Chapter 1
Innovative Management
for a
Changing World
What do Beaunit Mills, Hercules Powder,
and Liebmann Breweries have in
common?
On 1st Fortune List (1955)
They Don’t Exist Today
“BAD Management”
Not “Keeping up the Good Work”
Not adapting to Environmental Changes
Management
The attainment of organizational goals in
an effective and efficient manner through
planning, organizing, leading, and
controlling organizational resources
Organization
A formally structured collection of
individuals working toward common
(shared) goals.
Organizational Performance
Effectiveness : the degree to which the
organization achieves a stated goal
Efficiency : the use of minimal resources
(input) to produce a desired volume of
output.
Efficient, but not Effective:
- Goals not achieved
Effective, but not Efficient
- Wasted Resources
(You may have to choose between the two.)
The Four Functions of
Management
Planning
Controlling
Select goals
& ways to
attain them
Monitor
activities &
make
corrections
Leading
Use
influence to
motivate
Organizing
Assign
responsibility
for tasks
MANAGEMENT LEVELS AND
TIME SPENT ON FUNCTIONS
Plan. Organ.
Top
28% 36%
Middle 18% 33%
Lower 15% 24%
Lead. Control.
22%
14%
36%
13%
51%
10%
Management Skills
Conceptual Skills : cognitive ability to
see the organization as a whole and
the relationship among its parts
Human Skills : ability to work with
and through other people and to
work effectively as a group member
Technical Skills : understanding of and
proficiency in the performance of
specific tasks.
What Is It Like to Be a
Manager?
Managerial Activities
- Long hours
- Most time spent in oral
communication
- Characterized by variety,
fragmentation, and brevity
- Fast paced and require a
high energy level to be
successful
Managers give up the right
to:
- Be one of the gang
- Put your self-interest
first
- Ask others to do things
you wouldn’t do
- Vent your frustrations
- Resist change
Supervisors’ Responsibilities
Plan and schedule
work
Clarify tasks and
gather ideas for
improvement
Appraise and counsel
employees
Recommend job
assignments and pay
Inform employees of
organizational goals
Inform higher
managers of work
unit needs and
accomplishments
Recruit, train, and
develop workers
Encourage and
maintain high and
enthusiasm
Informational Roles to develop and
maintain information network
The monitor seeks current information from
many sources.
The disseminator transmits information to others
both inside and outside the organization.
The spokesperson provides official statements to
people outside the organization about company
policies, actions, or plans.
Interpersonal Roles pertain to
relationships with others
The figurehead engages in ceremonial
activities
The leader motivates, communicates,
and influences subordinates.
The liaison develops relationships
outside his/her unit both inside and
outside the organization.
Decisional Roles to make choices
requiring conceptual & human skills.
The entrepreneur initiates change.
The resource allocator allocates resources
to achieve outcomes.
The negotiator bargains for his/her unit.
The disturbance handler resolves conflicts.
How Do You Learn to Manage?
50% from job experience
30% from other persons
20% from education & training
(Based on study of successful managers at
Honeywell)
Successful Managers’
Attributes
Leadership
Team-Building Skills
Self-objectivity
Analytic Thinking
Creative Thinking
Behavioral Flexibility
Oral Communication
Written
Communication
Personal Impact
Resistance to Stress
Tolerance of
Uncertainty
Some Types of Changes
Impacting Organizations:
Products
Technologies
Markets
Speed Requirements
Management Techniques
Pre-Classical Management
Anything before about 1900:
e.g.,
Attila the Hun
Henry Towne
Classical Perspective
Emphasized a rational, scientific approach to study of
management and sought to make workers and
organizations like efficient operating machines
Classical Categories
Scientific Management
Frederick Taylor
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
Bureaucratic Organizations
Max Weber
Administrative Principles
Henri Fayol
Scientific Management
Develop a standard method for performing
each job
Select appropriate workers
Train workers in standard method
Plan work and eliminate interruptions
Provide incentives for increased output.
Bureaucratic Organizations
Clearly defined authority and
responsibility
Set procedures for each situation
Goals of fairness and efficiency
Separation of management and ownership
i.e., run by professional mgrs.
Bureaucratic Organizations
Become “dysfunctional”
when:
-There is no effort to
recognize exceptions to
rules or to change rules
when necessary
-Enforcement of rules
takes precedence over
pursuit of the
organization’s mission
Relatively High in
Bureaucracy:
United Parcel Service
U.S. Postal Service
Relatively Low in
Bureaucracy:
Hewlett-Packard
Disney Studios
Administrative Management Henri Fayol
14 Principles
Unity of command
Division of work
Unity of direction
Scalar chain-of-command
Authority=Responsibility
(etc.)
Five basic management
functions
Planning
Organizing
Commanding
Coordinating
Controlling
Humanistic Perspective
Emphasizes enlightened treatment of workers
and power sharing between managers and
employees.
Emphasized satisfaction of employees’
social/psychological needs as the key to
increased worker productivity.
Supported by Hawthorne Studies
The Hawthorne Studies
“Social Man”
Methodological Problems, but Profound
Influence on Management Thought
“Hawthorne Effect”
Interviewing Techniques
The Human Resources
Perspective
Jobs should be designed to allow workers
to use their full potential
Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
(Ch. 12)
Douglas McGregor’s Theory X vs. Theory
Y (comparison of Classical Mgmt to
Human Resources)
Theory X
(Classical):
Theory Y (Human
Resources):
People dislike work and
prefer to be directed People will accept
responsibility
Must be coerced to
Have intellect that
work
could be applied to
Want to avoid
organizational goals
responsibility and
have little ambition
Only partially use their
Want security above
intellectual potential.
everything
Behavioral Sciences Approach
= Applied Social Sciences
Study of human behavior in organizations
Draws on Disciplines of:
Economics
Psychology
Sociology
Communication
Anthropology
Management Science
Perspective
Involves Mathematics, Computers
Examples:
Forecasting
Inventory control
Scheduling
Break-even analysis
Contemporary Approaches

Systems Theory
 How
the parts fit together (“Synergy” is a
key concept)
 How the org. interacts with its environment
 Understanding systems requires Conceptual
Skills

Contingency View
 Integrates
many of the other viewpoints
 “No one best way to manage - the best way
depends on the situation”
Total Quality Management
Emphasizes Continuous Improvement in
all Organizational Processes
(i.e., in more than Manufacturing)