religious toleration established, franchise
changed to property qualification rather
than religious one
 Confirmed end of puritan experiment

Does not mean the end of Puritans just
end of their domination over the region
 Other issues also threaten the Puritans
 Deaths affect concept

› John Winthrop 1649
› John Davenport 1670
› Ann Bradstreet 1672
› Roger Williams 1683
A new generation is taking charge
 Most members of the ministry now
educated at Harvard not Cambridge

Now we are going to look at the events
that occurred between June –
September 1692 in a New England
town
 During this period 19 men and women
were carted to Gallows Hill for hanging
 Another man pressed to death under
heavy stones
 Dozens languished in jail for months
without trials.
 Then, almost as soon as it had begun,
the hysteria that swept through Puritan
Massachusetts ended.

Why did this travesty of justice occur?
 Why did it occur in where it did?
 Nothing about this tragedy was
inevitable.
 Only an unfortunate combination of

› an ongoing frontier war
› economic conditions
› congregational strife
› teenage boredom
› personal jealousies

can account for the accusations, trials,
and executions that occurred in the
spring and summer of 1692 in Salem